Temperature Stabilization System Research Articles

PID-Based Temperature Stabilization for Silicon Photomultipliers Using Thermoelectric Cooling Devices

In this paper, we present a temperature stabilization system for Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs) using thermoelectric cooling devices controlled by a PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) controller. Maintaining a stable temperature for SiPMs and their associated front-end electronics is crucial for achieving consistent gain and noise minimization. Our system employs three CP1881-222 thermoelectric coolers per module and is managed by two ATMega1284p microcontrollers. One microcontroller handles the PID control routine, while the other functions as a TCP/IP client. The temperature is monitored using PT100 sensors connected via MAX31865 RTD converters, ensuring precise measurements. The PID algorithm efficiently corrects temperature deviations, maintaining an error margin of approximately ±0.2◦C. The system has been successfully deployed in the HASC subdetector of CERN’s NA62 experiment, where it maintains the SiPM temperature at 20.5◦C, enhancing the subdetector’s performance. The modular design of our PID controller system allows for adaptability to various experimental setups requiring precise temperature control.

Experimental Study of the Thermal and Wear Characteristics of a Foil Bearing Lubricated with a Low-Boiling Liquid

Developing high-speed rotating machines, such as microturbines, requires new solutions for bearing systems. Foil bearings are one of the fastest-growing high-speed bearing technologies. This article presents the results of experimental studies on foil bearings conducted on a test rig reflecting the operating conditions of the target machine. The tested bearings were therefore placed in a chamber filled with a low-boiling medium used as a working fluid in vapour microturbines. The experiments were carried out for several test cycles following a repeatable procedure. To carry out the tests under specific environmental conditions, a measurement cycle according to the developed test procedure and a temperature stabilization system for long-term measurements were proposed. The research involved determining the thermal characteristics of four foil bearing variants and assessing the impact of operating conditions on their wear. Additional research has shown that the operating characteristics are highly dependent not only on the materials and geometry of the bearing but also on the surface roughness of the mating parts. This study is part of ongoing work to select appropriate designs and material packages for foil bearings operating under conditions involving lubricating film formation and heat dissipation.

Improving a tempering machine for confectionery masses

This paper reports the improved model of a tempering machine for heating the formulation mixture of marshmallow, characterized by heat supply to the working tank through the replacement of a steam jacket with heating by a film resistive electric heater of radiative type (FREhRT). The surface of the heat exchange of the device was increased by heating the stirrer with FREhRT; secondary energy (30....85 °C) was used by converting it by Peltier elements for the autonomous operation of superchargers for cooling the engine compartment. The proposed solution will lead to an increase in the efficiency of the device, which is explained by a decrease in its specific metal consumption through the use of FREhRT. A reduction in the duration of heating (75 °C) a marshmallow formulation mixture was experimentally established: in the examined model, 530 s, compared with the analog, 645 s. That confirmed the reduction in heating time to the set temperature by 21.7 % compared to the MT-250 basic design. The calculations have established a decrease, by 13 %, in the specific energy consumption for heating the volume of a unit of product when using the improved structure, 205.7 kJ/kg, when using the basic one ‒ 232.1 kJ/kg. The increase in the efficiency of the proposed structure is explained by a decrease in the specific metal consumption of the device from 474 kg/m2 in the base apparatus to 273 kg/m2 in the improved one. The study results confirm the increase in the resource efficiency of the improved tempering machine, which is achieved by eliminating the steam jacket; increasing the heat exchange surface by heating the stirrer. The heat transfer by FREhRT simplifies the operational performance of the temperature stabilization system in a working tank. The reported results could prove useful when designing thermal devices with electric heat supply under the conditions of using secondary energy, which is relevant for ensuring resource efficiency

