Wind Turbine System Research Articles

Multi-objective distributed control of WT-PV-BESS integrated weak grid via finite time containment

This paper proposes a finite time containment control scheme to achieve distributed control of a weak grid which is integrated with photovoltaic (PV), wind turbine (WT) and battery energy storage system (BESS). Taking advantage of the containment control in multi-dimensional control, we proposed a multi-objective control scheme of the WT-PV-BESS system in a weak grid, wherein four control objectives are specified, namely, bus voltage regulation, grid frequency control, peak load shaving and economic benefits optimization for the system operator. Firstly, the sizing approach of BESSs to fulfill the operation mission requirements is proposed; meanwhile, the general coordination strategy for the PV, WT and BESS to achieve the demand–supply balance is proposed. Subsequently, the predefined four control objectives are modeled and transferred into the long/short time frame operational constraints of the BESSs. Afterwards, the finite time containment control algorithm is proposed to force the BESSs into achieving containment status within prescribed time. Simulation case studies are conducted on a modified IEEE 9-bus system to show the effectiveness and performance of the proposed scheme.

Optimization of Vertical Axis Darrieus Wind Turbine As Aerator Generator

Research has focused on a wind turbine system with a vertical-axis Darrieus design with a capacity of 15 watts, serving as an aerator for aeration or adding air to water. The Darrieus turbine, made of aluminium with three corners and a modified NACA 0018 model optimized to work at low wind speeds of 2 m/s, effectively powers a 4-watt DC aerator. Generator voltage readings show a minimum value of 2 volts at a wind speed of 1 m/s and a maximum value of 12.8 volts at a wind speed of 6.2 m/s. The calculated power coefficient is 0.3. Charging the accumulator with a 12 volts/12 Ah takes 23 hours with a generator voltage of 13 volts at a wind speed of 6 m/s. This research reflects Indonesia's progress in optimizing wind energy for sustainable power generation.

Design and comparative analysis of dual rotor wound field excited flux switching generator for household DC microgrid system with rooftop wind turbine

In this paper, two variants of the magnetless dual rotor wound field excited flux switching generator (DRWFEFSG) are comparatively analyzed for single rotor wind turbine (termed as machine I (MI)) and counter rotating wind turbine applications (termed as machine II (MII)) for household direct current (DC) microgrid system. First, design concept and integration to wind turbine system are discussed. Secondly, comprehensively performance analysis i.e., static analysis, dynamic load/speed analysis and electromagnetic performance analysis are executed. Finite element analysis (FEA) based static analysis evident that MI offers 7.6% higher torque in inner rotor whereas MII exhibits 18% higher torque in outer rotor. Dynamic respond unveils that in comparison to MII, MI suffers from the issue of voltage regulation. Additionally, electromagnetic analysis reveals that both MI and MII exhibits excellent response under variable field Magneto-motive force (MMF). Comparative analysis unveils that MII requires lower field MMF to achieve same response to counterpart MI. Quantitative analysis divulge efficiency of 88.49% and power factor of 0.93 in MI whereas MII at rated operating point demonstrates 85.9% efficiency and 0.96 power factor. Finally, effectiveness of the study and validity of DRWFEFSG for wind turbine applications are tested with hardware prototypes of both MI and MII that fairly matched with FEA results.

A Composite Super-Twisting Sliding Mode Approach for Platform Motion Suppression and Power Regulation of Floating Offshore Wind Turbine

The floating platform motion of an offshore wind turbine system can exacerbate output power fluctuations and increase fatigue loads. This paper proposes a new scheme based on a fast second-order sliding mode (SOSM) control and an adaptive super-twisting extended state observer to suppress the platform motion and power fluctuation. Firstly, an affine nonlinear model of the floating wind turbine pitch system is constructed. Then, a fast SOSM pitch control law is adopted to adjust the blade pitch angle, and a new adaptive super-twisting extended state observer is constructed to achieve total disturbance observation. Finally, simulations are conducted under two cases of wind and wave conditions based on FAST (fatigue, aerodynamics, structures, and turbulence) and MATLAB/Simulink. Compared with the traditional proportional integral (PI) control scheme and standard super-twisting control scheme, the platform roll under the proposed scheme is reduced by 13% and 4%, and pitch is reduced by 16% and 3% in Case 1. Correspondingly, the roll is reduced by 9% and 15%, and pitch is reduced by 7% and 1% in Case 2. For the tower top pitch and yaw moment, load reductions of 7% and 3% or more are achievable compared with those under the PI control scheme. It is indicated that the proposed scheme is more effective in suppressing floating platform motion, stabilizing output power of the wind turbine system, and reducing tower loads.

