Typology Of Systems Research Articles

Funding Democracy: Public Media and Democratic Health in 33 Countries

This study examines whether and how public media systems contribute to the health of democracies in 33 countries in Europe, Africa, Asia, North America, the Middle East, Latin America, and South America. We gather national economic data and public media funding levels, audience shares, and regulatory data, primarily for 2018 and 2019 but in some cases earlier, due to lack of available data. We then assess correlations with strength of democracy indices and extend Hallin and Mancini's typology of North American and European media systems through hierarchical cluster analysis of these 33 countries. We find five models of public media systems around the world, ranging from “state-administered” systems with low levels of independence (Botswana and Tunisia) to systems aligning with Hallin and Mancini's “Democratic Corporatist” model, with strong and secure (multiyear) funding, large audience shares, and strong regulatory protection for their independence. In between, we identify three mixed models: a “Liberal-Pluralist” model, a “Direct Funding” model, and a “Commercial–Public” model. Correlations and cluster analyses show that high levels of secure funding for public media systems and strong structural protections for the political and economic independence of those systems are consistently and positively correlated with healthy democracies.

TEC TYPOLOGY USING PENTATONIC SEALS

Thematic entertainment complexes are an extremely wide field in which various projects are built. From religious buildings and museums to dinosaur parks and thematic complexes dedicated to cinema. At the moment, TEC do not have a typology. They cannot be classified and systematized. The breadth of topics, sizes, target audiences and placement options is so great that one letter can not describe it. Therefore, it was decided to develop such a system. This will allow us to compare, at first glance, not comparative things, but in conjunction with the final table of the article "Analysis of psychological preconditions for the formation of TEC using the Maslow Pyramid" [2], we can analyze, evaluate, rate and compare different thematic entertainment complexes.
 The purpose of the study is to analyze the existing methods of typology of thematic entertainment complexes. Identify those items by which you can still classify thematic entertainment complexes. Develop a graphic display for each item and assemble it into a single, compact scheme for easy reading and placement in the design of the architectural environment.
 Then let's analyze the real thematic entertainment complex. For example, take Disneyland Paris, as the brightest representative of this type of building.
 The scientific novelty of the study is that we will form a typological system that will allow in a compact version to encrypt all the features of the thematic entertainment complex. Its size, location, topic, purpose, target audience, etc.
 As a result, we get a method of analysis of thematic entertainment complexes, which will allow you to quickly analyze thematic entertainment complexes, compare them with each other and more clearly structure existing and future complexes.
 It will also help the end visitor to immediately understand exactly where he spent and what to expect from the institution.

Multilevel environmental assessment of regional farming activities with Life Cycle Assessment: Tackling data scarcity and farm diversity with Life Cycle Inventories based on Agrarian System Diagnosis

CONTEXTPolicymakers still lack methods to assess the environmental impacts of agriculture at regional scales. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is renowned in assessing the environmental footprint of economic activities; however, it has to be adapted to be of use for this purpose. OBJECTIVEOur objective is to develop a methodology to carry out relevant LCA of agricultural productions at the regional scale, and to address, in particular, two major challenges which are sources of uncertainties in LCA, i.e., data scarcity and farming system diversity. METHODSWe introduce an innovative method for building Life Cycle Inventories (LCI) of agricultural regions, capable of capturing farming system diversity in the context of data scarcity. It combines LCA with Agrarian System Diagnosis (ASD), which has been adapted to meet the heavy data requirements of the LCI step. This method, which we named “ASD-based LCI”, was applied to the semi-arid irrigated plain of Kairouan in Tunisia.After ASD is carried out, a typology of farming systems is built using different data sources: literature review and ASD-based data (e.g., historical and landscape analysis, interviews). This paves the way for a stratified sampling of farms, after which each selected farm is studied in-depth, through field visits and extensive interviews, to collect activity data, i.e., data related to energy and material input and output flows (e.g., manure, seeds, electricity) at the crop / livestock level. The data set quality is improved by filling remaining data gaps using various approaches, e.g., analogy, crop modelling, or expert knowledge. The effect of stratified sampling and data gap filling on uncertainty reduction is evaluated using the pedigree matrix approach and the “uncertainty factor” (UF) which determines the uncertainty interval around the mean of any LCI data. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONSNine farming systems - including three “corporate agriculture”, five “family agriculture” and one “landless farmer” archetypes - and seventy cropping and livestock systems were characterized. The pedigree matrix approach showed that - with regards to statistics-based data- the uncertainty interval could be reduced twofold, and by a multiple of four with ASD-based LCI, without or with extrapolation, respectively. SIGNIFICANCENot only has the ASD-based LCI method proven powerful when building LCI in agriculture at the regional scale with reduced uncertainty, but it is also suited to the quantification of material flow exchanges within the farm and across farms, which is of valuable service when assessing agroecological productions, which promotes circularity.

