System Of Rules Research Articles

Improved Word Segmentation System for Chinese Criminal Judgment Documents

ABSTRACT In this paper, a system for automatic word segmentation of Chinese criminal judgment documents is proposed. The system uses a hybrid model composed of fine-tuned BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers), BiLSTM (Bidirectional Long Short Term Memory) and CRF (Conditional Random Field) for named entity recognition, and introduces a custom dictionary that includes common professional terms in Chinese criminal trial documents, as well as a rule system based on judicial system and litigation procedure related regulations, to further improve the accuracy of word segmentation. BERT uses a deep bidirectional Transformer encoder to pre-train general language representations from large-scale unlabeled text corpora. BiLSTM uses two LSTM networks, one for the forward direction and one for the backward direction, to capture the context from both sides of the input sequence. CRF uses a set of features and weights to define a log-linear distribution over the output sequence. Experimental results show that the proposed system has significantly improved word segmentation accuracy compared to the current commonly used Chinese word segmentation models. In the results of the segmentation of the test data, the F1 scores for jieba, THULAC and the segmentation system proposed in this paper are 85.59%, 87.94% and 94.82%, respectively.

Psychoterapeutic Work with The Trauma Of Immigration in Transactional Analysis Approach

This article contains the author’s reflections on how looking at emigration through the lens of traumatic experience can help expand the understanding of a client’s life script and support the client in overcoming difficulties in adaptation in a new country. The meaning of «trauma» allows us to draw an analogy between the emigration experience and those possible changes in the life script that the emigration provokes. The emigration experience can greatly contribute to regression to the Child ego state, which can also interfere with the adaptation of the client. The article considers the possible causes of regression and how this may affect the design of new decisions in the present and future. The article offers the practical experience of working with emigrants, which reflects the tendency to strengthen the driver ”Be strong”, and also explains the reasons for such behavior among respondents, participants of the experiment. The author suggests using the existential position ”I’m OK — You’re OK” as a formula for overcoming cultural difficulties of adaptation and as a lens for perceiving the difference of cultures during the process of mastering a new system of norms and rules. Awareness of the practical experience acquired through emigration can help a person overcome difficulties in adapting to a new country. The article was prepared on the basis of a speech at the MIR-TA (International Institute of Developing TA) Conference in 2023.

Il dinamismo linguistico dell'italiano tra norma e adattamento ai mezzi di comunicazione

This article aims to describe how the pressure wielded by the means of communication, with their affordancesand techincal restrictions, has been contributing to shape not only the language usage specific to each means,but the overall current common usage of the Italian language. The grammatical norm codified by the grammarbooks, the standard variety, is incomplete with respect to the real usage of the speakers, given that it describesa variety of the language, neglecting the many lexical, syntactic, and textual possibilities existing in the usage.Speakers, in fact, select linguistic forms and constructs on the basis of different, interdependent factors and thestandard usage itself is influenced by innovative forms continually emerging from usage. Language changeover time also intertwines with the synchronic axes of variability, including the one relating to the influence ofthe channel used for communication. When the message passes through a medium, it must undergo anadaptation to its system of rules. The passage always involves a coding, which influences the form of themessage. Linguistic usage, then, is the result of an interweaving of interdependent factors, among which thegrammatical norm and the means of communication are of pivotal importance. Both of these factors imposerules, i.e. restrictions, on usage, shaping and defining it; at the same time, however, usage, by its creative andinnovative nature, constantly pushes the rules, shaping the norm and finding ways to adapt the means ofcommunication to hybrid formats. In this dynamism the language changes, it abandons worn patterns andinvents new ones, adapting itself to the world and adapting the world to itself.

Russia’s Foreign Policy Ideologemes and Their Relevance for Middle East in Context of Transformation of Modern System of International Relations

As part of this research, there was made an analysis of the foreign policy ideas, values and narratives of the Russian Federation distributed in the information sphere based on the theses that were voiced by the President of Russia V. Putin during his speeches in 2022. These ideas were considered through the prism of ideologemes that determine the strategic vector foreign policy of official Moscow. In addition, an assessment is made of the relevance of these ideologemes for the states of the Middle East region in the context of changes in the global transformation of the entire system of international relations and the building of a new polycentric world order. Conclusions are drawn about the interest of the cross-regional actors of the Middle East subsystem in the promotion of the theses and ideologies put forward by Russia and a certain identity and coincidence of the ideological and value spaces of Russia and the countries of the Middle East. Aspects and directions are outlined in which cooperation and coordination of actions between Moscow and the Middle East leaders can develop. An assumption is put forward about the possibility of building a system of rules and ideas in the Middle East, which can subsequently be extrapolated to the entire global system of international relations.

