Glass System Research Articles

Optimization of Adhesive Joint Design in Timber–Glass Systems: Enhancing Structural Performance with Primer Treatment

The increasing use of large glass surfaces in modern architecture requires robust adhesive solutions that balance aesthetic appeal with structural resilience, particularly in timber–glass applications. This study examines the influence of primer treatments on the shear performance of timber–glass adhesive joints, employing a combination of experimental testing and simulation techniques. Double-lap shear tests with epoxy adhesives assess the impact of various surface treatments on joint stiffness, shear stress distribution, and deformation. Additionally, a finite element model is developed to simulate joint behavior, evaluate failure modes, and analyze displacement patterns. Results indicate that primer applications notably enhance structural integrity by reducing displacement and increasing joint stability, thereby supporting more durable timber–glass assemblies. These findings offer valuable insights for advancing adhesive technologies in architectural components, enabling a closer alignment between structural performance and design innovation in timber–glass systems.

Optimized physical and radiation attenuation properties of Er3+-Doped strontium potassium bismuth-boro-tellurite glass systems: An experimental study

Optimized physical and radiation attenuation properties of Er3+-Doped strontium potassium bismuth-boro-tellurite glass systems: An experimental study

Metal-organic framework (MOF)-bioactive glass (BG) systems for biomedical applications - A review.

In recent years, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as promising materials for biomedical applications, owing to their superior chemical versatility, unique textural properties and enhanced mechanical properties. However, their fast and uncontrolled degradation, together with the reduced bioactivity have restricted their clinical potential. To overcome these limitations, MOFs can be synergistically combined with other materials, such as bioactive glasses (BGs), known for their bioactivity and therapeutic ion releasing capabilities. Besides comparing MOFs and BGs, this review aims to present the latest achievements of different MOFs/BGs materials, with a particular focus on their complementary and synergistic properties. Key findings show that combining MOFs and BGs enables the development of composite materials with superior physicochemical and biological properties. Moreover, by choosing appropriate processing techniques, BGs and MOFs can be fabricated as scaffolds or coatings with fast mineralization ability and high corrosion resistance. In addition, incorporation of MOFs/BGs in hydrogels improves mechanical stability, bioactivity and antibacterial properties, while maintaining biocompatibility. The mechanisms behind the antibacterial properties, likely coming from the release of metal ions and organic ligands, are also discussed. Overall, this review highlights the current research directions and emerging trends in the synergistic use of MOFs and BGs for biomedical applications, which represents a novel strategy for developing a new family of advanced therapeutic materials.

Quantum yield, energy transfer, and x-ray induced study of Sm3+ ions doped oxide glasses for intense orange-red photo-emitting optoelectronic device applications

The work elucidates detailed analysis of X-ray near edge structure of Gd3+ ions using Synchrotron studies and deciphers the energy transfer mechanism involved in the stoichiometric ratio of (79-x)B2O3 + 10ZnO + 10BaO + xGd2O3 + 1Sm2O3 (BZBGS; x = 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 mol.%) glasses. A detailed analysis of the glasses’ optical, structural, and luminescence properties were instigated to understand light emitting behaviour. The oxidation state of Gd atom inside the glass found to be + 3. Stimulated emission cross section, radiative transition probability and branching of the metastable state of rare-earth ions were evaluated using Judd-Ofelt model and compared with other reported literature. Photo-Emission spectra were monitored at the UV-C band and X-rays. Luminescence was analysed with various excitation wavelengths and sources. Photoluminescence quantum yield show more than 22 % efficiency and show more than 15 % compared with other reported glasses. Luminescence intensity ratio was analysed and found that the Sm3+-ions do not occupy the inversion-symmetry which enhances the luminescence intensity in the present glass system. The CIE and CCT values were evaluated and discussed.