Typology of rice-based cropping systems for improved soil carbon management: Capturing smallholder farming opportunities and constraints in Dinajpur, Bangladesh

Characterization of smallholder land resource endowment and cropping practice can assist in the implementation of a more tailored approach to Soil Carbon Management (SCM). Land resource and cropping practice data, stratified by soil physiography, was collected through a survey involving 83 farmers in four upazila of Dinajpur district, Bangladesh. The aim was to determine a farming system typology based on smallholder land resource endowment and cropping practices, and to consider the likelihood of soil carbon improvement under the typology. A Cluster Analysis was performed using data on seven variables that combined land resource (physiography, land type, landholding, farm size) and cropping practice (cropping system, cropping intensity, crop rotation) characteristics to determine a farming system typology. The resulting typology, referred to as Soil Carbon Improvement Likelihood (SCIL), identified three different farming system types. These were then assessed with regard to their potential for improving soil carbon in these systems. The most prevalent SCIL, Medium SCIL (Type 1, 42%) consists of the maize-rice, wheat-rice and veg.-rice cropping systems in the HL areas of the Piedmont plain, Floodplain and Terrace. It is managed with high fertilization, low crop rotation and low to medium crop residue retention. The next most prevalent SCIL, Low SCIL (Type 3, 30%) consists of a rice-rice cropping system in the HL and MHL areas of the Piedmont plain, Floodplain and Terrace, and is managed with medium fertilization, no crop rotation and limited residue retention. The least prevalent farming system type, the High SCIL (Type 2, 28%) consists of crop-diversified and mustard-rice cropping systems in the MHL areas of the Floodplain and Terrace, which is managed with high fertilization, crop rotation and high crop residue retention. This study showed that cropping systems with higher crop intensification and high retention of crop residue, on the Floodplain soil physiography and MHL land inundation type, provide the greatest opportunity for improved SCM, but were represented by less than one-third of the farmers (n = 20) in this survey. These farmers were also mainly private landholders. The typology presented here can potentially serve as a practical framework for delineating cropping systems and management under particular land resource settings to undertake more targeted innovations and SCM priorities in Rice-based Cropping Systems.

The problem of integration of the kazakh kinship studies with the world science

The problem of the kinship system occupies a special place in the integration of Kazakh anthropologywith world science. This is due to the fact that there are some discrepancies between the actual lawsin force in the system of kinship of the Kazakhs and the generally accepted provisions in world anthropology.These differences, in turn, allow us to focus on undisclosed problems in the anthropology ofKazakh kinship: on the one hand, the widespread use of the methods of world anthropology in domesticscience, and on the other − the determination of the place of the Kazakh (Turkic-Mongolian) kinshipsystem in the world classification and typology will allow us to reach a new level in this direction.For example, when studying the traditional nomadic society of the Kazakhs, one of the most importanttasks is to analyze the mechanisms of family relations and kinship systems. On this path, it is importantto master some methods of Western science, to determine the place of the Kazakh kinship systemin the world anthropology of kinship, including to consider the typology of the system of kinship termsof the Kazakhs. In particular, the article provides an example of the analysis of kinship relations throughthe procedural nature. This analysis allows us to show the levers of regulation of property relations, legalnorms and morals in society through the kinship system. The inconsistency of the system of terms of kinship of the Kazakhs with any known typologies is also considered.Key words: family, kinship system, relatedness, procedural nature of kinship, ultimogeniture, majorat,typology of kin-term systems.

