Mining System Research Articles

Experimental and numerical research on additional vehicles protection against explosives

The article presents an experimental and numerical study on the effectiveness of an additional shield mounted under the vehicles in reducing the penetration capability of the scattered mines, using the example of the MN-123 mine. For this purpose, the formation of the EFP (explosive formed penetrator) was analyzed for the classic scattered mine system with a double EFP-shaped charge. Then, after validating the numerical results against the experiment for the static tensile test, the authors performed a numerical analysis for a protective structure made of elastomer, placed between the mine and the bottom of the protected vehicle (parallel to the ground surface). Three variants of the thickness of the rubber element from 10 to 30 mm were analyzed in order to determine the impact of the shield thickness on the EFP formation process. In the final phase, the selected system was experimentally tested on a military training ground. The results obtained indicate that the use of analyzed shielding protecting bottom part of vehicles against mines and EFPs can significantly decrease the mine penetration capability. In addition, the use of the smoothed-particle hydrodynamic (SPH) method to describe the formation of the EFP projectile allowed to take into account the highly dynamic nature of the phenomenon. A novelty in the applied study is the use of an elastomeric cover in the immediate vicinity of the mine, which limits the EFP formation process and also limits the speed of the projectile. This is crucial because the key factor determining the penetrating capabilities of EFP is the high kinetic energy of the formed projectile. Based on the research conducted, areas of potential application of this type of covers can be distinguished. These will primarily be all types of heavy, armored vehicles moving in armed conflict zones, exposed to mines/IEDs/EFPs, such as armored infantry fighting vehicles and tanks.

PretoxTM: a text mining system for extracting treatment-related findings from preclinical toxicology reports

Over the last few decades the pharmaceutical industry has generated a vast corpus of knowledge on the safety and efficacy of drugs. Much of this information is contained in toxicology reports, which summarise the results of animal studies designed to analyse the effects of the tested compound, including unintended pharmacological and toxic effects, known as treatment-related findings. Despite the potential of this knowledge, the fact that most of this relevant information is only available as unstructured text with variable degrees of digitisation has hampered its systematic access, use and exploitation. Text mining technologies have the ability to automatically extract, analyse and aggregate such information, providing valuable new insights into the drug discovery and development process. In the context of the eTRANSAFE project, we present PretoxTM (Preclinical Toxicology Text Mining), the first system specifically designed to detect, extract, organise and visualise treatment-related findings from toxicology reports. The PretoxTM tool comprises three main components: PretoxTM Corpus, PretoxTM Pipeline and PretoxTM Web App. The PretoxTM Corpus is a gold standard corpus of preclinical treatment-related findings annotated by toxicology experts. This corpus was used to develop, train and validate the PretoxTM Pipeline, which extracts treatment-related findings from preclinical study reports. The extracted information is then presented for expert visualisation and validation in the PretoxTM Web App.Scientific ContributionWhile text mining solutions have been widely used in the clinical domain to identify adverse drug reactions from various sources, no similar systems exist for identifying adverse events in animal models during preclinical testing. PretoxTM fills this gap by efficiently extracting treatment-related findings from preclinical toxicology reports. This provides a valuable resource for toxicology research, enhancing the efficiency of safety evaluations, saving time, and leading to more effective decision-making in the drug development process.

Energy Consumption Reduction in Underground Mine Ventilation System: An Integrated Approach Using Mathematical and Machine Learning Models Toward Sustainable Mining

This study presents an integrated approach combining the Hardy Cross method and a gradient boosting (GB) optimization model to enhance ventilation systems in underground mines, with a specific application at the Jabal Sayid mine in Saudi Arabia. The Hardy Cross method addresses variations in airflow resistance caused by obstacles within ventilation pathways, enabling accurate predictions of the flow distribution across the network. The GB model complements this by optimizing fan placement, pressure control, and airflow intensity to achieve reduced energy consumption and improved efficiency. The results demonstrate significant improvements in fan efficiency, optimized energy usage, and enhanced ventilation effectiveness, achieving a 31.24% reduction in electricity consumption. This study bridges deterministic and machine learning methodologies, offering a novel framework for the real-time optimization of underground mine ventilation systems. By combining the Hardy Cross method with GB, the proposed approach outperforms traditional techniques in predicting and optimizing airflow distribution under dynamic conditions.