MODERNIZATION OF EQUIPMENT FOR PRODUCTION OF CHEESE PRODUCT

The article substantiates the modernization of the apparatus for melting cheese masses, which differs in the method of heat supply of working tanks by replacing the steam jacket for heating with a flexible film resistive electric heater of the radiating type (GPREnVT). The heat transfer surface of the working tank is increased in the apparatus due to the heating of the mixing device. The advanced installation is characterized by the use of secondary thermal energy of melting of cheese masses (35… 95°C) by converting its Peltier elements into low-voltage supply voltage of autonomous fans (3.5…12 W) to cool the control unit. This will increase the efficiency of the proposed design, due to the reduction of dimensional and weight parameters of the apparatus for melting cheese masses by replacing the steam method of heating with electric. The reduction of the duration of the equipment output to the stationary mode (85 ° С) during melting of cheese masses was experimentally confirmed: for the bowl of the research apparatus - 575 s, in comparison with the analogue – 725 s. This scientific work confirms the reduction of the duration of entering the stationary mode by 2% compared to the basic device B6-OPE-400. It is proved that the main indicator of resource efficiency of specific energy consumption for heating the volume of a unit of product has decreased 1.2 times. In the modernized apparatus for melting cheese masses, it is equal to 3037,2 kJ/kg, and the indicator of the basic version B6-OPE-400 – 3672.5 kJ/kg. According to the obtained results, there is an increase in resource efficiency, which is achieved by: elimination of steam heating networks; increasing the heat transfer surface of the working bowls by heating the stirrer with a flexible film resistive electric heater of the radiating type. Heat dissipation of the heater improves the performance of the temperature stabilization system in the bowl of the cheese melter. The obtained results can be used in the design of thermal equipment with electric heating in the use of secondary thermal energy.

Improving the unit for melting cheese masses

This paper reports the improved model of the unit for melting cheese masses. The device differs in the technique of heat supply to working tanks through the replacement of a steam jacket with heating by a flexible film resistive electric heater of radiative type (FFREhRT). The heat exchange surface of the working container was increased through heating the mixing device by FFREhRT. In addition, the unit is distinguished by utilizing secondary thermal energy of melting cheese masses (35...95 °C) by converting it with Peltier elements into a low-voltage power supply to autonomous fans (3.5...12 W) in order to cool the control unit. Such a solution would improve the efficiency of the proposed structure, which is explained by reducing the dimensional and weight parameters of the cheese melting unit by replacing the steam heating technique with an electric one. A decrease in the time to enter a stationary mode (85 °C) when melting cheese masses was experimentally confirmed: for the bowl of the examined unit ‒ 575 s, compared to the analog ‒ 725 s. That confirms the reduction in the time to enter a stationary mode by 21 % compared to the base unit B6-OPE-400. The estimation has established a 1.2-time decrease in the main indicator of resource efficiency of the specific energy consumption for heating the volume of a unit of product in the improved plant for melting cheese masses – 3,037.2 kJ/kg, compared to the base B6-OPE-400 – 3,672.5 kJ/kg. The results confirm an increase in resource efficiency that is achieved by the elimination of steam heat networks; the increased heat exchange surface of working bowls by heating the stirrer with the help of FFREhRT. The heat transfer that employs FFREhRT simplifies the operational indicators of the temperature stabilization system in the bowl of the cheese mass melting unit. The results reported here may prove useful when designing thermal equipment with electric heating while using secondary thermal energy.

Analyzing the thermostabilization systems of lithi-um-ion traction batteries of electric vehicles