Towards a typology of middle voice systems

AbstractThe middle voice is a notoriously controversial typological notion. Building on previous work (e.g. Kemmer, Suzanne. 1993.The middle voice. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins), in this paper I propose a new working definition of middle markers as inherently polyfunctional constructions which are partly associated with valency change in opposition to bivalent (or more) verbs and partly lexically obligatory with monovalent verbs. Based on this definition, the paper undertakes a systematic survey of 149 middle voice constructions in a sample of 129 middle-marking languages. Evidence from the sample shows that middle voice systems display a much richer variation in forms and functions than is reported in the literature. This richer empirical evidence challenges some of the mainstream views on middle marking, especially its purported connection with reflexivity and grooming-type events, and calls for an overall rethinking of the typology of the middle voice.

Associations between indoor soundscapes, building services and window opening behaviour during the COVID-19 lockdown.

Results of an online survey conducted during the COVID-19 lockdown among 848 home workers living in London (United Kingdom) and in Italy are reported with a focus on (1) the impacts of building services on the perception of the acoustic environment while working and relaxing at home and (2) the factors associated with window opening behaviour. The analyses showed no significant difference in soundscape appropriateness for relaxation depending on the heating, ventilation and cooling system typologies, and in soundscape appropriateness for working from home (WFH) based on the ventilation strategy. Higher soundscape appropriateness for WFH was associated with houses equipped only with radiant floors for heating in Italy and with air-cooling systems in London. In London, air systems resulted in higher perceived dominance of noise from building services compared to other systems. Overall, rooms with less dominant sounds from building services were evaluated as more appropriate for working and relaxing. The dominance of sky or buildings from the window view, outdoor noisiness, noise sensitivity, age and gender were not significantly associated with participants’ window opening behaviour while WFH. Differently, participants viewing more vegetation from windows in Italy were more likely (odds ratio: 1.279) to keep the window open while WFH.

Alternative criteria for writing system typology

AbstractIn essence, typologies of writing systems seek to classify the world’s diverse writing systems in principled ways. However, against backdrops of early, misguided assumptions (Gelb 1969 [1952]) and stubborn term confusions, most proposals have focused primarily on the dominant levels of representational mapping (i. e., morphemic, syllabic, or phonemic), despite their shortcomings as idealizations (Joyce 2016, forthcoming; Joyce and Borgwaldt 2011; Meletis 2018). In advocating for exploring a more diverse range of criteria, either as alternatives or complementary factors, this paper outlines a promising framework for organizing typology criteria (Meletis 2018; 2020), which consists of three broad categories; namely, (a)linguistic fit, (b)processing fitand (c)sociocultural fit. Linguistic fit concerns the match between a language and its writing system and, thus, relates closely to the traditional criterion of representational mapping. Processing fit pertains to the physiological and cognitive aspects of a writing system, such as word spacing. Finally, sociocultural fit addresses the communicative and social functions of writing systems, such as implementing orthographic reforms. In singling out a particular parameter from each category, the paper illustrates its potential application as a typology criterion with cross-linguistic observations from the German (GWS) and the Japanese writing systems (JWS).

Building a Global Food Systems Typology: A New Tool for Reducing Complexity in Food Systems Analysis

Food systems have a profound impact on diets, nutrition, health, economic development, and environmental sustainability. Yet their complexity poses a persistent challenge in identifying the policy actions that are needed to improve human and planetary health outcomes. Typologies are a useful classification tool to identify similarities and differences among food systems, while reducing this analytical complexity. This study presents a new food system typology, implemented at the country level using parsimonious data that characterize food supply chains, food environments, consumer-related factors, and key outcomes, including dietary intake, nutritional status, health, and environmental impacts. Five food system types are identified: rural and traditional; informal and expanding; emerging and diversifying; modernizing and formalizing; and industrial and consolidated. Patterns across the five system types in key outcome variables align with narratives provided by the food systems and nutrition transition literature, demonstrating the usefulness of this classification method. Substantial heterogeneity nonetheless still exists within individual food system types. Therefore, the recommended use of the typology is in early stages of hypothesis generation, to identify potential risk factors or constraints in the food system that can be explored further at national and sub-national levels.

