Punishment System Research Articles

Evaluation of Clustering Techniques for Solar Irradiance Prediction for Optimal Design of Microgrids in Rural Communities

Abstract The electrification of rural communities is crucial from both social and economic perspectives, aligned with Sustainable Development Goal 7: “Affordable and Clean Energy”. This study presents a comprehensive comparison of clustering techniques, including k-means, Gaussian Mixture Models (GMM), Hierarchical Clustering, Density-based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise (DBSCAN), and Agglomerative Clustering, aimed at enhancing solar irradiance prediction. Leveraging historical climate data from a rural community in the coastal region of Ecuador, each technique is evaluated using error metrics such as Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and Coefficient of Determination R2. This assessment identifies the most effective clustering technique in this specific context. In order to delve deeper into these comparisons, simulations are conducted in AMPL to validate and refine the selection of techniques. In this process, it is considered the sizing and design of a microgrid within the Barcelona community, Ecuador, which integrates various energy sources, including solar. Additionally, a penalty system is introduced for unmet energy demands during less critical periods, thereby optimizing efficiency and enhancing energy availability within the community. In conclusion, this paper introduces a scalable methodology to improve solar irradiance prediction, emphasizing the significance of comparing clustering techniques as its main contribution. This advancement in prediction accuracy has the potential to enhance the feasibility and efficiency of renewable energy systems for rural communities, thereby fostering sustainable economic growth and bolstering efforts in climate change mitigation and adaptation.

Prohibition of driving vehicles in the punishment system

Subject of research: the norms of criminal legislation of Azerbaijan, Armenia, the Republic of Belarus, the USSR, Poland, Spain, the Federal Republic of Germany, Estonia, defining deprivation of the right to drive a vehicle as a type of punishment in the form of deprivation of the right to hold certain positions and engage in certain activities, as well as the problematic aspects of its appointment. Purpose of research: to identify problematic aspects and ways to improve the norms of the criminal law defining the system of punishments of the Republic of Belarus, and to make proposals to overcome them. Object of research: criminal law relations arising from the application of criminal liability with the imposition of punishment of deprivation of the right to drive a vehicle as a type of punishment in the form of deprivation of the right to hold certain positions and engage in certain activities, which were studied by applying a retrospective and comparative legal analysis of the approaches of domestic and foreign legislators to this punishment. Main results of research: it is proposed to provide for an independent punishment in the form of a ban on driving in the Belarusian penal system, while its possible legal structure is described.

Features of the appointment of criminal penalties in the conditions of the introduction of martial law

Subject of research: the current system of criminal penalties for the possibility of achieving their goals in the conditions of martial law. Purpose of research: To determine the types of criminal penalties, as well as the mechanism of their appointment, replacement and execution under martial law. Methods of research: the article uses such general scientific methods as: historical, analysis and synthesis. Main results of research: the types of criminal penalties are identified, the goals of which can be achieved both in peacetime and in wartime. On the basis of which it is proposed to suspend the appointment of a number of criminal penalties not related to imprisonment under the imposed martial law regime

Research on the diffusion and control of unsafe behaviors among chemical industry park enterprises based on the SEIR evolutionary game model

In order to control the diffusion of unsafe behaviors among chemical industrial park enterprises, a Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Recovered (SEIR) evolutionary game model is constructed based on the theory of epidemiology and evolutionary game theory. By exploring the game relationship between emergency management departments and safety assessment agencies, the paper analyzes the diffusion paths and evolutionary patterns of unsafe behaviors in chemical industrial park enterprises under different behavioral strategies adopted by both parties. Furthermore, it examines the process and patterns of system evolution to a positive stable state, and conducts multi-scenario simulation and analysis. The results indicate that the interactive behaviors of "strict regulation" by emergency management departments and "high-quality safety assessment" by safety assessment agencies are more conducive to controlling the diffusion of unsafe behaviors among chemical industrial park enterprises. Improving the efficiency of emergency management departments, establishing an attractive and constraining reward and punishment system to guide safety assessment agencies in conducting high-quality safety assessments, and stimulating the initiative of chemical industrial park enterprises in safety behaviors will be more conducive to forming an integrated, coordinated, and mutually constraining mechanism for work safety governance.