A statistically analysis to determine the use of renewable sources for campus lighting, case study of technical faculty of Kosova

<span lang="EN-US">Considering the ever-increasing demand for electricity and the current crisis in this sector, various ways of generating electricity have been studied. Most of them are based on hybrid technologies as a solution to replace the relevant resources during the absence. In Kosovo, as an economically poor country, such technologies are rarely used. Public lighting in some countries is still considered unaffordable due to high cost. This study further demonstrates an environmentally friendly option for power generation using hybrid PV and Wind systems. The current study presents the study that was carried out on the campus of the technical faculty in Pristina. The analysis has been done analytically, which has resulted in the need for 6 hybrid lighting systems to achieve a coverage of the lighting needs, which so far lacks lighting in this part of the campus. A total of 461,448 kWh can be generated during the year from the wind turbine system and 796.11 kWh from the solar photovoltaic system. Considering that we have an ever-decreasing cost of such devices and from the analysis done it results that these systems are cost effective and ideal solutions for such cases and similar needs which are vital needs today.</span>

Development of a roof-mounted stand-alone wind turbine system for house-hold power generation

In recent years, the development of sustainable energy sources has attracted increasing interest due to worries about the environmental effects of greenhouse gas emissions. Renewable energy and technology may provide a solution to the persistent environmental issues that developing nations are currently experiencing. In this work, it has been demonstrated that the design, analysis, and implementation of the newly developed small roof-mounted stand-alone wind turbine systems for household energy production. It is specially designed for sites with low altitudes (12 m above ground) and low wind speeds (range of 1–12 m s−1). The wind turbine system involves the mechanical design of the 3-blade rotor and its installation on a micro-capacity and self-contained 325 W wind turbine. The experimental analysis reveals that the peak power coefficient (CP) is quite good, about 0.13, and the output power is 43.75 W. The comparative analysis is also done to validate that the results are consistent with micro-capacity systems that have been tested under similar conditions. This work provides insight into the development of roof-mounted stand-alone wind turbine systems, which have a lot of potential for green applications and to make up for people who don’t have access to electricity.

Feasibility study on electricity generation in Kg. Sabur Pulau Banggi Malaysia from wind energy using HOMER software

The feasibility of electricity generation using wind turbine system in Kg. Sabur, Pulau Banggi, Sabah is studied by investigating the electrical load profile of Kg. Sabur and analyzing the techno-economic aspects. Pulau Banggi is an area that encountering with electricity shortage and the highlighted location from Pulau Banggi that facing this issue is Kg. Sabur. The diesel generator, main electricity supply insufficient to meet the load requirement in Kg. Sabur. Survey data is used to develop the electrical load profile in HOMER software. The meteorological data such as wind speed, solar GHI and temperature are inputted into HOMER as well as components sizing and costs details. Comparison is made between four electrical systems on the aspects of electricity production, economics, fuel consumption and gas emission to evaluate the efficiency of the system with wind turbine. The total electrical load of residential area in Kg. Sabur is 888 kWh/day. Type 1 electrical system that consists of wind turbine, solar PV, battery, generator and converter is the most cost-effective and highly reliable system to be implement in Kg. Sabur. Electrical generation from wind energy is the most feasible system to implement in Kg. Sabur, Pulau Banggi, Kudat.

Real-time current sensor fault detection and localization in DFIG wind turbine systems

<span lang="EN-US">The degree of reliability is one of the main issues in having the uninterrupted operation of fault-tolerant measurement and control systems. This paper presents a technique for detecting and localizing current sensor fault in doubly fed induction generator wind turbine systems (DFIG-WT). For this purpose, a methodology divided into three steps has been carried out and is presented as follows: the first step is the application of the zero-sequence component as an indicator of the presence of the sensor fault. The second step is based on the application of Concordia transformation on the current signals to generate different criteria for localizing the faulty sensor. Finally, an artificial neural network model is developed to analyze the localization criteria and identify the faulty sensor. All simulations are carried out in MATLAB/Simulink environment. Results show that the proposed technique is effective and can be used in real-time fault detection and localization in the DFIG-WT.</span>

Design of Low Subsonic Wind Tunnel with Open Return System for Testing Wind Turbines at Low Airspeeds

The The Republic of Indonesia is rich in potential for renewable energy, including abundant wind energy. This study aims to design a subsonic open return wind tunnel for testing wind turbines at low airspeeds. The testing focus includes the evaluation of blade efficiency, bearing performance, and other aspects. Testing at low airspeeds (<5 m/s) is highly relevant to the wind conditions in Indonesia. The design process utilizes Computer Aided Design (CAD), while data collection and analysis are conducted through Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) simulations and theoretical calculations. The wind tunnel comprises components such as contraction, honeycomb, test section, diffuser, and support structure. Airflow over the turbine blades can be observed using smoke visualization in the test section. This research is expected to provide practical contributions to the development of low-speed wind turbines in Indonesia.