Problem. Possible implementations of thermal stabilization systems for traction batteries of electric vehicles are considered. The analysis of possibilities to increase the efficiency of using lithium-ion rechargeable batteries at the expense of their temperature stabilization is carried out. The influence of the temperature factor on the useful capacity of traction batteries is shown. The microcontroller system of temperature stabilization of double action with function of the timer allowing to establish prematurely a mode of both cooling, and heating of storage batteries is offered. Methodology. The methods of theoretical basic electrical engineering have been developed in the production and calculation of circuits as well as the classical methods of statistics of signals from ADC. Results. The technique of processing information from the current, voltage and temperature sensors using a mathematical apparatus without using harmonic analysis is presented. The hardware implementation of the proposed method allows the use of simplified computing tools. Originality. Complex analysis of the data obtained from the current, voltage and temperature sensors is carried out. During the analysis, the range of velocities with stable operation of the measurement system was determined. Based on the data obtained, it is concluded that the use of a horn antenna as a concentrator substantially eliminates lateral interference and extends the range of possible velocity measurements. It is shown that the level of sampling significantly affects the upper limit of the measurement temperature. Practical value. The following results were obtained:
 - minimizing the harmful effects of negative temperatures on the battery capacity is possible through the use of preheating;
 - the system of temperature stabilization should be performed with the possibility of reversing the mode of circulation of thermal energy;
 - simplification of the process of determining the temperature is possible due to indirect measurements of the internal resistance of the heater;
 - in the case of pulse-width control, the service life of the heaters increases, and the heating time is reduced at constant power consumption;
 - application of the microprocessor system allows to increase functionality and flexibility of adjustment of the heating unit under various traction batteries.

Development and application of a tender X-ray ptychographic coherent diffraction imaging system on BL27SU at SPring-8.

Ptychographic coherent diffraction imaging (CDI) allows the visualization of both the structure and chemical state of materials on the nanoscale, and has been developed for use in the soft and hard X-ray regions. In this study, a ptychographic CDI system with pinhole or Fresnel zone-plate optics for use in the tender X-ray region (2-5 keV) was developed on beamline BL27SU at SPring-8, in which high-precision pinholes optimized for the tender energy range were used to obtain diffraction intensity patterns with a low background, and a temperature stabilization system was developed to reduce the drift of the sample position. A ptychography measurement of a 200 nm thick tantalum test chart was performed at an incident X-ray energy of 2.500 keV, and the phase image of the test chart was successfully reconstructed with approximately 50 nm resolution. As an application to practical materials, a sulfur polymer material was measured in the range of 2.465 to 2.500 keV including the sulfur K absorption edge, and the phase and absorption images were successfully reconstructed and the nanoscale absorption/phase spectra were derived from images at multiple energies. In 3 GeV synchrotron radiation facilities with a low-emittance storage ring, the use of the present system will allow the visualization on the nanoscale of the chemical states of various light elements that play important roles in materials science, biology and environmental science.

Branching Optical Frequency Transfer With Enhanced Post Automatic Phase Noise Cancellation

We present a technique for coherence transfer of laser light through a branching fiber link, where the optical phase noise induced by environmental perturbations via the fiber link is passively compensated by remote users without the requirements of any active servo components. At each remote site, an acousto-optic modulator (AOM) is simultaneously taken as a frequency distinguisher for distinguishing its unique frequency from other sites' and as an optical actuator for compensating the phase noise coming from the optical fiber. With this configuration, we incorporate a long outside loop path consisting of a fiber-pigtailed AOM into the loop, enabling the significant reduction of the outside loop phase noise in the passive way. To further address the residual out-of-loop phase noise coming from the interferometer and the two-way optical frequency comparison setup, we design a low-noise active temperature stabilization system. Measurements with a back-to-back system show that the stability in our stabilization system is $2\times10^{-16}$ at 1 s, reaching $2\times10^{-20}$ after 10,000 s. Adopting these techniques, we demonstrate transfer of a laser light through a branching fiber network with 50 km and 145 km two fiber links. After being compensated for the 145 km fiber link, the relative frequency instability is $3.4\times10^{-15}$ at the 1 s averaging time and scales down to $3.7\times10^{-19}$ at the 10,000 s averaging time. This proposed technique is suitable for the simultaneous transfer of an optical signal to a number of independent users within a local area.