On the question of administrative-delicit law of Ukraine

The article notes that the active development of social relations affected the renewal of the doctrinal foundations of Ukrainian administrative law, as a result of which there are constant discussions in the modern science of administrative law of Ukraine, including those directly related to administrative-legal relations. And therefore, the prospects of administrative and legal science, as well as the fields of administrative law, are connected with modern tasks that science sets before itself in accordance with social requirements, which must be solved, including through the application of measures. It is emphasized that administrative law regulates a significant number of different social relations, among which a special place is occupied by administrative-delict relations, which cover a variety of relations that are subject to the norms of administrative law, which is currently in the stage of systemic reform and is mostly connected with relations to ensure implementation of human and citizen rights and freedoms, consideration of administrative disputes, application of measures of administrative responsibility, bringing to disciplinary responsibility persons of public law. Attention is drawn to the attempts to reform the administrative-tort legislation, since the codified act of the administrative-tort legislation adopted in Soviet times does not meet the realities and requirements of today. Therefore, the issue of updating the administrative-delict legislation occupies a prominent place in the scientific developments of domestic legal scientists. Existing scientific discussions on the separation of administrative-tort law into an independent branch of law exist to this day, but we must state that administrative-tort law, despite its own specificity, a significant number of various functions (regulatory, binding, permitting, protective, educational etc.), is a sub-branch of administrative law, which has a special subject of legal regulation, which is a set of legal norms that regulate relations arising from the doctrine of administrative tort. It is emphasized that the formation of modern administrative-delict law involves interaction with the institutions of administrative responsibility provided for by the sectoral norms of laws, which may include the procedure of bringing a person to administrative responsibility, completely different from that regulated by the Code of Administrative Offenses, which requires new theoretical views on the establishment of a system of administrative penalties.

Machine Learning Algorithm for Enhanced Cybersecurity: Identification and Mitigation of Emerging Threats

Machine learning (ML) methodologies have significantly transformed cybersecurity by offering sophisticated instruments that not only identify but also avert and alleviate cyber threats. This research study seeks to examine the convergence of machine learning and cybersecurity, focusing on diverse methodologies and their use in enhancing cybersecurity measures. The study examines several machines learning methods, including Graph Neural Networks, Adversarial Learning, Federated Learning, Explainable AI, and Reinforcement Learning. Every algorithm is essential for enhancing the identification and mitigation of cyber assaults. Graph Neural Networks facilitate the modelling of intricate linkages within cybersecurity data. It aids not just in forecasting future events but also in identifying anomalies and analyzing network traffic. Adversarial Learning assists in training machine learning models to address the difficulty of producing misleading input data that can deceive any model, hence enhancing their efficacy. Federated Learning is examined as a method for training machine learning models across decentralized networks while preserving data privacy and enhancing model accuracy. Explainable AI methodologies primarily offer transparency and interpretability in machine learning-driven cybersecurity decisions, which are crucial for comprehension and confidence in automated security systems. Reinforcement Learning is focused on a trial-and-error methodology, wherein the model acquires new tasks through a system of rewards and penalties. These sophisticated algorithms jointly improve the effectiveness, precision, and clarity of cybersecurity protocols, offering strong protection against emerging cyber threats.

