Military Service System Research Articles

An Analysis of the Operation and Maintenance Cost of the Military Service System Based on the Recruitment Mix Ratio of Volunteer Military System

An Analysis of the Operation and Maintenance Cost of the Military Service System Based on the Recruitment Mix Ratio of Volunteer Military System

조선 전기 군역 代⽴의 유형과 代⽴制 정비

The act of sending someone else to serve in the military undermined the military service system of the Joseon Dynasty. Therefore, research on the act of substituting for military service has generally focused on highlighting its problems from military and social perspectives. However, when viewed from the perspective that the military pays for the labor force of the substitute, the act of substituting for military service was an economic transaction involving compensation.
 First, based on the method of payment, three types can be classified. The first type is where the military directly pays compensation to the laborer. In this type, the military and the laborer are directly connected. The second type is where the military, through the coercion of government officials, pays compensation. In this type, the will of the military was not significant. Instead, government officials coerced the military to pay compensation, having mobilized labor privately.
 The third type is where the military pays compensation to an intermediary. The characteristic of this type is that the military and the laborer do not meet directly. With the intervention of an intermediary between the military and the laborer, the intermediary receives compensation. The reason for the emergence of various types depending on the payment method is the structural problems of the military service system of the Joseon Dynasty. In the Joseon military service system, military service costs were primarily borne directly by the military. Therefore, military service was inherently an economic transaction, and an environment for exchanging goods and labor was easily established.
 To address this issue, the government decided to intervene in the payment method. Accordingly, the government gradually expanded its role in the payment method. Initially, in 1493, the act of substituting for military service was allowed, but the costs were fixed. However, even with fixed costs, government officials and intermediaries demanded additional compensation depending on the payment method. Therefore, a system was established where the government intervenes when paying the entire cost. In 1538, procedures were added for local officials to directly verify military service costs. In 1541, a procedure was added where the government institution directly collected military service costs and distributed them to each department. As a result, the method of paying costs was unified.

패널자료 분석을 활용한 한국군 적정 병력규모에 관한 실증연구

This study aims to analyze the determinants that affect the appropriate size of the Korean military, estimating the appropriate size of the Korean military based on the theoretical model. Compared to previous empirical studies on appropriate troop size using cross-sectional data, this study attempts to analyze parameter estimates of the empirical analysis model more accurately and efficiently by using panel data, which is considering individual characteristic effects and time characteristic effects for empirical analysis. Main research results are as follows. First, defense spending, population, and weapon system's level significantly affect the proper size of the Korean military at the 5% level of significance, while threats and military service system are statistically significant at the 10% level of significance. Secondly, based on the empirical model, the appropriate size of the Korean military was estimated as 0.329 million. The estimated appropriate troop size may suggest the need for continuous military innovation into a technology and capital-intensive military structure, for the Korean military to break away from the volume-oriented military structure in the future.

A Study on the Feasibility of Changing ROK Military Service System

Due to the absolute shortage of future military personnel and the recent calls for defense reform, the transition of the military service system is recognized as an essential change that must be implemented at some point. Therefore, this study analyzed the cases of military service conversion in other countries, focusing on the social environment, security environment, and the size of military resources, to evaluate the possibility of conversion to a new military service system that has been raised in South Korean society recently. To do so, we first analyzed the current situation of the South Korean military and presented the advantages and disadvantages of the hybrid system and the volunteer system as possible future military service systems. Next, we covered issues related to the transition of the military service system from the demographic, economic, and socio-political dimensions and suggested ways to improve the Korean military service system.

한국 병역제도 연구 변화 분석

The purpose of this study is to analyze research trends on the military service system in Korea for the past 10 years. A total of 256 papers were extracted as a result of searching with the keywords 'military service', 'conscription system', and 'recruitment system' in the Korean Journal Citation Index and a total of 162 papers that fit the research purpose was analyzed. In terms of research topics, studies on conscientious objection were the most common, followed by improvement of the special military service system and introduction of the military recruitment system. In terms of academic journals, law studies accounted for the most, which is interpreted as conscientious objection to military service is a legal issue. Next, research on the recruitment system was conducted in various fields such as law, military science, public administration and policy studies, and sociology. Literature studies were the most common, and empirical studies or case studies using actual data were very few. Based on the research results, suggestions for future research directions were presented.