System of Temperature Stabilization in a Heating Furnace Based on Sliding Mode Control and Fuzzy Logic

The paper addresses issues of temperature control in heating furnaces using the example of a strand-type furnace for steel strip annealing of a continuous hot-dip galvanizing unit. The authors demonstrate that one of the main problems is variability of dynamic properties in the controlled object upon flexible production management with changes in the furnace capacity. Using a model of thermal state of the furnace cavity and metal, considering the impact of furnace temperature conditions on heat losses, variation limits of the parameters in a simplified model of object dynamics are determined. Issues of controlling a temperature object with variable dynamic parameters are reviewed. Advantages and disadvantages of systems used to control such objects, based on fuzzy logic and sliding mode control, are studied. It is shown that, in controlling a temperature object, a sliding mode control system can lead to fluctuating transient responses due to the absence of amplitude modulation in the control action when approaching the set-point. The authors suggest a system for automatic stabilization of the controlled parameter of a temperature object where sliding mode control and fuzzy logic are combined. In the stabilization system suggested, the direction of changes in the control action is determined using sliding mode control, while the control action level is determined using fuzzy logic. The paper provides results of simulation experiments comparing the efficiency of control using the system suggested and efficiency of control using the system based only on fuzzy logic. During those experiments, optimal system setting parameters were determined using complete enumeration and computer simulation of control for an object with the set variation of dynamic properties. Computer simulation was performed in the VisSim environment. The paper also shows that, with constant values of signal scaling parameters used in fuzzy logic, the requirement for qualitative transient responses with various set-point change levels results in the significantly reduced response speed in comparison with the system that combines fuzzy logic and sliding mode control. The authors demonstrate that it is possible to adjust quality of transient responses in the system that combines fuzzy logic and sliding mode control, changing dynamic properties of the object.

Determination of the optimal step of installation between the evaporator pipes and the number of condenser units of the system of temperature stabilization of soils HET

Interest in developing the resource base of the Arctic and subarctic regions has recently increased thanks to the efforts of the media, oil corporations and the government, however, it must be understood that during the construction on the soils of these regions, in which ice acts as a cementing material, their natural temperature regime is violated. leading to the melting of the ice phase. It is known that when thawing frozen soil it loses its strength properties, as a result of which the foundations of the structures on which they are built are at risk of deformation and destruction. To solve this problem, special devices have been developed - seasonally acting cooling devices (SOU), which cool the soil in the cold season and "lock up" in the warm. For this reason, these devices are also called "thermal diodes." In this work, we consider the system of temperature stabilization of soils HET (horizontal naturally acting tubular system) installed at the base of a vertical steel tank (PBC) filled with hot oil-water mixture. A system is considered, in which ammonia acts as a coolant. In addition, the article carried out calculations of various design solutions of the HET system, expressed in variations of such parameters as the length of the evaporator, the number of condensers, and the installation step between the pipes of the evaporator. The work raises the question of justifying the laying step between the pipes of the HET system evaporator and the number of condenser blocks that will be sufficient for the effective functioning of the system, i.e., to maintain the soil in a frozen state. It is shown that for the effective functioning of the system it is not necessary to use a standard paving step equal to 0.5 m, but it can be increased without the risk of losing the bearing capacity of frozen soil. One of the results of the work is the fact that the system is overdetermined by the temperature of stabilization of soils of the HET type at small distances of the laying step relative to the increased distance, which is expressed in a decrease in the number of working days during a calendar year, all other things being equal.

Passive Temperature Stabilization System for MEMS Sensors Performance Maintenance

Passive Temperature Stabilization System for MEMS Sensors Performance Maintenance

Control of Acousto-Optic Mode Locker by Means of Electronic Matching Circuit.

An acousto-optic mode locker (AOML) operating in a standing wave mode has a fixed working frequency, defined by the length of the crystal, which makes the device prone to temperature variations. In this study, we examine the effect of the electrical matching circuit parameters on the acoustic resonances and AO diffraction in the AOML both theoretically and experimentally. Acoustical and electrical models of the AOML are introduced. We outline the ways of utilizing this effect for compensation of ill thermal influence. Our analysis allows us to broaden the temperature and driving power domains of an AOML's reliable operation without a heat sink or a complicated temperature stabilization system.