PROBLEM ASPECTS OF ACHIEVEMENT OF CRIMINAL PUNISHMENT GOALS

The authors of the article consider the key problematic aspects affecting the achievement of the goals of criminal punishment in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The main attention is paid to the issues of the effectiveness of punishment, the problems of the resocialization of convicts and the functioning of the penitentiary system. Nowadays, we are witnessing a constant increase in the crime rate, both in the world as a whole and in Kazakhstan in particular. The criminal community is becoming more organized and professional, their fields of activity are expanding, and more and more people are becoming part of the criminal environment. This trend is accompanied by the low efficiency of judicial institutions for the protection of citizens' rights and the destruction of the crime prevention system, which forces the population to conclude that it is necessary to strengthen repressive measures to counter crime. However, despite the importance of punishment in the prevention of criminal offenses, there are two main strategies in the criminal policy of Kazakhstan: tougher responsibility for serious crimes on the one hand and the use of more humane non-custodial penalties for less serious offenses on the other hand. The authors propose specific mechanisms for improving the goals of criminal punishment and designing a system of types of punishments. When determining punishment, the court should be guided by the norms of the Criminal Code, which define the system and types of punishments, as well as the principles and basic rules for its appointment. The article analyzes the current system of punishments, identifies its shortcomings, and suggests ways to eliminate them. As part of this analysis, it is proposed to amend and supplement a number of norms of the Criminal Code.

An evolutionary game analysis of the prefabricated building supply side under dynamic government reward and punishment mechanisms

From the standpoint of the supply side of prefabricated buildings, an evolutionary game model between the government and developers is constructed under the static and dynamic reward and punishment mechanisms in order to promote the development of prefabricated buildings and realize the transformation and upgrading of the construction industry. The simulation study of the example is conducted, and the impact of policy cost, subsidy upper limit, and tax upper limit on the system’s evolutionary stability strategy is examined. The findings demonstrate that when the government chooses static subsidy and static tax policies, there is no evolutionary stable strategy in the game system. The flaws of the static reward and punishment system can be adequately compensated for by the dynamic subsidy and dynamic tax policy, leading to an evolutionary stable state. The likelihood of developers producing prefabricated structures is negatively connected with policy cost and subsidy upper limits and favorably correlated with tax upper limits, according to the dynamic reward and punishment mechanism. The findings of the study have significant implications for government policy that will encourage the widespread use of prefabricated structures in China.

К вопросу о соотношении категорий «пенализация» и «наказание»

The criminal-legal policy of the state serves as the basis of an effective crime prevention system. A crucial el-ement and method of this policy is penalization, with criminal punishment being an integral tool of the latter. The study draws a line between these categories, defines their common and distinctive features. The author argues that punishment does not fully encapsulate the concept of penalization. The article analyzes not only doctrinal approaches to the concept of penalization and punishment, but also reveals their legal nature. The study also addresses the forms and types of penalization. In particular, it critiques the refusal by some authors to recognize the concept of actual penalization and the approach that reduces penalization merely to the regu-lation of the institution of criminal punishment and the sanctions of the Special Part of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The findings presented in the article substantiate the central role of penalization in crimi-nal-legal policy; the close, yet non-identical, relationship between the categories of “penalization” and “punish-ment”; and the fundamental influence of penalization on the legislative regulation of punishments, as well as the necessity of forming a system of punishments based on the nature and degree of societal danger posed by the criminal act.

Death Penalty in the Lithuanian SSR in 1950–1990: Legal Grounds and Periods

The article reviews execution of death row inmates from the Lithuanian SSR between 1950 and 1990. It describes the procedure, the extension of the legal framework governing the enforcement of the death penalty, and the underlying trends. Four periods in the enforcement of the death penalty are discussed: 1) 1950–1952, when the majority of the death row inmates were shot down at the MGB internal prison in Vilnius; 2) 1952–1956, when the death row inmates were transported for execution to Butyrka prison in Moscow; 3) 1956–1969, when executions were carried out in Vilnius (criminals were shot dead in Lukiškių prison and political prisoners were shot dead in the KGB interrogation cell); 4) 1969–1990, when the death row inmates from the Lithuanian SSR profile were executed in the interrogation cell in Minsk (Byelorussian SSR). Between 1950 and 1990, 590 people in one or other way related to the Lithuanian SSR were shot or hanged; this figure includes 116 death row inmates shot in Moscow in 1952–1956, 87 death row inmates shot in Minsk in 1967–1990, 29 death row inmates convicted by Kaliningrad and Kirov courts and executed in Vilnius, and 8 Soviet Army officers sentenced to death and shot in Vilnius. The analysis of the personal stories of inmates and the dynamics of executions show that there was an essential breakthrough about 1956 when the number of political prisoners dropped considerably while the number of criminals started increasing rapidly. This trend allows us to explain a new role of the death penalty in the overall punishment system after 1956, specifically that it predominantly became a tool for combating crime, rather than for annihilating political opponents.