Analysis of the changes of the military system in the late Roman Republic and the reasons behind them

The military is essential for Rome to develop from a small city-state in central Italy into a vast empire spanning three continents in history. However, due to the defeat of the war, social contradictions, the shortage of troops, and the expansion of the Empire’s territory, the old military system that the Romans were proud of was questioned. The Romans urgently needed military reform to meet the growing country. Compared with the old civil military service system, the reformed conscription system has more sources of soldiers, more powerful fighting capacity, longer service time, more Roman troops, and more systematic militarization management. The military reform of Marius was a change that Rome had to make. At that time, the Roman Republic was unstable, and the severe land annexation in Rome led to middle- and lower-class civilians having to rely on the nobles to survive. As more and more civilians attached to nobles, fewer and fewer wealthy civilians could meet the conditions for joining the army. At the same time, the territory of the Roman Republic is not limited to the Italian peninsula. Once invincible on the Italian peninsula, the military system and tactics are no longer advanced enough. Roma needs to change their tactics and system to defeat those strong opponents.

Freedom of Movement Abroad on Martial Law: Legal Problems and its Solution in Ukraine

The article is devoted to the analysis of the aspects, problems and contradictions around the restrictions on the freedom of movement and travel in Ukraine after the martial law announcement. On February 24, 2022 the Russian Federation attacked Ukraine, so the Ukrainian government has forbidden travelling abroad to the men liable for military service. We overview the negative and positive results of this decision in the social, political, economical, foreign political spheres. Special attention is given to the contradictions in the legal acts regarding the definition of the persons liable for military service and the persons who are permitted to cross the border. Decisions on granting the permissions to travel abroad to the different categories of the men liable for military service were delegated to the State Border Service and the local military agents. In fact, this delegation has blocked the permission granting process, because these bodies have neither legislation authorities, nor definite systems, or provided procedures in these cases. Uncertainty of the procedures creates the corruption risks. Integration of the economy of Ukraine with other countries demands permanent open borders movement. Restriction of this movement to the active labor force brings financial loses to the state and households – what could be crucial during the war, when the army needs financial support. In the same time, system of the whole-population general military service in the new era of modern military art and strategies seems to be not effective, and, in our opinion, should be changed to the professional, high-qualified and high-motivated troops. For these reasons we propose to implement the special legal instrument of the bail for the travelling abroad. Persons or legal entities would deposit money into the state account for a man liable for military service, who needs to travel abroad. After his coming back – the money return to the depositor, if the man decides not to return – the money would be transferred to the state budget for the future military aims and purposes. This mechanism could satisfy all the sides and solve most of the problems: persons who are theoretically liable for the military service, but don’t have necessary experience and perks – can free work and bring financial benefits to their families and state; army can get financial support from those, who decided to leave the country; corruption risks are minimized with the clear and transparent procedure of the state bail. Key words: freedom of movement, martial law, restriction of rights and freedoms.

Ways to improve legal regulation in the field of logistics of territorial defense of Ukraine

The article analyzes some legal acts in the field of logistics of territorial defense of Ukraine in the modern period, details their problematic issues and offers proposals for improving legal regulation in this area.
 Сurrently, Ukraine's defense sector is being actively reformed, but it does not yet meet today's requirements. Modern problems and challenges arising in the field of defense require fundamentally new scientifically sound approaches to the formation of the military organization of the state, the search for effective ways and mechanisms to protect national interests from real and potential threats of a military nature.
 The purpose of the article is to analyze the regulations in the field of logistics of territorial defense of Ukraine in the modern period and provide suggestions for improving legal regulation in this area.
 The experience of Switzerland and Israel deserves to be borrowed for the Institute of Local Territorial Defense of Ukraine, as these countries maintain armies that operate on the principles of universal conscription. All men under the age of 19 to 50 undergo military (alternative) service. A small part of the regular professional army maintains modern equipment and weapons, systematically trains a large number of reservists, who are kept on the principle of the police system and keep light small arms, ammunition and equipment.
 That is, these countries, due to national and historical features, built national regular armies to conduct defense, including territorial. However, they in a special way effectively keep 95-98% of the army personnel in reserve. These are countries with a total system of general military service, that’s relevant at present for Ukraine in point of view of Russian military aggression.
 As for the institute of local territorial defense in Ukraine, we propose to prescribe in the Law of Ukraine "On Fundamentals of National Resistance" certain provisions on social motivation and logistics of "voluntary assistants" for a quality information motive to protect the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine.
 In addition, we propose to understand the logistical support of the territorial defense of Ukraine as a set of measures to ensure all the necessary activities related to ensuring the combat capability of territorial defense entities for the effective implementation of the assigned tasks.