NaPO3–AlF3–Bi2O3–B2O3 optical glass system with broad adjustable refractive index and its hot embossing potential

NaPO3–AlF3–Bi2O3–B2O3 optical glass system with broad adjustable refractive index and its hot embossing potential

Influence of neodymium doping on radiation shielding properties of yttrium lead borotellurite glass system

The need for effective shielding materials has grown as radiation-based technologies have been more widely used. Glasses doped with rare earth elements like neodymium oxide, are promising candidates due to their enhanced radiation attenuation properties. Using Phy-X software, this research examines how neodymium oxide doping affects the shielding properties of yttrium lead borotellurite glass. X-ray diffraction confirmed the amorphous structure, while density measurements showed increased density with neodymium oxide addition. The Phy-X software calculated radiation shielding parameters for gamma energies from 10⁻³ to 10⁵ MeV. The results demonstrate that neodymium oxide improves gamma irradiation attenuation and enhances the glass system's radiation shielding capabilities.

Er2O3-Doped Lead Borate Glasses: Advanced Optical and Radiation Shielding Performance

Abstract A new glass system with the composition 60B2O3 + 30PbF2 + (10−x)K2O + x Er2O3 (x = 0 to 3 mol%) were synthesized using the melt-quenching technique and comprehensively analyzed to evaluate their structural, optical, mechanical, and radiation shielding properties. Increasing Er2O3 concentration enhanced the density (from 4.260 to 4.89 g/cm3) and reduced the molar volume (from 29.28 to 28.98 cm3/mol), indicating a denser and more compact glass matrix. Optical studies revealed increased UV absorbance, a red shift in the cutoff wavelength, and a reduction in the optical energy gap from 3.487 to 3.335 eV (direct transitions). Urbach energy values increased from 0.722 to 1.083 eV, signifying heightened structural disorder. Enhanced refractive index and extinction coefficients further underscored the glasses’ potential for optical applications. Mechanical analyses demonstrated a significant increase in all elastic moduli, including Young’s, bulk, and shear moduli, with Er2O3 incorporation, indicating improved rigidity and mechanical stability. The radiation shielding performance of the glasses was assessed across photon energies of 0.015–15 MeV, incorporating both experimental data and machine learning (ML)-based predictions of mass attenuation coefficients (MAC). The ML model, developed using a neural network architecture, successfully predicted MAC values with high accuracy, demonstrating excellent agreement with XCOM-calculated results. Key shielding parameters, including half-value layer (HVL), effective atomic number (Zeff), and buildup factors (EABF and EBF), improved significantly with higher Er2O3 content. BPKE3 glass, with the highest Er2O3 concentration, exhibited the best shielding efficiency, outperforming conventional shielding materials in terms of lower HVL and buildup factors, coupled with higher MAC and Zeff values. This study highlights the dual role of Er2O3-doped lead borate glasses as efficient optical and radiation shielding materials. Machine learning effectively predicts shielding parameters, aiding material optimization for applications in nuclear, medical, and industrial fields.

Experimental study of different oxides in B2O3–ZnO–BaO glass system for gamma-ray shielding

Glass system of 45B2O3–20ZnO–30BaO–5X, (where X represents CaO, MgO, Al2O3, TiO2, CuO and Fe2O3) in mole percentage was investigated for gamma ray radiation shielding experimentally. Six glass composites were fabricated and the density was measured experimentally and the BZBCa glass sample has the least density with a value of 3.932 g cm−3 and this is due to the presence of CaO in it, and the sample BZBFe has the highest density with a value of 4.031 g cm−3. Through comparing the linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) data (experimental and Phy-X) for the BZBX glass samples, the LAC values for glass samples obtained experimentally and using Phy-X are in a very close range. All the glass samples have the greatest LAC values at 0.0595 MeV, the lowest energy value. Sample BZBCu has a LAC value of 16.203 1/cm, which is also the highest LAC value among all the studied glasses, this is as a result of the high density of this glass and due to the high atomic number of Cu. The glasses’ transmission factor (TF) at 1 cm thickness against energy was determined. The TF values of all the glasses were almost zero. The TF values increased significantly for all the glasses when the energy was increased to 0.662 MeV, and for sample BZBCa its TF value increases 74.08%, which was the highest TF value increase. The half-value layer and other shielding parameters have been determined experimentally.