Getting Away with It (Or Not): The Social Control of Organizational Deviance

The phenomenon of organizations breaking laws and norms in the pursuit of strategic advantage has received substantial attention in recent years. Such transgressions generally elicit the intervention of social control agents seeking to curb deviant behavior and defend the status quo. In some cases, their efforts result in the deviant behavior being suppressed; in other occasions, however, organizational deviance can persist and even be accepted into the very system of rules that was initially challenged. In this paper, we advance a structured view of this process by formulating a theory of the social control of organizational deviance. Building upon the sociological literature, we classify forms of social control based on their cooperativeness and formality; additionally, we shed light on the outcomes of social control by illustrating the conditions under which they are likely to be more or less accommodative of deviant behavior, as well as more or less permanent. In so doing, we contribute to the scholarly understanding of the role of social control in organizational fields, as well as of the advantageousness of deviant behavior as a strategic option for organizations.

Applying shape grammar and BIM for generating the mass modular housing design in ShanLiChenJia village, ZhaoYuan, China

ABSTRACTThis paper proposes a method for floor plan designs that combines shape grammar with Building Information Modeling (BIM) technology to create plan module libraries by using the mass modular housing project in ShanLiChenJia village as an example. The modular building is composed of several component modules, and shape grammar can manipulate their graphics and functions to enrich the combination relationship between component modules. The rule-making of the combination process can code the size relationship that affects the module form by adding space and size constraints. In the rule system of shape grammar, geometric dimensions, and functional attributes are first embedded in the shape graph. Then, the mapping relationship is established between the shape graph and the attributes of the modules. Finally, the BIM platform can establish the module library using Autodesk Revit. In addition, a spatial relationship in the scheme is selected in Revit software for generative experiments, which confirms the feasibility of shape grammar in generative design and spatial diversity of modular buildings.

NIGERIA’S SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATIONFROM THE POST-COLONIAL ERA TO DATE

This paper Studies the Nigerian system of administration after decades of colonial rule by the British empire. The primary administration laid in Nigeria is a combination of civil and military rule, and the early development and creation of new institution and a young democracy. Nigeria is one of the solid democracies in Africa as well as one of the countries to earn independence by the mid of the 20thcentury. With facts seen, its proved Nigerian system of government in the post-colonial era is something that resembles institutionalization and strive for a new system of government and rule of law. Looking at the first republic system, to introduction of democracy, establishment of parliament, election, law and the enacting of new constitution with new orders and legitimacy. Nevertheless, Nigeria’s system of Government after the British colonialism is a spectrum that deserves a look back to understand what takes a turn and at what point.

Whistleblowing Procedures as Part of the Compliance System and Culture of the Organization

Abstract The whistleblower system assumes that an element necessary for proper functioning about an organization is to see irregularities occurring in it. For this reason, whistleblowing and follow-up internal investigations occupy a central place in the organization’s compliance management system and an important role in the organization’s culture. These two areas constantly complement each other. However, compliance systems seem to be a broader concept, where the organization’s culture is part of it. The culture of an organization represents the habits, traditions, and customs of organizations, which are not always written down. It is often referred to as the “company atmosphere.” Compliance is a system of procedures and rules, most often written down, which define procedures for dealing with specific situations, rights and obligations of employees, co-workers, or contractors. The regulations that emerge from the compliance system derive from laws, industry regulations, ethical norms, including the culture of a particular organization. Well-developed and implemented whistleblowing procedures that become part of the organization’s culture for good influence the existence of a highly developed compliance system that guarantees the multifaceted success of the organization.

Asas-Asas Hukum Keluarga Islam

This article identifies the principles of family law contained therein. From the identification results, the principles of family law were found, namely the principle of freedom, the principle of protection and prevention, the principle of monogamy, the principle of responsibility and justice and the principle of legal certainty. Legal principles are important because truth is the basis for thinking and reasoning, especially in enforcing and implementing the law. Legal principles are the most important subsystem of the legal system and legal principles. Principles take precedence over a system of rules. This is not only because legal principles are more universal, but also because they reflect cultural values and messages that should be embodied in the supremacy of law. Legal principles can be used as a basis or justification for the formation of a legal regulation, or can represent the legal relationship of legal regulations, including the values, aspirations, ideas, social or ethical views that are formed. From an Islamic perspective, principles can be formed in the order of Islamic legal philosophy. The type of research that the author uses is library research with a qualitative descriptive research approach. The conclusion of this article is that legal principles are understood as the fundamental ideas behind a legal system, which are formulated in legal regulations and judges' decisions, and are the basis for making certain regulations and decisions.