РЕКУЛЬТИВАЦИЯ ОТВАЛОВ ПРИ ДОБЫЧНЫХ РАБОТАХ

The purpose of the study is to develop a technology for the reclamation of dumps for the further involvement of disturbed areas in land use. The object of the study is overburden dumps, washing dumps. Extraction of a placer gold deposit in the basin of the river Coloramo in the North Yenisei District was carried out with the use of heavy equipment. After the completion of mining, the landfills worked out by the bulldozer method are represented by overburden dumps and washing dumps. Stripping works are carried out taking into account the subsequent reclamation of disturbed lands. In turn, overburden dumps are subdivided into dumps of topsoil and peat dumps, and washing dumps - into pebble and fraction dumps. Soil dumps are located on the sides of a quarry or in a mined-out area, they are not flooded, the arrangement is represented by terraces, row tops, leveled slope ridges. Overburden dumps are located only on the sides of the quarry. The formed dumps are usually characterized by a higher height than the original valley. The slopes of the washing dumps can be characterized by the angle of repose of the constituent fractions or be leveled by a bulldozer. The location of the pebble dumps of washing and the dumps of large fractions is the mined-out space and the marginal sections of the quarry. At a low height of the stockpiled dumps and when the groundwater level in the reservoir rises, they are flooded. The formation of washing dumps is carried out based on the structure of the placer, the technological equipment used, the volume of washing at each stop of the device. When carrying out mining and preparatory and mining operations, a large amount of overburden rocks are moved, and the fractional composition of the sands supplied for washing is redistributed. Deposit mining systems determine the structure of the dumps. The type of equipment used determines the distribution of dump fractions and the structure of their formation. The areas and layout of dumps depend on the individual characteristics of the placer and the design decisions made. After reclamation, man-made territories should have a terraced (ridged) form of mesorelief, with a small-hilly relief, which contributes to the involvement of disturbed lands in land use, depending on the chosen direction.

Experimental Study on Influencing Factors of CO2 Huff and the Puff Effect in Tight Sandstone Oil Reservoirs.

In the existing research, there are few studies on the factors affecting the effect of the CO2 huff and puff based on the law of crude oil utilization in microscopic pores. We will carry out this research on tight sandstone based on NMR. In this work, based on the law of crude oil production in microscopic pores, the relationship between various factors and huff and puff efficiency was studied, and the influence law of each factor was clarified. We characterize the dynamic changes in crude oil mobility, microporous crude oil mobilization characteristics, and huff and puff efficiency during CO2 huff and puff under different conditions based on nuclear magnetic resonance technology (NMR). The experimental results show that the injection pressure is the main factor affecting the effect of the CO2 huff and puff. The original pore structure characteristics of rock and soaking time also affect the huff and puff efficiency, but they are not the main influencing factors. In the process of CO2 huff and puff, the reservoir with better macropore development will have a better huff and puff effect. For the core with medium pore and smaller pore development, the injection pressure can be increased and the soaking time can be prolonged appropriately to improve the huff and puff effect. When the injection pressure reaches the minimum miscible pressure (MMP), the utilization degree of crude oil with larger pores reaches the maximum, and the effect of increasing the injection pressure on the huff and puff efficiency is limited. With the increase in soaking time, the huff and puff efficiency increases first and then decreases, but the overall change range is small. From the perspective of the utilization degree of crude oil in different pores, increasing the soaking time has little effect on the utilization degree of crude oil in each pore. When the injection pressure is constant, the huff and puff efficiency increases with the increase of huff and puff cycles. However, after the huff and puff cycle is increased to the third cycle, it is not helpful to improve the huff and puff efficiency and the degree of crude oil utilization. Therefore, the best condition for CO2 huff and puff is that the injection pressure reaches the minimum miscible pressure, the soaking time is 6h, and the huff and puff cycles are 3 cycles. When these conditions are reached, the utilization degree of pore crude oil in the core can reach the maximum, and the huff and puff efficiency will also reach the best. Through the experimental study of CO2 huff and puff in tight sandstone reservoirs, the influence of various factors on the production characteristics of porous crude oil was analyzed, and the mechanism of CO2 huff and puff to improve oil recovery was clarified. The research results provide a theoretical basis for optimizing the CO2 huff and puff mining system and the CO2 huff and puff mining tight sandstone reservoirs.