Investigation of Physical, Structural and Optical Properties of Borate Glasses with Chromium Doping for Optical Device Applications

Objectives: The glass system with the composition (60-x)B2O3-1V2O5-19K2O-10CaO-10BaO-xCr2O3 (where x = 0 to 1.0 mol %) was synthesized to explore physical, structural and optical characteristics of Cr-doped glasses. Methods: The glasses were fabricated using a conventional melt-quenching procedure at 1100ºC. The non-crystalline structure of the developed glasses was verified using X-ray diffraction analysis. The density of the glasses was determined using the Archimedes principle, and based on the density, other physical parameters were computed. The structural characteristics were examined using FTIR spectroscopy, while the optical properties were analyzed via UV-Visible spectroscopy. Additionally, photoluminescence spectra were investigated. Findings: XRD analysis verified the non-amorphous nature of the synthesized glasses. A rise in density from 2.532 to 5.705 g/cm3 and a reduction in molar volume from 32.613 to 30.747 cm3/mol of the glass samples were noted with increasing Cr2O3 content. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of different structural groups such as BO3, BO4, Cr3+, etc., and changes within the glass matrix. Optical absorption spectra show two absorption bands at 371 nm and 615 nm are attributed to 4A2g → 4T1g (F) and 4A2g → 4T2g electronic transitions. The optical band gap energy decreases from 3.556 to 2.998 eV showing structural changes and the formation of non-bridging oxygens and an increase in electron confinement. Additional optical parameters, including the refractive index, molar refraction, and metallization ratio, were assessed. Photoluminescence intensity increases as the content of the dopant increases in the glasses. Novelty: This study incorporated a combination of alkali elements and transition metal oxides in its formulation, which enhanced the structural and optical characteristics. The resulting optical data indicate that the synthesized glasses are well-suited for a range of optoelectronic device applications. Keywords: Borate glasses, Chromium oxide, FTIR, Optical properties, Photoluminescence

Bi2O3 Reinforced B2O3–SiO2–MgO Glass System: a Characterization Study Through Physical, Mechanical and Gamma Shields Characteristics

Bi2O3 Reinforced B2O3–SiO2–MgO Glass System: a Characterization Study Through Physical, Mechanical and Gamma Shields Characteristics

Effect of bismuth oxide on the gamma-ray shielding properties of phosphate glass P2O5-Bi2O3-Na2SO4-ZnO in the energy range (0.1–3 MeV)

In this paper, the gamma radiation attenuation parameters were calculated using Phy-X/PSD for a prepared quaternary system of phosphate glass (95-x)P2O5-xBi2O3-3Na2SO4-2ZnO, where (x = 30, 40, and 50 mol%). In addition, the attenuation interactions were calculated using the X-Com program, as all these calculations were done in the range of energies (0.1–3 MeV). The results showed that the S3 sample had the highest value of the mass attenuation coefficient up to the energy value of 0.8261 MeV, after which the values of the three investigated samples were approximately equal. The S3 sample also has the lowest value for a half value layer during the measured range of energy. The results also showed that the photoelectric effect interaction is the largest contributor to the attenuation process at the first three energies (0.1, 0.15, and 0.2 MeV), and at energy values ​​with 0.3–3 MeV, the Compton effect becomes the largest contributor to the attenuation process. The contribution of the pair production effect interaction begins to appear at the energy 1.025 MeV, and its contribution to the gamma ray attenuation process increases gradually in association with the Compton effect interaction until the value of 3 MeV.