Distributed Tracing for Troubleshooting of Native Cloud Applications via Rule-Induction Systems

Diagnosing IT issues is a challenging problem for large-scale distributed cloud environments due to complex and non-deterministic interrelations between the system components. Modern monitoring tools rely on AI-empowered data analytics for detection, root cause analysis, and rapid resolution of performance degradation. However, the successful adoption of AI solutions is anchored on trust. System administrators will not unthinkingly follow the recommendations without sufficient interpretability of solutions. Explainable AI is gaining popularity by enabling improved confidence and trust in intelligent solutions. For many industrial applications, explainable models with moderate accuracy are preferable to highly precise black-box ones. This paper shows the benefits of rule-induction classification methods, particularly RIPPER, for the root cause analysis of performance degradations. RIPPER reveals the causes of problems in a set of rules system administrators can use in remediation processes. Native cloud applications are based on the microservices architecture to consume the benefits of distributed computing. Monitoring such applications can be accomplished via distributed tracing, which inspects the passage of requests through different microservices. We discuss the application of rule-learning approaches to trace traffic passing through a malfunctioning microservice for the explanations of the problem. Experiments performed on datasets from cloud environments proved the applicability of such approaches and unveiled the benefits.

Editorial: A trialogue on regulating data-driven criminal procedure

This editorial introduces a special issue on the challenges of regulating data-driven criminal investigations, in light of the interplay – or rather, the lack thereof – between criminal procedure law and data protection law. The aim is to bring together scholars from both fields, to facilitate mutual understanding and to present ideas on better aligning these bodies of law to form a comprehensive normative framework. In data-driven investigations, police typically assemble large data sets to build an information position, followed by automated analysis to detect patterns and find evidence of potential crimes. The shift from traditional targeted, “case-seeks-evidence” investigations to data-driven untargeted, “evidence-seeks-case” investigations challenges the current normative framework. Discussing this challenge and the insights offered by the six contributions to this special issue, the authors identify multiple problems: people in criminal law lack knowledge of and therefore undervalue data protection law; data subject rights do not function well in the criminal procedure context; there may be an increasing emphasis on instrumentality in criminal law, at the cost of legal protection; criminal law strongly focuses on legal protection of suspects, particularly during trial, and does not cope well with investigations that never end up in court, nor with the protection of innocent citizens whose data are now also pervasively processed as by-catch in criminal investigations; and the law has relatively strong norms on data collection, but not on data analysis. The way forward lies in evolving towards a system that does not only protect suspects and victims but that systematically incorporates the rights of innocent thirds; developing an integrated and conclusive system of data processing rules in law enforcement, including data analysis and on-going reuse of data; and establishing a system of supervision that is adequately equipped to deal with the new reality of data-driven criminal procedure.

Regulatory Framework for Ensuring Safe Operation of Railway Equipment Based on the Service Life of Load-Bearing Structures

Switching the operation of railway equipment to life cycle contracts and confirming its safety compliance with industry technical regulations in the absence of a legislative framework for the recall of substandard products entails the need for a more thorough analysis of resource indicators of structural components of rolling stock and track superstructure. From this point of view, the state of the existing regulatory framework for confirming the strength and service life criteria of load­bearing elements of rolling stock and track, the influence of the regulatory «guillotine» and the general transition from the system of Soviet state standards GOSTs and strength rules to modern approaches of certification and differentiation of such concepts as «standard» and «supporting standard».Trends in moving away from classical bench testing methods towards introduction of a resource-based approach with defectiveness assessment are shown using examples of previously carried out research on safe operation of ER200 bogie frame and on the transition to domestic cassette bearings as part of import substitution, currently carried out for different types of rolling stock.Based on the new methods and approaches, it is possible to consider longer periods of operation, reasonably assess the extension of service life, or introduce resource-restoring technology, ensuring further safe operation. As part of these new trends, a transition is being made to modern modelling methods for assessing product safety, concepts such as «virtual sensor» and «virtual train-track system» are being introduced. It is shown that a reasonable combination of full-scale operational tests and virtual digital modelling makes it possible to offer reliable estimates of service life and safety indicators at the design and operation stages in a short time.