Optimizing Accuracy and Computational intensity of Web Usage Mining for E-commerce Recommendations Using LLMs

Web usage mining has become critical in enhancing e-commerce platforms by understanding user behavior and providing personalized recommendations. However, traditional algorithms often suffer from high computational intensity and limited accuracy when processing large-scale web log data. This research proposes a novel approach leveraging Large Language Models (LLMs) to analyse and optimize web log data for e-commerce recommendation systems. To take into account the rich contextual understanding of LLMs and their powerful feature extraction capability, the presented approach is set to enhance precision while reducing computation overhead. By utilizing the E-commerce Website Logs dataset, this research preprocesses raw log data into structured features such as session durations, clickstream patterns, and page dwell times. This approach is then tested against five other existing algorithms: Random Forest, Support Vector Machine (SVM), k-Nearest Neighbours (k-NN), Gradient Boosting, and Deep Neural Networks in terms of accuracy, F1-score, precision, recall, sensitivity and root mean square error (RMSE). Apart from prediction quality, the computational efficiency of each algorithm is also analysed in terms of training time, inference time, and resource usage. Results show that the LLM-based model consistently outperforms traditional algorithms across all the evaluation metrics, such as achieving higher accuracy, precision, and recall along with substantially lower RMSE. In addition, the proposed method has faster processing times and lower computational intensity, which makes it more suitable for large-scale, real-time recommendation tasks. This paper contributes to the field by showing the potential of LLMs in web usage mining and recommendation systems, offering a scalable solution that bridges the gap between accuracy and efficiency. These findings emphasize the integration of advanced models of machine learning, such as LLMs, into e-commerce platforms for the ever-growing demands of today's modern platforms and to ensure computational feasibility.

Hrad a panstvo Šášov v období habsburskej komorskej správy

The Šášov (Sachsenstein) domain was one of the state dominions in the Lower Hungarian mining district, i.e. in present-day Central Slovakia, that were integrated in the complex of state mining enterprises from the late seventeenth century to the mid-nineteenth century. These state estates became an important economic basis for whole mining district under the Habsburg control, especially in supplies with wood, charcoal, beverages, and victuals. The Šášov castle and dominion had been acquired in 1676 –1678 from the impoverished noble Lippay family and was utilized for economic needs of state enterprising in the precious metal production since then. Until the 1770s, the Šášov castle was used as a granary and the residence of domain administration was situated in the Ladomer manor house. The most profitable cameralistic projects on this state domain that are investigated in this paper represented the brewery in Šášovské Podhradie near the castle with beer production for state workers and clerks, the large taphouse for mineworkers in Štiavnické Bane (Siglisberg), and the state wood-yard in Jalná for a wood and charcoal supply of state mines and smelteries. During the eighteenth century, the integration of this domain into the system of state mining enterprising reached a highest peak.

Substantiation and selection of parameters for supporting mine workings at deep levels

Purpose.The research aims to conduct a comprehensive study on substantiation and selection of optimal parameters for supporting mine workings at deep levels by analyzing the stress-strain state (SSS) of the rock mass, modeling geomechanical processes and developing effective strengthening technologies in difficult geological conditions. Methods. The research includes modeling of the stress-strain state of the rock mass using ANSYS, Phase2 and Prorock software packages. To assess and predict the stress-strain state of the mass in the area of stope blocks, a series of numerical experiments have been conducted to analyze the near-contour rock mass stability. The physical-mechanical characteristics of ores and host rocks are used as input data for modeling. Findings. The mass SSS analysis has confirmed that increasing the number of cable bolts up to four provides mine wor-king stability, but is accompanied by intensive fracture formation beyond the contour, as well as convergence up to 14 cm, which requires the use of reinforcing mesh and reinforcing frame in two layers. The mining system elements have been found to provide the necessary safety factor for end ore drawing (ks ≥ 3.0) and slicing mining with hardening backfill (ks ≥ 5.0). Originality. The parameters for supporting mine workings have been substantiated, which ensures safe mining of deep levels. It has been revealed that when backfilling, the height of the caving zone is 125 m and the fracture zone is 60 m. For mining systems with caving, these figures reach 280 and 470 m, respectively. Practical implications. The technology has been developed for supporting capital mine workings with the use of reinforced combined support and roof bolts. The results obtained contribute to the improvement of reliability and efficiency of mining operations by providing accurate prediction of rock behavior under conditions of changing stresses and reduction of their strength characteristics.