Relaxing and working from home: associations between heating, ventilation and cooling system typologies and indoor soundscape evaluation

Data from an online survey conducted in January 2021 by 464 participants living in London and working from home (WFH) after the COVID-19 outbreak were analysed, focusing on: (1) types of building services at home, (2) perceived sound dominance of building services, and (3) the perception of the indoor acoustic environment (i.e. the indoor soundscape) in relation to two main activities, i.e. WFH and relaxation. Results show that most of participants’ houses had radiators for heating and relied on window opening for ventilation and cooling. Air systems (e.g., HVAC systems) resulted in higher perceived dominance compared to other systems, but only when evaluated for WFH. Sound dominance from building services was in turn related to soundscape evaluation. Spaces with less dominant sounds from building services were more appropriate for both WFH and relaxation, and spaces with fewer dominant sounds were assessed better, but just for WFH. Participants’ evaluations generally did not differ according to building service typology. The presence of air-cooling systems was associated with better perceived sound environments, most likely due to better acoustics conditions in newly built or retrofitted dwellings, more probably equipped with air cooling systems. Preliminary findings point out the importance of carefully considering the dominance of sounds by building services, especially for air systems, in relation to traditional and new uses of residential buildings.

Italian regions turn fifty. A new typology of regional party systems in Italy, 1970-2020

ABSTRACT The article analyses the transformations of the regional party systems that have occurred since the first elections held in 1970. In particular, after a preliminary analysis of the massive changes observed in the electoral arena before and after the 1995 turning point, the article discusses existing typologies of Italian regions and suggests a new analytical framework that accounts for the transformations that have occurred at the regional level in the last three decades. The second part of the paper analyses the most recent series of regional elections (2018–20) and focuses specifically on the changing structure of inter-party competition and the re-emergence of a bipolar dynamic of competition between ‘fragmented’ coalitions, in contrast with the trend observed at the national level.

Sheep production systems in Chilean Patagonia. Characterization and typology

Sheep production is a common activity in family farms that develop mixed farming in developing countries in South America. In the area known as the Patagonia, it is possible to find this type of farm in isolated areas with a temperate climate, where sheep production takes place in small and medium-sized flocks managed with family labor. In these systems, obtaining animal protein for family consumption and the sale of surpluses is the main objective of farmers. The Chilean Patagonia is an area that stands out for its tourist attractions. This feature has been used at the government level to develop production and commercial linkage and improvement programs. However, the proper application of these programs needs to characterize sheep production systems, define groups, determine similarities and differences among them, and identify individual or joint adaptation strategies. Thus, the objective of this research was to characterize sheep farming in an extreme mountain area in the Chilean Patagonia and provide a typology of sheep production systems, focusing on the socio-productive aspects of family farms. Within the province of Palena, the study area corresponded to the communities of Palena and Futaleufú, where a survey was given to a sample of 172 sheep farmers. Through multivariate analysis methodologies, four groups of sheep production systems were identified. The main differences between systems were farm surface, surface destined for sheep, type, duration, and supplementation strategy and presence of purebred sheep. Sheep production in extreme areas contributes to rural families' livelihood by being part of an integrated system of activities that naturally uses circular economy strategies and sustainable practices. Geographical isolation limits the marketing channels, generating that the surpluses produced are sold locally. Given the government strategies to support the study area and the strong tourist component of governmental assistance, the sheep farmers need to modify their management strategies.

What Makes Party Systems Different? A Principal Component Analysis of 17 Advanced Democracies 1970–2013

AbstractParty systems, that is, the number and the size of all the parties within a country, can vary greatly across countries. I conduct a principal component analysis on a party seat share dataset of 17 advanced democracies from 1970 to 2013 to reduce the dimensionality of the data. I find that the most important dimensions that differentiate party systems are: “the size of the biggest two parties” and the level of “competition between the two biggest parties.” I use the results to compare the changes in electoral and legislative party systems. I also juxtapose the results to previous party system typologies and party system size measures. I find that typologies sort countries into categories based on variation along both dimensions. On the other hand, most of the current political science literature use measures (e.g., the effective number of parties) that are correlated with the first dimension. I suggest that instead of these, indices that measure the opposition structure and competition could be used to explore problems pertaining to the competitiveness of the party systems.