А template for establishment of a unified occupational safety and health system for the Russian Federation military personnel

This article is devoted to occupational safety issues with regard to members of the services and civilian staff in the course of army and navy normal activity in terms of creation possibility justification of a unified occupational safety and health system for all the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. The legislative and other statutory and regulatory acts of the Russian Federation, which determine the security procedure for different social categories, incoming and incumbent employees in military units (on boards), were studied. The research found that active service conditions and civilian staff working conditions, as well as corresponding military service and labor security systems in military units (on boards), differ substantially thus creating obstacles for military authorities. The authors propose to create a unified occupational safety and health system for all the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, which will be based on the principles applicable to the modern occupational health management system, and will account for work factors of the both social categories.

АНАЛІЗ РОБОТИ АНАЛІТИЧНОГО АПАРАТУ ВІЙСЬКОВОЇ РОЗВІДКИ

A study of problems of development of analytical vehicle is in-process undertaken in the system of military secret service, it is shown that research and information activity and her role, taking into account the height of globalization, modern technologies, but at the same time in the conditions of existent disorganization of society, grows unceasingly. It is marked that for the quality, timely and effective acceptance of administrative decision, especially in-process vehicle of military secret service in the conditions of vagueness and crisis phenomena, it is necessary to have the prepared specialists super. Therefore in modern terms reconnaissance-analytical activity must be accompanied by preparation of specialists able to accept any decision whether that at the level of ministry, whether that at the level of their, or at the level of subdivision. Yes, exactly on analytical-reconnaissance activity of every specialist the quality battle job processing depends not only his subdivision but also all vehicle of management of military secret service. Researches of problems of improvement and development of analytical vehicle showed in the system of military secret service, that theoretical bases of research and information activity are exposed not enough, namely: requirement to the level of professional preparation of analyst, abilities quickly and qualitatively to diagnose information and make the reliable prediction, supported by the legal adjusting of high level, providing high quality of his work. The aim of the article is research of work of analytical vehicle of military secret service and analysis of totality of actions of specialists-analysts with the purpose of ground and acceptance of commander decision on the conduct of successful battle actions, because the all-round evaluation of possibilities of the theoretical and practical battle job processing depends on a quality decision-making. Keywords: research and information activity, stereotype ideas, administrative decision, universal means, modern technologies, algorithm of actions, system of military secret service.

제대군인 취업지원 가산점제도와 남성 병역의무제도의 재조명: 헌법재판소 결정에서 나타나는 고용기회에서의 성차별

Preferential treatment for veterans and the mandatory military service system for men are both topics that deal with gender discrimination in Korea’s military service sector, but logical gaps arise when trying to develop different logic depending on the gender of the party subject to infringement of rights. While acknowledging the constitutional justification of only men fulfilling their military service obligations, the logic that male-centered preferential treatment as a reward for such statutory-based efforts is not constitutional justification is aimed at correcting gender discrimination. Recently, however, various discussions on military service have been held due to changes in military service technology and environment, and the existing logic of the Constitutional Court clearly needs to be reviewed in terms of women

Материальное обеспечение членов семей канадских добровольцев в годы Первой мировой войны

The article analyzes the Canadian government policy of social protection and support for soldiers’ dependents during World War I. The description of events begins when Canada entered the war (August 4, 1914) and ends when the North American Dominion switched to the system of compulsory military service (conscription) (August 29, 1917). The reconstruction of the details of the material support for soldiers’ dependents during the war helps reveal the details of the functioning of the Canadian government’s social policy in the early 20th century. The article is based on the legislative acts of the Dominion Government, official records of the debates in the Canadian parliament, and the Provincial press publications. It examines the institutional foundations of providing financial assistance to soldiers’ dependents using the example of the creation and activities of special state and non-state institutions (the Canadian Patriotic Fund, the Board of Pension Commissioners, and the Separation Allowance Board). It studies the process of forming the legislative base of social security for dependents of soldiers serving in the Canadian Expeditionary Forces and the Canadian Navy. The author traces the assignment and payment of social benefits to wives, children, parents and other dependents. The Canadian laws enacted during the war provided social assistance to military dependents in the form of state maintenance benefits and survivor’s pensions. The low rate of government benefits was offset by donations raised by charities. The process of creating special state bodies was very slow, and their activities were not always effective. Against this background, the work of the Canadian Patriotic Fund looked more fruitful.