Классификация георесурсов в парадигме их комплексного освоения

Identification of a unified classification feature and systematization of available knowledge about georesources in the framework of the designed mining system help to resolve a number of sequentially related problems of rational man-made transformation of subsoil resources with account of the complexity of their development. This research approach is the foundation to create conditions for sustainable development of georesources. The classification feature, i.e. the formation conditions, is defined and three main categories of georesources (natural, artificial and combined) are identified, and their classification in the paradigm of the integrated subsoil development is given. It is established that the technological scheme for the development of all categories of georesources is provided at the initial design stage of a mining operation. The priority tasks to be solved at the design stage have been defined, which make it possible to implement the principle of integrated development of georesources. The conclusions are made that effective development of georesources is possible only with simultaneous or sequential-simultaneous mining of all the georesource categories. The authors see the development of technologies for the integrated development of all categories of georesources using man-made and landscape space in a single mining system as the next stage of their research.

О добыче, механизации и обезвоживании торфяного сырья: краткий обзор

Within the framework of research activities the authors of this article are working on patenting an original engineering solution that makes it possible to combine the process of open-pit mining of peat raw materials using excavators with a perforated working tool, i.e. a bucket, and integration of the hydromechanized dewatering equipment into the excavation process, with justification of the parameters of the developed equipment and the corresponding design solutions. In order to achieve this task, the authors have selected and analyzed a large number of scientific articles, research and development reports, dissertation studies and patents for invention concerning the extraction, mechanization and dewatering of peat raw materials. Based on the results of the analysis, the authors concluded that among a fairly broad range of methods of peat mining, presented and described in research and engineering literature, the predominantly used one is peat milling using the surface layer-wise mining system with appropriate means of mechanization. The authors emphasize that the mining of peat raw materials and its further processing is inevitably associated with the dewatering processes. They quote several technical solutions from the conducted patent studies regarding the dewatering equipment in order to determine the design features of the developed technical solution for dewatering of the peat raw materials and to identify areas of improvement. This paper is not claimed to be a complete and detailed review of scientific and technical literature.

Разработка инновационной технологии закладки выработанного пространства на основе использования пастообразных закладочных смесей и оценка ее технико-экономической и экологической эффективности

The article discusses the results of developing an innovative technology for backfilling of the mined-out space using paste-like backfill mixtures with addition of concentration tailings. The relevance of the research is explained by the need to improve the efficiency and environmental friendliness of backfilling operations at mining enterprises. The objective of the work is to create and evaluate the technical, economic and environmental efficiency of a new backfilling technology. The research methodology included an analysis of the current state and bottlenecks of backfilling operations, development of formulations and studying properties of the paste-like mixtures with concentration tailings, carrying out pilot tests, feasibility study and an ecological justification of the proposed solutions. It has been established that addition of the concentration tailings to the paste-like mixtures allows to reduce cement consumption by 20-30% without deterioration of rheological and strength properties. Optimal compositions of the mixtures were developed as well as efficient technological schemes of their preparation and transportation. Pilot tests confirmed the possibility to utilize up to 50% of the current output of the concentration tailings in the backfill mixtures. Application of the proposed technology provides a 15-20% reduction in the cost of backfilling operations and a 40-50% reduction in the volume of waste dumping. The results obtained are important for improving the efficiency and environmental safety of mining operations and can be widely applied at companies that use mining systems with backfilling of the mined-out space.

Классификация технологий закладки для условий подземной разработки соляных месторождений

A classification of backfilling technologies has been proposed for underground mining of deep-seated salt deposits. An in-depth analysis of approaches to organizing mining operations in complex geological conditions has been conducted, considering the physical, mechanical properties and structural features of salt rocks, as well as the stringent requirements for maintaining the integrity of the water-protective layer. The main technological schemes for backfilling operations in deposits of water-soluble minerals have been reviewed, with their efficiency and impact on the stability of underground workings being evaluated. Key criteria for selecting the mining system have been identified, depending on the depth of occurrence and morphology of the ore body. Special attention has been given to the comparative analysis of various backfilling technologies, their applicability at great depths, and under varying physical and mechanical characteristics of the host rocks.