Lukiškės remand Prison-closed prison during the Nazi occupation period (1941–1944)

On July the 2nd 2019, the activity of Lukiškės Remand Prison-Closed Prison came to an end officially. It was a prison situated in the centre of Vilnius for 115 years. The article focuses on the historical events, tragical even for the history of Lukiškės prison – the period of the Nazi occupation (1941–1944). This subject has not attracted attention of the researchers-historians so far. No Lithuanian historiography methods have been applied to this topic specifically. The history of this institution is investigated here at the following angles: the stats of prisoners (changes in prisoner numbers, imprisonment and release of detainees), composition of inmates by nationality, gender, offence type (political or criminal prisoners), system of punishments, imprisonment conditions, catering and health problems of the detainees, behaviour of prison employees against detainees and prison escape events.

Research on the System of First Violation without Penalty

With the continuous deepening of the construction of a digital rule of law government and the implementation of the principle of inclusive and prudent supervision in multiple fields represented by the business sector, the latest revised Administrative Penalty Law of the People's Republic of China in 2021 has for the first time stipulated the first violation without penalty system in Article 33. The "first violation without penalty " system draws on the "minor violation without punishment" system and conforms to the trend of government function transformation, which is a novel measure in the field of administrative law enforcement. In this article, the author will analyze the system from two levels. At the theoretical level, the connotation of the system will be explained through its origin, practical significance, and comparison with "minor non punishment"; At the practical level, analyze the practicality of the system by combining the "first violation without penalty " lists from multiple regions. The author will also analyze the problems that exist during the implementation of the system and provide their own suggestions.

Eksplorasi penerapan reward and punishment aparatur sipil negara dalam upaya meningkatkan kedisiplinan pegawai pemerintah kota Sukabumi

The issue of discipline among civil servants is considered one of the bureaucratic pathologies. This can hinder the progress and effectiveness of government, leading to delays in decision-making and a lack of accountability. In the government of Sukabumi City, there are still civil servants who commit violations and social deviations, resulting in disciplinary actions ranging from light to severe, which can cause losses for both the individuals involved and the relevant institutions. The Regional Personnel and Human Resource Development Agency (BKPSDM) of Sukabumi City has implemented a reward and punishment system in an effort to improve employee discipline. This study aims to explore the extent to which the application of reward and punishment impacts the improvement of employee discipline in the Sukabumi City government. The method used is a descriptive research approach with a qualitative perspective, employing instruments such as observation, interviews, and documentation. The results of this study indicate that the implementation of the reward and punishment system in the Sukabumi City government has been effective and has had a positive impact on employee discipline. However, a lack of firmness, transparency, and guidance from leaders has resulted in a weak response from employees towards the reward and punishment system. In addition to the reward and punishment system, the Sukabumi City government also conducts training and technical guidance activities for its employees, aimed at developing human resources and enhancing employee competencies.