Flow over a step cylinder using partially-averaged Navier-Stokes equations with application towards dynamic subsea power cables

Understanding the flow characteristics of buoyancy sections in power cable and umbilical configurations is crucial for analyzing floating offshore wind turbine systems. Buoyancy sections decouple the motions from the floater and the destination point to ensure the integrity of the system. Using accurate drag coefficients in their design is essential, as they significantly impact the overall behavior of the configuration. Therefore, Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) analysis is performed in the present study on a single buoyancy module attached to a power cable represented by a step cylinder configuration. The Partially-Averaged Navier-Stokes (PANS) turbulence model is applied. Its accuracy is validated against experimental findings of a wall-mounted cantilever cylinder and an infinite cylinder. The numerical results reveal that the larger diameter cylinder (LDC) section reduces the drag experienced by the smaller diameter cylinder (SDC) section near the junction. The LDC has a sharp, chamfered, and filleted edge replicating the various shapes of buoyancy modules. The edge design of the LDC affects the drag forces and flow patterns. The SDC has an 8% lower drag coefficient in the fillet edge case than the sharp edge case. The drag coefficient is 3.5% lower for the LDC in the filleted edge case than the sharp edge case. The sharp edge causes a significant separation of the fluid upstream of the SDC. However, this separation is notably reduced when the LDC has a chamfered or filleted edge. Detailed drag coefficients for buoyancy section analysis of power cable configurations have been deduced from the presented results.

Enhancing power control in doubly fed induction generator based wind turbines: a performance comparison of fuzzy logic and sliding mode control methods

Abstract Effective power regulation is critical for ensuring the stability and performance of Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG)-based wind turbines. This study conducts a comparative study between two control methodologies: fuzzy logic control (FLC) and sliding mode control (SMC), to regulate power in DFIG-based wind turbines. The paper emphasizes the importance of power regulation in wind turbines and its impact on grid stability, presents mathematical equations governing DFIG-based wind turbine systems, encompassing machine equations, power equations, and control objectives related to power regulation. A comprehensive model of the DFIG-based wind turbine system is developed, accounting for dynamic machine behavior and grid interface considerations. The modeli ng process integrates relevant electrical and mechanical components, along with power regulation control strategies. Subsequently, FLC and SMC control methodologies are developed and implemented to regulate desired power. Detailed discussions on controller design and tuning are provided, aligning with specific power control requirements. The results highlight SMC’s effectiveness in achieving precise power regulation within DFIG-based wind turbines, showcasing its superior response characteristics. The study offers valuable insights into the advantages and trade-offs associated with each control approach, aiding researchers and practitioners in selecting the most suitable control methodology for their operational needs. In summary, this paper contributes to the field of wind turbine control systems through a comparative study of FLC and SMC controllers, focusing on regulating power in DFIG-based wind turbines. The findings demonstrate SMC’s superior performance in response, enhancing our understanding of control methodologies for optimizing wind turbine performance and grid integration in sustainable energy systems.

Comparative research on the speed performance of Axial flux Permanent Magnet Generator (PMG)165 with manufacturing specification and experimental for implementation in the Low-Speed Wind Turbine System

This paper is on working on energy assessment of generator’s voltage, current and power output based on the generator speed. Today, demand of power is increasing because of technology advancement and increasing electrical devices being manufactured and installed. For this reason, the generator applied in renewable energy is recommended. It must be improved because it is an important component inside the energy system in producing enough power. This research is used the DC Motor function as prime mover and direct shaft to the shaft connection of AFPM165. The parameters of the investigational research are generator speed (rpm), DC current value form generator output (Amp), and voltage value (V). The speed of DC Motor has been gradually increases, from 0 ∼ 300 rpm by adjusted speed adjustment knob. The series circuit 15-ohm resistor and 5 Watts lamp to make it total 19-ohm constant as a load. The result is presented that the more speed of generator, the more voltage, and current it can be inducted. The findings of the study are presented that there is a difference between the factory specification and the experiment where the experimental value is more than the factory specification value which is 11.43% variation.