Controlling the temperatures during the calcination of aluminum hydroxide in rotary kilns

Processing 4.1 to 4.2 tons of nepheline concentrate mixed with limestone produces 1 t of alumina, 0.8 t of sodium carbonate, 0.3 t of potash, and 10 tons of cement. The costs of producing these from nepheline are significantly lower than the costs of individual production from conventional raw materials by conventional technology. Unlike the traditional ammonia-based method, the nepheline technology of producing soda ash is environmentally friendly and does not require costly sludge fields. Using belite sludge as the raw material for making cement improves the performance of kilns and reduces the fuel consumption by over 40% compared to the conventional technology. Making alumina with a specific content of α-Al2O3 and γ-Al2O3 requires an automated process control system (APCS). In an industrial setting, only automatic controls enable maintaining a technologically healthy process. This paper presents a summary of the aluminum hydroxide calcination process that occurs in tubular rotary kilns. The research team has synthesized a dynamic control object model to plot curves of the target-parameter acceleration as induced by stepwise disturbances in air flow, charge flow, and fuel flow in order to compute the basic dynamic characteristics of the control object. A control parameter has been selected for the prospective single-loop control system. On the basis of the obtained characteristics, the research team has selected a controller for their single-loop kiln temperature stabilization system. The paper presents curves of the control-channel and disturbance-channel transients in the target parameter

Development of temperature stabilization system for biological sample’s microscope

This paper deals with the development proposal of a heating system for maintaining a required temperature of a microscopic biological sample, which are located within the detection area of the microscope. The need for maintaining a specific temperature of a biological sample is given by the viability of the microorganism what is related to the temperature of their internal medium. Meeting the conditions for changing or maintaining the required temperature is especially necessary in cases such as monitoring the growth of microorganisms and within the temperature-dependent mutations. In this paper, several alternatives are presented, while the best possible design of the heating element is investigated through thermal simulation analysis. Consequently, the proposal for an appropriate control algorithm for the selected heating system and its arrangement is given together with its verification within the experimental sample of the microscope.

Research and design of semiconductor laser temperature stabilization system in laser system

The power output stability of semiconductor laser in the laser system is closely related to the working temperature. As the control precision is not high and control speed of temperature control system is slow in the laser system, this paper discusses a new temperature stabilization system. This system gets laser temperature by PT-100 temperature sensor, and uses the least squares fitting to process the temperature data, thus to ensure the temperature measurement accuracy of 0.01 ℃. And the system adjusts the temperature by PID controller whose parameter is optimized by particle swarm optimization algorithm. Simulation experiments and actual test show that of the temperature system can quickly stabilize the temperature of laser, the time of adjustment is less than 11 s. And the fluctuations of temperature is about 0.02 ℃ after the system reaching the steady state. Compared with the traditional temperature control method, the system can achieve self-tuning of parameters and automatically adjust the temperature, the laser temperature in the high-power laser system has a good stability.

Determining the efficiency of functioning of systems of temperature stabilization of soils with horizontal evaporator filled with different refrigerants

The construction of buildings and structures in the zones of distribution of frozen soils follows the principle I. The bearing capacity of frozen soils significantly depends on their value of negative temperature. When thawed, such soils shrink, which negatively affects the objects built on them. To prevent this, temperature stabilization systems for frozen soils are used. Simultaneous accounting of the thermal effect on the frozen soil of an engineering object, as well as the temperature stabilization system of soils, is a difficult task, the accuracy of determining the strength characteristics of the soil will depend on the correctness of its solution. This paper presents calculations of the temperature fields of frozen soils with simultaneous exposure to an object with intense heat (RVS with hot oil) and soil temperature stabilization system of the horizontal natural-acting tubular system (GET) type. The calculations follow the previously developed mathematical model of the temperature stabilization system with a horizontal evaporator. The authors consider the efficiency of the operation of the GET system charged with different refrigerants (ammonia and carbon dioxide) for different geocryological subzones of Western Siberia. Particular attention should be paid to the fact that the soil was initially at a close to positive temperature (−0,1 °C), but after calculating for 10 years, the entire soil mass around the evaporation part of the temperature stabilization system froze because of the soil temperature stabilization system. Systems charged with carbon dioxide showed better work efficiency. This is due to two factors: a lower value of the lower critical heat load, which gives more working days per year relative to the system charged with ammonia; and the evaporative part of the system on carbon dioxide, which has the average temperature 1 °C lower than ammonia systems. The results show that carbon dioxide as the heat carrier for the GET system is the most effective.