Implementation of Evacuation Training in Emergency Situations to Improve Ship Passenger Safety on KMP Jatra 2

The incidence of accidents and occupational diseases is still quite high. Various ship incidents include sinking, collision, fire, aground, people falling overboard, steering damage, and pollution at sea. as well as work accidents during duty on the ship, generally caused by human factors or human error. The purpose of this study is to find out the emergency drills on the ship, based on SOLAS on the KMP Jatra 2 ship and to find out how to handle problems in maximizing job training to each crew member according to SOLAS and SOP regulations. The results of this study found that emergency training on board KMP Jatra 2 is not running properly due to lack of consistency in following the SOP and SOLAS standards that have been set. To deal with this problem, several steps need to be taken, namely good HR policies, implementation of a punishment system for undisciplined crew members, regular training and realistic simulation of emergency situations, continuous supervision and evaluation of training implementation.

"It Feels Like Being in Jail All Over Again": Staging the Criminalized Liminality of Sex Offenders

Abstract: Two plays focusing on the postincarceration experiences of sex offenders opened in 2018: Life Jacket Theatre Company's America Is Hard to See and Bruce Norris's Downstate . Both plays ask spectators to recognize the humanity of sex offenders while also keeping in mind the harm they caused. The questions at the heart of these plays are ultimately about ethics and space: how close do we as a society want to allow sex offenders? These plays stage the movement, space, and time—the spatiotemporality—of postincarceration carceral geographies and the embodied state of what I term "criminalized liminality." In this article, I pursue a two-pronged approach to examine how these plays explore the spatiotemporality of criminalized liminality: primarily, I employ critical spatial perspectives to address how the focus on the ethics of space in America and Downstate emphasizes theatre itself as a space of ethical engagement for artists and audiences; and, secondarily, that as a result of their content and form, each play invites spectators to consider what it means to act on and offstage. I ultimately conclude that although these plays invite consideration of alternatives to the criminal punishment system like abolition, their real power lies in their ultimate ambivalence. Each unsettles spectators without providing clear answers. The spatiotemporality of criminalized liminality and the slippage created by acting produce a certain generative uncertainty.

Implementation of Lean Construction to Reduce Waste with the Value Stream Analysis Tools (VALSAT) Method in the Project Casting Process

This study aims to identify waste that occurs in the casting process of the project carried out by CV. Wishitama using value stream analysis tools (VALSAT) and provide suggestions for improvements with fishbone diagrams for the casting process of the project carried out by CV. Wishitama. This study uses a qualitative approach and case study with value stream analysis tools (VALSAT) and fishbone diagram analysis. The results of this study are that there are four types of waste that are prioritized for elimination, namely, overprocessing, defective products, queues, and motion. This study will provide new contributions to knowledge in the field of lean construction, with a focus on the construction industry. The results of this study will complement existing knowledge and provide new insights into how the application of lean construction can eliminate waste in the construction industry. Companies can eliminate and be effective in waiting for heavy equipment (readymix and concrete pumps) and vibrating equipment during casting. In addition, companies can increase direct supervision, conduct additional training, conduct evaluations, implement a reward or punishment system according to employee performance, plan efficient schedules, assign employees according to needs, and conduct outreach on current employee performance as a form of effort to improve human resources.

Etiopathogenesis in Neuropsychological Aspects of Mood Disorders and Self-Harming Behavior in Adolescents: A Review

The average prevalence of self-harm in school-age adolescents in the world is 17.20% with bipolar spectrum disorders (37%) apparently higher than among adolescents with depressive disorders (13%). Based on etiopathogenesis, neuropsychological factors are associated with the emergence of mood disorders and self-harm behavior. The method used is the preparation of this article review was carried out through the process of searching, collecting data, and analyzing several articles from Science Direct, Proquest, Pubmed, and Google Scholar. The extracted data were analyzed to summarize the findings related to the etiopathogenesis of mood disorders and self-harm behavior in adolescents reviewed from a neurophysiological aspect. Discussion: Based on the results of the analysis of several articles, the etiopathogenesis of mood disorders and self-harm behavior in adolescents reviewed from a neurophysiological aspect is related to the influence of neurotransmitters and changes in the functional structure of the brain. The related neurotransmitters are serotonin, dopamine, GABA, glutamate, norepinephrine, and histamine. In adolescents who are not accompanied by psychological maturity, it can cause conflicts that result in emotional stress and distress as well as the emergence of negative emotions related to changes in brain function and structure related to brain neuroplasticity and disruption of the reward and punishment system in the limbic system.