Методика определения оптимальных параметров породной выпускной траншеи при комбинированной системе разработки пологопадающих месторождений

A specific feature of combined mining systems in conditions of flat deposits of medium thickness is the need to form an ore release trench from the interchamber pillar in the underlying rocks. The volume of the release trench is one of the main factors affecting the efficiency of the combined mining system. Reducing the slope angle and the height of the release trench, on the one hand, allows reducing operating costs for breaking, releasing and delivering ore, caving of overlying rocks, on the other hand, leads to deterioration in ore extraction indicators. Determining the optimal parameters of the release trench depending on the width of the interchamber pillar is an urgent scientific and technical task. To solve it, a methodology has been developed for assessing the efficiency and determining the optimal parameters of the rock release trench based on the profit criterion per 1 ton of the recovered balance reserves, including the established functional dependencies of ore extraction indicators and the operating costs for the main technological processes of ore mining on the thickness and the dip angle of the deposit, the width of the interchamber pillar, the slope angle and the height of the release trench. It has been established that the optimal slope angle and height of the release trench with an interchamber pillar width of 8–18 m are 65° and 4.8–16.1 m, with a width of 18–20 m – 60° and 13.2–15.1 m, respectively.

Experimental study on the dust control performance of rotating fog curtain under the perturbation of long-pressure and short-pumping ventilation

The dust source point in the coal-breaking operation prolonged activities generate substantial dust, diminished the air quality at the tunneling face. This study focuses on the pneumatic vortex fog curtain dust control system in the underground coal mine tunneling face. It explores the dust-trapping performance of this system under the disturbance of a long-pressure and short-suction auxiliary ventilation system. The results indicate that the respiratory dust captured by the fog curtain wall on the driver’s working side can be reduced from an average concentration of 135.5 mg/m3 to 2.5 mg/m3, and on the 15 m downwind side of the coal-cutting machine, it decreases from 70.2 mg/m3 to 2.5 mg/m3. Under the disturbance of the long-pressure and short-suction ventilation system, as the wind speed increases, the rotating fog curtain gap expands, reducing the sealing performance. Without compromising the fog curtain conditions, this combined system achieves efficient dust suppression, significantly improving the working environment at the tunneling face.

Methane Gas Sensor using Graphene Nanoflakes at Room Operating Temperature

Methane gas is commonly produced and used in various industries, including agriculture, coal mining, manure management, landfills, natural gas, and petroleum systems. This gas is colorless and odorless. High concentrations of methane gas can have detrimental effects on human health, such as causing headaches, visual issues, and memory loss. Moreover, prolonged exposure to higher concentrations may lead to respiratory and heart rate fluctuations, balance problems, and even unconsciousness. In order to address these concerns, a thick film gas sensor based on graphene nanoflakes is proposed in this work to detect different levels of methane gas at room operating temperature. The gas sensor was fabricated using screen-printing technology on a Kapton film. Graphene nanoflakes were mixed with a binder to create the sensing film. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to characterize the morphology and X-ray diffraction (XRD) for structural components of the sensing film. Two graphene gas sensors (PF-1 and PF-2) were fabricated using screen-printing to compare their performance to methane at room operating temperature with gas concentrations ranging from 300 to 1000 ppm. The results showed that both gas sensors responded robustly to changing concentrations of methane gas at room operating temperature within 20 s. PF-2 outperforms PF-1, with the result of sensitivity being approximately 0.0000353, 0.0000288, and 0.0000262 for the first, second, and third exposures to methane gas. Both gas sensors also exhibited excellent repeatability characteristics with similar patterns each time exposed to the methane.