Real-time monitoring, fault prediction and health management for offshore wind turbine systems

Real-time monitoring, fault prediction and health management for offshore wind turbine systems

Optimal allocation of flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) for wind turbines integrated power system

AbstractThe importance of flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) devices is increasing day by day as they provide compensation for power systems. The installation of such devices solves many issues regarding the stability and power transferability of power systems. However, for optimizing the performance of FACTS devices, the location and sizes of FACTS devices must be selected very carefully. On the other side, the utilization of optimization techniques is increasing daily, as it is capable of solving nonlinear, random problems by its stochastic nature. As a result, it became a reliable tactic for solving stochastic problems almost in every aspect of our lives. Therefore, it is adopted for solving power system problems, like, FACTS devices allocation, distributed generators allocation, determining component's parameters, and more. In this paper, the optimal size and location of several FACTS devices are selected to achieve the following single objective functions separately: fuel cost minimization and power losses minimization, then combining the mentioned objective function into one multiobjective function for gross cost minimization. The power system optimized is the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 30‐bus standard system, and the FACTS devices installed are static VAR compensator, thyristor control series compensator, and thyristor‐controlled phase shifter, while the optimization is performed using different conventional and recent optimization algorithms, including a newly developed algorithm, typically Leader Walrus Optimization Algorithm “LWaOA,” making a comparison among such algorithms to investigate the algorithm that possesses the best performance. The results of the optimization processes show the superiority of LWaOA.

Optimal integration of hybrid pumped storage hydropower toward energy transition

This study explores the advantages of combining variable renewable energy sources like solar and wind with a pumped storage hydroelectric (PSH) system for grid integration. The hybrid modeling systems considered in this study consist of four distinct schemes and seasons to ensure their adaptability to real-world conditions. Each scheme is defined by specific rules and algorithms, including those without PSH, with PSH, with PSH adjustments, and with an optimized schedule for the PSH storage system. The last scheme of daily simulation with an optimization solver is used to optimize the integration of PSH with a hybrid power system that uses solar and wind energy as primary renewable sources by minimizing the daily operating costs. The optimal value is derived from the minimized operating costs and incoming and outgoing energy accumulation. The dispatch system includes load demand satisfaction considering the intermittent nature of solar and wind sources and demand fluctuations presented with a hybrid system of PV solar, wind turbines, PSH, and other power generators as backup. Limitations of the study include considering various factors influencing the integration of a PSH unit, such as different ecological and geographical conditions, distinct atmospheric data, and varying load and demand patterns, which may result in different outcomes in different situations. The results show that using the developed model to optimally schedule the integration of PSH with renewables and the hybrid system in each season provides significant cost savings and CO₂ emissions reductions while meeting the same load patterns. Namely, it can be inferred from the tested schemes that PSH plays a crucial role in facilitating the transition to sustainable energy sources. This is evident through project financing results, which indicate a favorable positive Net Present Value (NPV) and a relatively short payback period of 5 years. Furthermore, Scheme 4 demonstrates the potential for a substantial 84 % reduction in CO₂ emissions during the summer season, and daily costs can be significantly lowered by over 90 % across all seasons. Overall, two simplified net present value and payback period estimation models have shown feasible project financing for a simulation period of 25 years with an interest rate of 10 % for the combined PSH and hybrid system.

Design of an Integral Fuzzy Logic Controller for a Variable-Speed Wind Turbine Model