The Harm and Regulation of High-leverage Multiple Behaviors in LBOs

In recent years, as the development of our capital market gradually tends to mature, the number of mergers and acquisitions (M&A) of all kinds of enterprises also begins to present an increasing trend. Leveraged buyout (LBO), as a very clever acquisition form, is favored by many enterprises. However, in the context of imperfect laws and regulations, enterprises and individuals make irrational behaviors driven by extremely high interests, and one of them is blindly raising leverage multiple in pursuit of returns, it has brought a bad influence on the market, enterprises, and individuals. To create a favorable business environment, measurements have to be taken to regulate the overhigh leverage of multiple behaviors in LBOs. The essay uses the method of case study and comparative study. The most typical LBO case will be presented as an introduction, and then some other good cases will be mentioned later to illustrate the characteristics of LBO and the harms of high multiple in LBO and so on. To compensate for the harms that high leverage multiple in LBO bring to the market, enterprises and individuals, several solutions have been raised, including clarifying the principle of good faith in MBOs, improving the system of regulatory rules for the capital market, optimizing the information disclosure system of leveraged buyouts and increasing punishment for illegal speculative activities. The detailed argument will be elaborated on later.

Teoretyko-prykladni aspekty suchasnoho dilovoho etyketu turystychnykh orhanizatsii

The initial categories of business etiquette of travel companies such as «ethics», «morality», «morality», and «etiquette» are clarified. The content of the concept of ethics, which is interpreted as a system of knowledge about morality, good and evil, and their influence on human behaviour in relation to the world around us, is disclosed. The concept of morality is characterized, which is a system of ideas, norms, views, and rules of human behaviour based on the principles of good and evil. The classification of etiquette is considered. The author describes the most common types of etiquette, including court, military, diplomatic, secular, business, linguistic, and religious. Based on scientific works, the author analyses the definitions of the concept of «business etiquette». In particular, the following main interpretations of it are highlighted: the order of behaviour, rules of conduct, norms of interaction, and communication. The author's own definition of business etiquette of a tourism organization is formed. Business etiquette of a tourism organization is a clearly defined norm of behaviour of staff with clients, and business partners, as well as rules of interaction between employees of the company: managers and subordinates and equal specialists. Important spheres and forms of business etiquette of travel agencies are highlighted. These include the etiquette of national symbols; gifts in business relations; official and protocol forms of greeting and introduction; business cards; business attire; etiquette in advertising, correspondence, customer consultation; business subordination, etc. The emphasis is placed on business etiquette in tourism organizations. The subsystems of business etiquette are characterized: speech (verbal) etiquette, kinesics, etiquette proxemics, and etiquette attributes. The following functions of business etiquette of tourism organizations are allocated: regulatory, recognition, identification, communicative, aesthetic, and ethical. The principles of business etiquette, and rules for the success of tourism organizations are formed. Ways to improve the business etiquette of tourism organizations through the introduction of codes of ethics, «ethics cards», and ethical expertise are proposed. The emphasis is placed on the need to take into account the norms of the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism when developing corporate codes of ethics.

What will China do under the New Background of WTO Dispute Mechanism?

In the process of establishing a multilateral rule system, WTO (World Trade Organization) has always been an irreplaceable role, which can promote global economic development and provide a platform for resolving disputes. Nowadays, global economic and trade governance is multi-polar, and traditional governance rules are not enough to maintain the world economic order. There is an international recognition that the WTO is anachronistic and in need of reform. China, one of the world 's largest trading countries, for the sake of acclimatizing itself to the new changes in the global economic environment and respond to challenges as soon as possible, China must firmly safeguard the authority and effectiveness of the multilateral trading regime with the WTO as the core, and propel the recovery of the WTO dispute settlement mechanism actively. This paper mainly studies that the current WTO dispute settlement mechanism cannot play an effective role and therefore needs to be reformed. It also analyzes the crises and challenges that China faces in the new era, and gives suggestions for the crises and challenges. Finally, it calls for the current approach to dispute resolution to be through cooperation rather than conflict.