Dielectric and spectroscopic features of Li2O/Fe2O3/In2O3/P2O5 glass systems doped with Bi2O3

A comprehensive exploration of penta glass systems’ spectroscopic and dielectric characteristics was achieved, specifically for the glass series 20Li2O–15Fe2O3–5In2O3–xBi2O3–(60–x) P2O5(x = 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, and 12.5 mol %). Both average phosphorus-phosphorus separation and crystalline volume were found to decrease depending on Bi2O3 content. The optical band gap obtained from diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS) is found to be in the range of 1.58–1.81 eV with increasing bismuth oxide content. The optical band gap increases with bismuth content, which can be ascribed to structural changes and the reduction in non-bridging oxygen (NBO). A decrease in optical parameters, viz., refractive index (2.945–2.824), molar refractivity (32.45–29.12), and molar polarizability values (12.88–11.56), occurs with Bi2O3 content. The glasses have been designated as semiconductors due to an increase in the metallization criteria values (M lie between 0.2811 and 0.3008). The obtained results exhibit contraction in the bonds of the glass matrix and an increase in rigidity of the structure at a higher content of Bi2O3.The dc and ac conductivity of the studied glasses were affected by the O/P ratio, as they attained high values at O/P > 3.0. The asymmetrical shape of the Nyquist semicircle indicated that the glasses behavior deviated from Debye relaxation. The overall behavior of the electrical properties of the studied glasses revealed their semiconducting performance. The examined glasses could be good choices for photonic applications.

Impact of Bi2O3/CdO replacement on physical, FTIR, and optical properties of high dense new CdO-BaO-Bi2O3-SiO2 glass system

Impact of Bi2O3/CdO replacement on physical, FTIR, and optical properties of high dense new CdO-BaO-Bi2O3-SiO2 glass system

Comparative assessment of Al2O3, CuO, and Al2O3-CuO Co-doping on the structural, optical, thermal, mechanical, and gamma-ray shielding properties of Bi2O3-B2O3-K2O glass system

Comparative assessment of Al2O3, CuO, and Al2O3-CuO Co-doping on the structural, optical, thermal, mechanical, and gamma-ray shielding properties of Bi2O3-B2O3-K2O glass system

Synthesis of novel nano- glass systems doped with bismuth oxide via structural, physical, FTIR, thermal and optical characteristics: Experimental Investigation

Synthesis of novel nano- glass systems doped with bismuth oxide via structural, physical, FTIR, thermal and optical characteristics: Experimental Investigation

Optimizing Mechanical, Optical, and Ionizing Radiation Attenuation Features in Barium-Tellurite Glass Systems through Strategic Oxide Modifications: A Comprehensive Experimental Study

Optimizing Mechanical, Optical, and Ionizing Radiation Attenuation Features in Barium-Tellurite Glass Systems through Strategic Oxide Modifications: A Comprehensive Experimental Study

The B2O3/SiO2 ratio and dwelling time dependent crystallization behavior, phase formation, microstructural features, and thermal behavior of SrO-CaO-Al2O3-ZnO-B2O3-SiO2-TiO2 glass system

In the present study, the SrO-CaO-ZnO-Al2O3-B2O3-SiO2-TiO2 - based glass system is studied to investigate the effect of B2O3/SiO2 ratio and heat treatment dwell time on crystallization, phase development, and microstructural features in monolithic glass. The density of glasses increases with the increase in B2O3/SiO2 ratio as B2O3 has a higher molar mass than SiO2. The XRD patterns revealed that an increase in B2O3/SiO2 ratio facilitates the crystallization as evident in the case of glass of largest B2O3/SiO2 ratio (? 0.4) at 10 h dwelling at 850?C. However, at higher dwell time i.e. 20 and 30h, all glass specimens transformed to glass-ceramic, indicating a vital role of heat treatment time on crystallization. Scanning electron microscopic examination revealed that with the increase in the B2O3/SiO2 ratio, the anisotropic growth of crystals increases which is prominent for the glass having B2O3/SiO2 ratio (? 0.4). In addition, the corresponding temperature for various thermal events like sintering, softening, half-sphere, and melting is evaluated as a function of temperature at varying heating rates with the help of a heating stage microscope. The increase in heating rate, enhance the temperature for sintering, softening, and melting due the delayed arrival of required thermal energy as recorded in the heating stage microscope system.