Military Service of the Cossacks in the Security System of the South of Russia (On the Example of Rostov Region)

Introduction. Modern Russian Cossacks, having undergone the process of revival and institutionalization, are now incorporated into the system of state and other services of the Russian Federation. Given the pre-revolutionary status of the Cossacks as a military class of the Russian Empire, Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, beginning from the 1990s, has a particular interest in attracting the descendants of the Cossacks and members of Cossack societies to military service. Methods. Through the institutional analysis, the study assesses the role of the Cossacks in military service and security in the South of Russia. Analysis. In order to incorporate the Cossacks into the system of military service in the Russian Federation, a number of normative legal acts have been adopted that allow the Cossacks to serve in Cossack units with traditional Cossack names, to use Cossack insignia on military uniforms. As part of the implementation of the Strategy of the state policy of the Russian Federation in relation to the Russian Cossacks until 2020, regional plans for its implementation, Cossack societies are actively involved in the preparation of pre-conscription youth, interact with military commissariats. Recently, pilot projects have been launched to create specialized Cossack territorial defense companies. At a high level, the participation of the Cossacks in ensuring public order during important international events has been evaluated: the XXII Winter Olympic Games in Sochi, the World Cup 2018. Results. The need to expand the participation of the Cossacks in the military service of the Russian Federation by increasing the number of territorial defense companies, opening Cossack cadet corps, forming the role of the Cossacks as a guarantor of stabilization of interethnic relations of the South of Russia.

An option embedded novel military service system based on cognitive bias theories

Purpose The purpose of this study is to hypothesize that cognitive biases such as nostalgia, rosy retrospection, overconfidence, fading-affect bias and prospect theory affect how to serve in the military. The behaviors of those expecting military service and those who have completed the service differ significantly in evaluating the self and social value of the human capital during the military service. This difference corresponds to the predictions of the cognitive-bias literature. The authors test propositions in option framework. This study’s experimental design proposes a novel military system, a hybrid of conscription and voluntary systems. This study’s results are consistent with the hypothesis, option theory and behavioral economics literature.

Baltic Slavs fighting at sea from the ninth to twelfth century. The phenomenon of over a hundred years of Slavic domination over the Baltic Sea

Początki osadnictwa Slowian na poludniowych wybrzezach Baltyku i tworzenia przez nich związkow plemiennych siegają VI w. W IX w. plemiona te zaczely brac aktywny udzial w handlu obejmującym Europe Środkową, Wschodnią i Polnocną. Szczegolną role w tej wymianie handlowej, zwlaszcza z krajami Polwyspu Skandynawskiego, odgrywaly zachodnioslowianskie grody portowe. Z czasem zaczely one miec rowniez coraz wieksze znaczenie, jeśli chodzi o morskie wyprawy wojenne. Ekspansja ludow skandynawskich wzdluz brzegow baltyckich Europy Zachodniej rozpoczela sie u schylku VIII i trwala do polowy XI w. Wiąze sie to z tzw. erą wikingow. Pod koniec tego okresu Skandynawowie zaczeli organizowac wyprawy morskie na tereny zamieszkale przez Slowian, przede wszystkim Pomorze Zachodnie, najlepiej rozwiniete gospodarczo. Zarowno zachowane źrodla, jak i odkrycia archeologiczne potwierdzają, ze ludy slowianskie zdobywaly stopniowo coraz wieksze umiejetności zarowno w sztuce budowy okretow wojennych, jak i doświadczen w zakresie prowadzenia walk na morzu. Z czasem to piraci slowianscy oraz uczestnicy wypraw lupiezczych organizowanych przez ksiąząt i moznowladcow zachodniopomorskich zaczeli nekac skandynawskie wybrzeza Baltyku, docierając niekiedy daleko w gląb atakowanych terytoriow. Od polowy XI do schylku XII w. to oni stali sie postrachem polnocnych wybrzezy, odgrywając dominującą role nad Baltykiem. Publikacja stanowi probe wyjaśnienia tego fenomenu z uwzglednieniem sytuacji politycznej tego okresu w panstwach Polnocy. Przede wszystkim podkreślone zostalo jednak znaczenie bardzo prawdopodobnego wzorowania sie Slowian w organizowaniu tych wypraw na powszechnie wystepującym w Skandynawii systemie sluzby wojskowej na morzu, określanym jako Leding w Danii czy Ledung w Szwecji.