Corporate governance and its impact on financial performance and innovation in Chinese‐listed firms

AbstractCorporate governance (CG) is the system of rules, procedures, and processes by which an organization is operated and controlled. Effective corporate governance helps mitigate risk by ensuring the company complies with applicable laws and regulations and maintains appropriate internal controls. CG is an essential aspect of the overall management of companies and can have a significant impact on their Financial Performance (FP). In China, CG practices have undergone significant modifications over the last few years as the country shifted from a centrally planned economy to a market‐based economy. The study's novelty evaluated the effect of corporate governance on finance and Chinese‐listed firm creation. Data obtained from 345 employees working in 8 firms in China, the relationship between CG, financial performance, and innovation is investigated. The study adopted PLS‐SEM analysis and the findings of the study indicate that CG is positively related to better FP and innovation output. The study analysis found that firms with stronger governance structures have better access to external financing, lower agency costs, and higher levels of innovation investment. Also, the result identified that improving CG can lead to better FP and innovation, which in turn improves the firm's competitiveness and long‐term sustainability.

GENDER AND DURATION OF GADGET USE IN INCIDENCE OF SPEECH DELAY

Language is a system of signs or rules used by children to communicate and adapt to their environment, with the aim of exchanging ideas, thoughts and emotions. It is not uncommon during this developmental period to find children's growth and developmental disparities, one of which is speech delay. One of the factors that influence this is the gender and the use of gadgets. This study uses correlational analysis method with an expost facto approach to 70 respondents, data collection is done by questionnaire, and accidental sampling technique. The independent variables in this study are gender and duration of gadget use for the dependent variable in this study is speech delay. Statistical analysis in this study used pearson Chi square and Spearman rank. The results of the statistical test for gender variable with speech delay using Pearson Chi square obtained a p-value of (0.001) <α, which means that there is a significant relationship between gender variable and speech delay, while for the variable duration of gadget use with speech delay Using Spearman Rank, a p-value of (0.03) <α means that there is a relationship between the variable duration of gadget use and speech delay. Based on the results of the study, it was found that there was a relationship between gender and duration of gadgets using with the incidence of speech delay.

Legal experts shed light on 4 myths surrounding NIL

Ever since the NCAA changed its stance and permitted student‐athletes to receive compensation for their name, image, and likeness, there's been an explosion of rules, guidance, and even state laws regulating NIL. Because NIL is new, its regulation has been evolving, with the NCAA releasing numerous iterations of its own guidance for institutions, and state legislatures enacting, amending, and in some cases even repealing NIL legislation. The end result of all of this is a patchwork system of rules and laws that have created confusion among student‐athletes, institutions, coaches, collectives, and other NIL stakeholders about what is and isn’t true about current NIL regulation. In this article, we’ll try to bring some clarity to these rules by discussing four myths surrounding NIL.

Internal versus external knowledge sourcing of organizational rules: an exploratory study of CPGs in a healthcare organization

Abstract In this study, we examine how organizational rules source knowledge. By knowledge sourcing of a rule, we mean the formation of reference ties from the rule to knowledge sources located outside of the focal rule. Rules can source knowledge from sources within the organization (e.g., other rules) and outside (e.g., research publications, policies, standards, etc.). Our theoretical model proposes that knowledge sourcing of rules is driven by inherent incompleteness of rules as a result of bounded rationality of rule makers and rule making process. Incomplete rules can lead to experiences of insufficient rule knowledge, termed “knowledge gaps,” which are shaped by rule dynamics at the levels of individual rules, the rule system, and rule networks. Our theoretical model leads to several hypotheses that we test with longitudinal archival data of clinical practice guideline (CPG) changes in a Canadian healthcare organization. The findings support our theoretical model of incomplete organizational rules which encounter knowledge gaps and close them through internal and external knowledge sourcing. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.

Cyber-Attack Regulation: Issues and Advances in International Law

With the development of network technology, cyber-attacks and cyber wars are likely to become new forms of warfare that endanger world peace. The current international law has difficulties in the definition of national sovereignty, the identification of national responsibility and the exercise of the right of self-defense when cyber-attacks occur. The international community needs to supplement and improve the existing rule system as soon as possible and impose stronger legal constraints on transnational cyber-attacks. Some measures can be taken to solve this problem. Firstly, countries around the world should be promoted to reach a consensus on the legal concept of cyber sovereignty. Secondly, the applicable conditions of the current law need to be clarified. That is to say, the national responsibility for cyber-attacks and a clearer interpretation of threat or use of force and armed attack should be clarified. Meanwhile, the circumstances and methods of exercising the right of self-defense should be clarified when a cyber-attack is encountered. Thirdly, new rules of international law and relevant international soft laws should be created to solved these problems.