Evaluation of Vegetation Health in the PT X Reclamation Area Using the NDVI Method Based on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Multispectral Orthophoto Data

Abstract According to the International Energy Agency (IEA) in 2023, Indonesia became the third-largest coal-producing country globally after China and India. Indonesia’s coal production amounted to 775.2 million tons in 2023, and around 27% was used for domestic needs. Coal mining in Indonesia generally uses an open-pit mining system, which impacts changes in land cover, landscape form, and the loss of flora and fauna. To dismiss this stigma, good mining practices must be applied in every process to ensure the balance of post-mining land’s natural and social functions. One effort to restore the condition of post-mining land is revegetation. Revegetation activities on ex-mining land require much time, money, and energy, so the planted vegetation must be monitored and evaluated. The problem often encountered when using Landsat and Sentinel satellite image data is that clouds cover many areas because the island of Kalimantan has a tropical climate with high rainfall, humidity, and temperature throughout the year. Then, using multispectral aerial photography data is one solution for monitoring plant health. With the advancement of photogrammetric technology using multispectral cameras, it is possible to analyze the health of reclaimed plants using the NDVI method. The results of the NDVI analysis on reclaimed plants produced the highest index value of 0.877 and the lowest value of 0.013. With very healthy plant criteria covering 12.47 ha (71.5%), healthy plant criteria covering 4.95 ha (28.4%), and unhealthy criteria covering 0.02 ha (0.1%).

Thermodynamic Analysis of Asteroid Mining Systems: Insights from Optical Mining Bag Materials

This study investigates the thermodynamic behaviors of materials within an optical mining system aimed at extracting water from asteroids. The spacecraft utilizes solar reflectors to concentrate sunlight onto the captured asteroid, initiating the extraction process. The focus lies on analyzing the thermodynamic properties of the asteroid mining bag, constructed with layers of Nomex (outer layer), Kevlar (supporting layer), and a PANI thin film (inner layer). Through a MATLAB Simulink model, a 10-day mining simulation is conducted, revealing the system's capability to extract water at a rate of 77 g/s. Key parameters such as temperature, pressure, heat flow rate, and gas flow rate are measured within the mining bag. Additionally, the study accounts for thermal insulation effects on the asteroid bag and heat losses to the surrounding environment. The thermodynamic equations governing heat transfer, mass conservation, and energy within the asteroid bag are analyzed, providing insights into the efficiency and effectiveness of the mining process. This research contributes to understanding the thermodynamic principles underlying asteroid mining operations and guides future developments in this field.

Optimal scale combination selection based on genetic algorithm in generalized multi-scale decision systems for classification

Optimal scale combination (OSC) selection plays a crucial role in multi-scale decision systems for data mining and knowledge discovery, and its aim is to select an appropriate subsystem for classification or decision-making while keeping a certain consistency criterion. Selecting the OSC with existing methods requires judging the consistency of all multi-scale attributes; however, judging consistency and selecting scales for unimportant multi-scale attributes increases the selection cost in vain. Moreover, the existing definitions of OSC are only applicable to rough set classifiers (RSCs), which makes the selected OSC perform poorly on other machine learning classifiers. To this end, the main objective of this paper is to investigate multi-scale attribute subset selection and OSC selection applicable to any classifier in generalized multi-scale decision systems. First, a novel consistency criterion based on the multi-scale attribute subset is proposed, which is called p-consistency criterion. Second, the relevance and redundancy among multi-scale attributes are measured based on the information entropy, and an algorithm for selecting the multi-scale attribute subset is given based on this. Third, an extended definition of OSC, called the accuracy OSC, is proposed, which can be widely applied to classification tasks using any classifier. On this basis, an OSC selection algorithm based on genetic algorithm is proposed. Finally, the results of many experiments show that the proposed method can significantly improve the classification accuracy and selection efficiency.

Effect Of The Utilization Of Chicken Egg Shell Waste As A Lime Mixture On Ph Parameters In Mine Acid Water

Acid mine drainage (AMD) is a significant environmental impact of coal mining, particularly in open-pit mining systems. To neutralize AMD acidity, the commonly used method involves adding quicklime (CaO). This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of using eggshells, which contain calcium carbonate (CaCO3), as an additive to quicklime in AMD treatment. Experiments were conducted with varying doses of ground and calcined eggshells at 150°C and 300°C. The results indicate that calcining eggshells at higher temperatures enhances their effectiveness in increasing AMD pH. Without calcination, the pH increased by 1.87%, while calcination at 150°C and 300°C resulted in pH increases of 1.87% and 8.6%, respectively. However, excessive doses of eggshells may decrease pH. Therefore, using calcined eggshells as an additive to quicklime offers a more economical and environmentally friendly solution for AMD treatment.

History of development of the Russian mining and geological information systems

History of development of the Russian mining and geological information systems