Seeking Possibility of ROK Armed Forces Transition to Volunteer Military System -Focused on Dynamic SWOT Analysis of Foreign Military Service System Example-

Seeking Possibility of ROK Armed Forces Transition to Volunteer Military System -Focused on Dynamic SWOT Analysis of Foreign Military Service System Example-

Projekt i badania wstępne mobilnej modułowej platformy pływającej o regulowanej wyporności

Contemporary emergency crossing systems used by military and crisis service systems are constantly evolving and have to meet many requirements. As a result, modifications to the prototype pontoon bridge segment with adjustable displacement, are proposed. The floating cradle system has been upgraded, additional displacement modules have been supported and a number of solutions including floating equipment and fittings have been added. Modifications and developed constructions allow not only to combine traditional ribbon bridges, but also mobile floating platforms with self propulsion. Assumptions and solutions used in the ferry built from adjustable displacement cassettes, have been focused on. Concept of the ferry in basic configuration and selected variants of strength tests of the shore module of such ferry, is also discussed.

A randomized clinical trial of a postdeployment parenting intervention for service members and their families with very young children.

Parenting through the deployment cycle presents unique stressors for military families. To date, few evidence-based and military-specific parenting programs are available to support parenting through cycles of deployment separation and reintegration, especially for National Guard/Reserve members. The purpose of this research was to test the efficacy of a parenting program developed specifically to support military families during reintegration. Within 1 year of returning from deployment to Afghanistan or Iraq, 115 service members with very young children were randomly assigned to receive either the Strong Families Strong Forces Parenting Program at baseline or after a 12-week waiting period. Using a home-based modality, service members, at-home parents, and their young child were assessed at baseline, 3 months posttreatment/wait period, and 6 months from baseline. Service member parents in Strong Families evidenced greater reductions in parenting stress and mental health distress relative to those in the waitlist comparison group. Service members with more posttraumatic stress symptoms reported higher levels of perceived parental efficacy in the intervention group than service members in the comparison group. Intervention also resulted in enhanced parental reflective capacity, including increased curiosity and interest in the young child among those in the intervention group relative to comparison. Service member parents and their spouses demonstrated high interest in participating in a postdeployment parenting program targeting families with very young children. Findings point to the feasibility, appeal, and efficacy of Strong Families in this initial trial and suggest promise for implementation in broader military and community service systems. (PsycINFO Database Record

조선인민군 충원정책의 변화와 정체성 형성(1948~1950)

Examined in this article is the North Korean policy of mobilizing troops during the time between 1948 when the People’s army was first born, and early 1950s, when the Korean war broke out and continued. Also, the meaning of such policy is evaluated here as well.BR As it was widely believed by scholars that the Korean war was started by North Korea, the mobilization process of the North Korean army was never fully examined. But if we consider the simple fact that a functioning military could only be sustained and expanded upon a socio-economic platform already in place, it becomes clear that an understanding of the North Korean troop mobilization policy would allow us to look inside the North Korean society at the time of its moving into war.BR In order to swiftly mobilize troops, the North Korean authorities first reorganized the military service system. The basic principle of maintaining a ‘volunteer’ system was kept intact, but elements of a ‘conscription(drafting)’ system were also grafted upon it. The authorities surveyed possible candidates’ whereabouts and numbers, and then performed ‘mobilization tests,’ in order to select and manage candidates suited for the service. Also, in order to minimize the economic loss of the families who had members mobilized for military service, and create an atmosphere which was not against or hostile to constant mobilization of troops, military aiding projects also went underway. Political education and mental training was also reinforced, in order to respond to or even prevent possible emergences of anti-regime voices or factions within the military.BR In the meantime, large scale mobilization of military troops could have caused severe drop in overall state production, as North Korea had already been suffering from chronic shortage of workforce. In response to this problem, the North Korean leadership newly defined the identity of the North Korean army, which was redesigned as a unit that would politically enlighten the North Korean youths, and train them to learn skills and attitude necessary for productive labor.

A Study on the Efficiency of Human Resource Utilization in the Context of ROK Military Service System Types : Focusing on the Economic Aspects

A Study on the Efficiency of Human Resource Utilization in the Context of ROK Military Service System Types : Focusing on the Economic Aspects