High Current Probe for Ic(B,T) Measurements With ±0.01 K Precision: HTS Current Leads and Active Temperature Stabilization System

The current carrying capabilities of high critical temperature ( Tc ) technical conductors have considerably improved in recent years, and this has practical consequences on the requirements of the measurement equipment. We have designed, constructed, and tested a probe for high-current, high-precision critical current measurements in liquid helium and in gas flow at different temperatures. To minimize the ohmic heating and the thermal conduction losses, the probe employs high-temperature superconductors (HTS) current leads rated at 2000 A, which are cooled by the exhaust helium gas at temperatures below 70 K. An active temperature stabilization system keeps the sample temperature constant at the target during current runs with a precision of ±0.01 K. It consists of a proportional–integral–differential loop that controls heaters close to the sample taking the current-induced heating effects into account. We present the design of the probe and data collected on HTS from different manufacturers, which highlight the performance of the system.

Accounting of the temperature effect when measuring the instantaneous values of the gunpowder gases pressure in the bores of firearms

The relevance of measuring of the pressure of gunpowder gases in the barrel channels of a firearm is noted. The main requirements for a pressure sensor for intra-ballistic measurements are considered. A review of the works in the field of strain gauges error modelling is given. The analysis of the static characteristic of the strain gauge sensor of instantaneous pressure values is carried out. For typical combinations of sensor parameters, a quantitative estimation of the temperature error is performed. To reduce the effect of temperature on the measurement results, it is suggested to take into account the correction in the measurement results, or to apply the temperature stabilization system.

Прецизійна система термостабілізації підвищеної потужності

An analysis of principles construction of temperature stabilization and an experimental research on temperature stabilization system have been carried out. The features of design and construction of systems for automatic temperature control have been considered. A realization of highly efficient temperature controller is proposed. The principles of construction of temperature stabilization systems using Peltier thermoelectric modules are investigated. A highly effective thermal stabilization system for Peltier modules with output power >50 W without the use of expensive controllers has been developed. It is shown that the created thermostabilization system ensures stability of temperature maintenance 0,01 °С. The highly effective system of thermal stabilization optimally combines the basic specifications: high temperature stability, high energy efficiency, low current ripple TEM and low cost. The urgency of the development is due to the fact that the known temperature controllers, which provide high accuracy of the maintenance of the set temperature level in the established modes and good quality of transient processes, have a complicated technical implementation with the use of either programmable controllers or computer control. Their disadvantage is a high cost and low accuracy of temperature stabilization in the range of 0,01–0,1 С. Regulators with a simple technical implementation and low price support the accuracy of stabilizing the temperature of 0,1 С in the established modes with significant error and do not provide stability of the stabilization system in conditions of change in wide limits of the temperature of the surrounding environment. The highly stable temperature regulator proposed in the article with a relatively simple technical implementation solves this contradiction. The controller uses a one-circuit automatic temperature control system. The control loop contains a proportional-integral-differential (PID) regulator, which, in conditions of disturbing effects on the stability of maintaining the desired temperature of the object, provides the necessary change in the control signal at the input of the control circuit.

System of Temperature Regulation and Stabilization for the MPD-TOF Detector

System of Temperature Regulation and Stabilization for the MPD-TOF Detector