A Literature Review of Energy Efficiency and Sustainability in Manufacturing Systems

Climate change mitigation, the goal of reducing CO2 emissions, more stringent regulations and the increment in energy costs have pushed researchers to study energy efficiency and renewable energy sources. Manufacturing systems are large energy consumers and are thus responsible for huge greenhouse gas emissions; for these reasons, many studies have focused on this topic recently. This review aims to summarize the most important papers on energy efficiency and renewable energy sources in manufacturing systems published in the last fifteen years. The works are grouped together, considering the system typology, i.e., manufacturing system subclasses (single machine, flow shop, job shop, etc.) or the assembly line, the developed energy-saving policies and the implementation of the renewable energy sources in the studied contexts. A description of the main approaches used in the analyzed papers was discussed. The conclusion reports the main findings of the review and suggests future directions for the researchers in the integration of renewable energy in the manufacturing systems consumption models.

The rules of the game: Healthcare systems and cross-national attitudes about healthcare provision

In recent years, healthcare typologies are increasingly scrutinized. Prevailing healthcare system categorizations draw on comparative–institutional welfare state arrangements that constitute the “rules of the game” for healthcare provision. Challenging these perspectives, health policy perspectives suggest that ongoing policy changes shifted the “rules of the game” in ways that are not adequately captured by traditional comparative–institutional typologies. As a result, new questions arise about which categorization is most salient for understanding public attitudes about healthcare. We adjudicate between these two perspectives by examining the association between healthcare system typology and two different and important types of attitudes about healthcare provision: government responsibility and spending. Using hierarchical linear models, we find that traditional welfare state conceptions of healthcare systems are more closely associated with public opinions about healthcare provision. In general, respondents in countries with healthcare systems that have greater state involvement and rely more on public financing, which are traditional, institutional–comparative factors, report greater support for government responsibility in and spending on healthcare. We highlight how rallying broad public support for changes to healthcare systems in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic will require that researchers and policy makers understand what the public has come to expect about healthcare, as well as the institutional arrangements around healthcare that set the “rules of the game.”

Exploring Servitization in Industrial Construction: A Sustainable Approach

Off-site manufacturing is emerging as an advantageous production model in the construction industry. In recent years, many tier 1 construction companies are including off-site production as part of their portfolio. Likewise, this change of model is attracting new entrants to the sector. The shift from the traditional on-site construction model to off-site manufacturing is unleashing positive impacts on projects in terms of cost, time efficiency, sustainability, and improved quality. Nonetheless, this phenomenon has yet to be analysed from the perspective of how this change in production processes influences the inclusion of services in company business models. This study explores whether and how industrialisation arises as an enabler for servitization in the construction sector. By means of an in-depth case study, our research identifies different product-service system (PSS) typologies associated with industrial construction and reveals their potential to increase additional services. Furthermore, the research sheds light on how industrial construction provides an opportunity to integrate offers and features that work towards reducing the environmental impact of construction projects and the operation and maintenance of built assets.

Assessing Forest Structural and Topographic Effects on Habitat Productivity for the Endangered Apennine Brown Bear

Any forest management potentially affects the availability and quality of resources for forest-dwelling wildlife populations, including endangered species. One such species is the Apennine brown bear, a small and unique population living in the central Apennines of Italy. The conservation of this relict bear population is hampered by the lack of knowledge of the fine-scale relationships between productivity of key foods and forest structure, as this prevents the design and implementation of effective forest management plans. To address this issue, we sampled the main structural stand attributes within the bear’s range and used multivariate generalized linear mixed models in a Bayesian framework to relate forest structural attributes to proxies of productivity of key bear foods. We found that hard mast was positively associated with both forest typology and high forest system, but negatively related to both the time elapsed since the last forest utilization and the amount of deadwood. The availability of soft-mast producing species was positively related to past forestry practices but negatively associated with steep slopes historically managed with high tree densities and a low silvicultural disturbance. Our findings also suggest that herb cover was negatively affected by terrain steepness and basal area, while herb productivity was positively affected by northern and southern exposure. Additionally, richness of forest ants was associated with forests characterized by low volume and high density. Our findings confirm that the productivity of natural bear foods is strongly affected by forest structural and topographical characteristics and are relevant as preliminary information for forest management practices to support the long-term conservation of Apennine bears.

