조선 전기 군역 代⽴의 유형과 代⽴制 정비

Abstract

The act of sending someone else to serve in the military undermined the military service system of the Joseon Dynasty. Therefore, research on the act of substituting for military service has generally focused on highlighting its problems from military and social perspectives. However, when viewed from the perspective that the military pays for the labor force of the substitute, the act of substituting for military service was an economic transaction involving compensation.
 First, based on the method of payment, three types can be classified. The first type is where the military directly pays compensation to the laborer. In this type, the military and the laborer are directly connected. The second type is where the military, through the coercion of government officials, pays compensation. In this type, the will of the military was not significant. Instead, government officials coerced the military to pay compensation, having mobilized labor privately.
 The third type is where the military pays compensation to an intermediary. The characteristic of this type is that the military and the laborer do not meet directly. With the intervention of an intermediary between the military and the laborer, the intermediary receives compensation. The reason for the emergence of various types depending on the payment method is the structural problems of the military service system of the Joseon Dynasty. In the Joseon military service system, military service costs were primarily borne directly by the military. Therefore, military service was inherently an economic transaction, and an environment for exchanging goods and labor was easily established.
 To address this issue, the government decided to intervene in the payment method. Accordingly, the government gradually expanded its role in the payment method. Initially, in 1493, the act of substituting for military service was allowed, but the costs were fixed. However, even with fixed costs, government officials and intermediaries demanded additional compensation depending on the payment method. Therefore, a system was established where the government intervenes when paying the entire cost. In 1538, procedures were added for local officials to directly verify military service costs. In 1541, a procedure was added where the government institution directly collected military service costs and distributed them to each department. As a result, the method of paying costs was unified.