The demand for electricity is continuously growing around the world and thus the need for renewable and long-lasting sources of energy has become an essential challenge. Wind turbines are considered one of the major sources of renewable electricity generation. Therefore, there is a crucial demand for wind turbine model and control systems that are capable of precisely simulating the actual wind power systems. In this paper, an advanced fuzzy logic controller is proposed to control the speed of a wind turbine system. Initially, aero dynamical, mechanical and electrical models of two mass wind turbines models are derived. Analytical calculation of the power coefficient is adopted through a nonlinear function of six coefficients that mainly depends on pitch angle and tip speed ratio. The ultimate power output from the turbine can reach up to 50 % which is achieved at zero pitch angle with an approximately tip speed ratio of eight. This is then followed by designing a hybrid fuzzy-plus I pitch controller to regulate the speed of the wind turbine shaft. In general, fuzzy logic control strategy have the advantages over traditional control techniques especially when the system is highly non-linear and has to deal with strong disturbances such as wind turbulence. To evaluate the reliability and robustness of the controller, the response of the wind turbine system is tested under several types of disturbances including wind fluctuation, sudden disturbances on high and low speed shafts. Simulation findings reveals that the performance of fuzzy-integral control technique outweighs that of conventional fuzzy approach in terms of multiple performance evaluation indexes such as zero overshoot and steady state error, rise time and a settling time of (32.9 s) (44.7 s) respectively. The reliability and robustness of the controller is tested by applying speed and torque disturbances of 25% of their maximum ranges. Results have revealed that the controller was able to reject all disturbances efficiently with a change in pitch angle up to a maximum of 10 degrees in order to retain a constant rotor speed at 1000 rpm.

Experimental investigation of advanced turbine control strategies and load-mitigation measures with a model-scale floating offshore wind turbine system

To advance the control co-design of offshore wind energy systems, the authors perform basin-scale experiments with a fully instrumented and actuated floating offshore wind turbine model. The model consists of a 1:70 scale performance-matched model of the International Energy Agency Wind Technology Collaboration Programme 15-MW reference turbine atop the VolturnUS-S semisubmersible platform. The Reference OpenSource Controller provides real-time blade pitch and generator torque control. We aim to develop an open data set for the validation of numerical models in predicting the influence of turbine control and load-mitigation measures. For this purpose, we measure the effects of advanced turbine control features, including peak shaving and floating feedback as well as hull-based control using tuned mass dampers on the system. Overall, the results demonstrate measurable and consistent influences from the control and load-mitigation measures, thus confirming the usefulness as a validation data set. Peak shaving attenuates the response to wind turbulence at near-rated wind speed. Floating feedback reduces the load and platform pitch motion associated with the negative damping induced by blade pitch control. The tuned mass dampers also attenuate the system response near the targeted frequencies under suitable conditions. We also identify detrimental side effects of each load-mitigation measure.

Design optimization of a grid-tied microgrid for a residential community in southern Bangladesh

Abstract Growing energy demand, diminishing fossil fuel reserves and geopolitical tensions are serious concerns for any country’s energy strategy and security. These factors have a greater impact on developing countries, as many of them rely largely on traditional energy resources. Cleaner energy generation is the viable alternative for mitigating these problems, as well as achieving energy independence and tackling climate change. The article discusses planning and design optimization of a residential community microgrid based on multiple renewable resources. In particular, the design and techno-economic assessment of a grid-tied hybrid microgrid for meeting the electricity demand of an alluvial region, Urir Char, located in southern Bangladesh, was addressed. Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Energy Resources is used for the evaluation and it is supplemented by a fuzzy-logic-based load profile design strategy. In addition to the analysis, a predictive load-shifting-based demand management is also introduced. Several cases were considered for the studies and, after considering several criteria, a grid-tied system comprising a photovoltaic array, wind turbine and energy storage system was found to be the best fit for powering the loads. The suggested system reduces the life-cycle cost by 18.3%, the levelized cost of energy by 61.9% and emissions by 77.2% when compared with the grid-only option. Along with the microgrid design, cooking emissions and energy categorization were also discussed.

Analysis of the impact of transient overvoltage on grid-connected PMSG-based wind turbine systems

The annual increase in installation capacity and electrical production of renewable energy sources, primarily wind turbine generators (WTG), is shaping a renewable energy dominated power system. WTGs are susceptible to the temporary overvoltage caused by reactive power surplus following low-voltage ride through (LVRT). This can lead to the large-scale trip-off of WTGs and pose significant risks to the secure and stable operation of power systems. An insightful elaboration of the underlying mechanisms determining the occurrence of temporary overvoltage, and an analysis of influencing factors, is pivotal to ensure the reliable integration of WTGs. This paper investigates the temporary overvoltage in the AC systems integrated with multiple renewable energy stations. A temporary overvoltage model that accounts for various types of equipment has been derived. Resorting to the model, the influence of LVRT parameters of WTGs, SCR and IR of the AC system on the maximum terminal overvoltage has been quantitatively assessed. Simulations and semi-physical validations have been conducted to verify the effectiveness and accuracy of the theoretical analysis.

Observer-based adaptive guaranteed control of wind turbine system subject to pitch angle sensor fault

Observer-based adaptive guaranteed control of wind turbine system subject to pitch angle sensor fault