TOWARD A HISTORICAL TYPOLOGY OF KINSHIP-TERM SYSTEMS: THE CROW AND OMAHA TYPES

An attempt is made to determine the place held by the Crow and Omaha types in the historical typology of systems of kinship terms. Attention is centred upon structural differences between individual systems within each of these types. The author groups all these differences into six variants and advances the view that they should be considered as stages in the development of the Crow and Omaha systems. All the variants are mapped. Two suppositions are made to explain the preservation of the peculiarities of the Crow and Omaha systems in the earliest phase of the secondary stage in the evolution of kinship systems. The author regards it as the more probable explanation that certain features of these systems survive from the preceding stage of development in the course of evolution. However, another possibility should not be dismissed, namely that in the course of evolution the terminology of the Crow and Omaha types acquires a novel content and, in fact, represents a combination of the same elements but possessing a new quality.The author also emphasizes that to attach the names of types within the general typology of kinship term systems to particular ethnicities is unwarranted. This is especially true since these types are identified on the base of two structure-forming characteristics: bifurcation and linearity. Taking this into consideration the author proposes that the types should be named by termsdenoting these characteristics.

Spatial Inhomogene in USA Innovation

The subject of this study is the spatially heterogeneous innovation activity carried out at the regional(meso) level of the United States, analyzed and evaluated on the basis of qualitative indicators (indicators and integral indicator) of the level of innovation potential and innovation activity of regional innovation systems that have received development and statistical accounting of the results of these activities in within specific states. The identified combinations, high correlation dependence and interconnection of indicators of the innovative potential and innovative activity of regional innovation systems of the US states, made it possible to substantiate a number of trends in the development of these systems, to assess the features of spatial integration and, at the same time, the different-level differentiation of these systems, reflecting the heterogeneity and uneven development innovation activity on the “center- peripheral” principle. The final typology of regional innovation systems of the US states, based on the logarithmically normal distribution of the indices of innovation activity and the integral indicator of the level of innovative potential of the average values for the period 2015–2019, results in a qualitative spatial diversity of these systems, determined by the joint influence of both economic phenomena on the deepening of heterogeneity and differentiation of the latter.

TYPOLOGY OF THE LATEST FACADE SYSTEMS AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON THE PLASTIC LANGUAGE OF ARCHITECTURE OF THE XXI CENTURY

Raising the problem. The article reveals the issues of the evolution of means and techniques that affect the expression of the artistic and tectonic properties of architecture of the XXI century. The article notes the influence of the factors of the mid-19th − early 20th centuries, which gave impetus to the manifestation of the facade as a separate autonomous structure of the building body. The question of determining the typology of the latest modern systems is becoming increasingly important. The review and classification analysis of innovative facade systems of the XXI century has been little studied. This data is fragmented and improperly structured. Purpose. The main goals of the article are to analyze the existing varieties of facade systems, describe their characteristic qualities, identify and define various types of external fencing structures in the architecture of the XXI century. The plastic language of modern architecture is expressed in the classification of the evolution of external enclosing structures. This goal will be achieved by studying the facade systems of the XXI century in terms of their specific characteristics and functional purpose; analytical work. Conclusion. The architecture of the XXI century is primarily focused on the issues of ecology and energy efficiency, which are the main landmarks for our time. New structural systems and materials address these issues. The traditional concept of "tectonics" is applied to the artistic properties of how structures work, but in modern architecture, the structures themselves are usually hidden from the viewer. Therefore, the issue of "tectonics" in modern architecture does not yet have an unambiguous understanding, which requires further study. So, the types of structures of external fences given in the article require further broader research and determination of their classification features.