TRANSFORMASI KELEMBAGAAN PADA DINAS KETAHANAN PANGAN DAN PERTANIAN KABUPATEN BOJONEGORO

This research aims to determine the institutional transformation process at the Bojonegoro Regency Food Security and Agriculture Service, which is a new regional apparatus organization that was formed through a merger/merger process based on Bojonegoro Regent Regulation No. 85 of 2021. The Bojonegoro Regency Government is trying to streamline the main duties of the two agencies by combine/merger to create an agile organizational structure. Through the merger process, of course there were many changes in function and structure. This change in structure and function is the background for the need for scientific research regarding organizational changes which previously merged two different OPDs to form one new OPD. The method used is descriptive qualitative research with a case study approach. The results of the research found that the Bojonegoro Regency Food and Agriculture Security Service has carried out organizational transformation through strengthening the vision and mission, changing the organizational structure, improving public services through online applications and websites, building partners with other parties and implementing a reward and punishment system for employees.

The Influence of the Reward and Punishment System on Improving Service Quality at the BPJS Health Office

This research aims to determine the influence of the reward and punishment system on improving service quality at the Gorontalo Province Health BPJS Office. The analytical method used is a quantitative method, with primary data sources and secondary data and uses a deductive approach. The population in this study were all employees of the BPJS Health Office of Gorontalo Province with a total of 42 respondents. The sampling technique used a saturated sampling technique. Based on the results of the analysis, it can be seen that the t count of the Reward Variable is obtained t count 5.419 > t table 1.682 and with a significance level of 0.000 < 0.05, so in this case the Ha1 hypothesis is accepted, which means that Rewards have a significant effect on improving the quality of service at the Gorontalo Province Health BPJS Office. Meanwhile, giving punishment has no significant effect on improving the quality of services at the Gorontalo Province BPJS Health Office. This is proven by the tcount of 0.311 which is smaller than the ttable value of 1.682 indicating a significance level value of 0.757 which is greater than 0.05, so the hypothesis (Ha2) is rejected. which means that the Punishment system has no significant effect on the level of Service Quality at the Gorontalo Province Health BPJS Office. Based on the results of the ANOVA test, the calculated F value was 10.535 with a significance level of 0.000. The Fcount value is compared with the Ftable value, namely 3.23 so that Fcount > Ftable is obtained or by paying attention to the significance level F=0.000 which means ≥ 0.05, which means there is a simultaneous influence between Reward and Punishment on Improving Employee Quality at the Provincial BPJS Health Office Gorontalo.

The Effect of Reward, Punishment on Satisfaction and Work Ethic and its Implication on Organizational Commitment (Empirical Study on Ministry of Religious Affairs Employees in the South Papua Province Region)

The research focused on the effect of the reward and punishment system on the level of satisfaction and work ethic of employees, and how to influence the organizational commitment of employees at the Office of the Ministry of Religion in the South Papua Province Region. The type of research used is quantitative. The total population totaled 159 people. The sampling technique uses a saturated sampling approach (census), which involves all members of the population. Data collection procedures through online questionnaires. The results of this study indicate that reward has a significant positive effect on job satisfaction, reward has a significant positive effect on work ethic, reward has no significant effect on organizational commitment, punishment has no significant effect on job satisfaction, punishment has no significant effect on work ethic, punishment has no significant effect on organizational commitment, job satisfaction has a significant positive effect on organizational commitment, work ethic has a significant positive effect on organizational commitment, job satisfaction mediates the effect of reward on organizational commitment, work ethic mediates the effect of reward on organizational commitment, job satisfaction does not mediate the effect of punishment on organizational commitment, work ethic does not mediate the effect of punishment on organizational commitment.