Erbium doped P2O5-BiF3-MgO-ZnO-KF glasses for green laser applications

Abstract A series of oxyfluorophosphate glasses with the composition (60-x) P2O5 + 10 BiF3 +10 MgO + 10 ZnO + 10 KF + xEr2O3 (0 ≤ x ≥ 2.0 mol%) were prepared using conventional melt quenching method. The amorphous phase of studied glass samples was examined through powder x-ray diffraction. The optical properties were determined using UV–vis-NIR absorption, photoluminescence excitation and emission spectra. The radiative properties were determined using Judd–Ofelt and Fuchtbauer-Ladenburg theories. The optimal Er3+ doping concentration for efficient emission was determined by analysing the emission spectra under 377 nm excitation. The emission spectra of studied glasses exhibited characteristic emission bands of Er3+ ions corresponding to the 2H11/2 → 4I15/2 (529 nm), 4S3/2 → 4I15/2 (545 nm) and 4F9/2 → 4I15/2 (684 nm) transitions. At higher Er3+ doping levels, the emission bands shift towards longer wavelengths showing a red shift. Upon 980 nm excitation for upconversion, the Er3+ ions emitted intense green luminescence through the 4S3/2 → 4I15/2 (545 nm) transition. The applicability of studied glasses for the fabrication of green laser sources was discussed. The glass system containing 0.5 mol% of Er3+ ions was identified to be the optimal choice for designing green laser sources.

Creating Single-Crystalline β-CaSiO3 for High-Performance Dielectric Packaging Substrate.

β-CaSiO3 based glass-ceramics are among the most reliable materials for electronic packaging. However, developing a CaSiO3 glass-ceramic substrate with both high strength (>230MPa) and low dielectric constant (<5) remains challenging due to its polycrystalline nature. The present work has succeeded in synthesizing single-crystalline β-CaSiO3 for a high-performance glass-ceramic substrate. This is accomplished by introducing Al3+ into the CaO-B2O3-SiO2 glass system, and by optimizing the sintering condition. Al3+ doping facilitates a heterogeneous network structure that energetically favors the precipitation of polycrystalline particles, including nanosized β-CaSiO3 crystals and sub-nanosized α-CaSiO3 crystals. As the sintering temperature increases, the nano α-CaSiO3 crystals (2-10nm) are gradually absorbed by the β-CaSiO3 crystals. Through atomic rearrangement, α-CaSiO3 crystals transform into micrometer-sized single crystal β-CaSiO3 (1-2µm) with layered structure. The low temperature co-fired β-CaSiO3 glass-ceramics exhibit exceptional properties, including a low dielectric constant of 4.04, a low dielectric loss of 3.15 × 10-3 at 15GHz, and a high flexural strength of 256MPa. This work provides a new strategy for fabricating high-performance single-crystalline glass-ceramics for electronic packaging and other applications.

Investigation of Structural and Radiative Properties of Pr3+ doped Telluroborate Glasses

This paper reports the preparation and structural studies of Pr3+-doped telluroborate (TEB) glasses. The report aims to analyze combined Raman, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), optical and fluorescence spectra of Pr3+-doped TEB glasses and it was synthesized using the melt quenching technique with glass system (50–x)B2O3.20TeO2.15Mg2CO3. 15K2CO3.xPr6O11 where x varies as 0, 0.4, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mol%. The samples exhibited a glassy appearance with a broad X-ray diffraction hump. Differently doped glasses were studied structurally using FTIR and Raman spectroscopy. The Judd-Ofelt intensity parameters, extracted from the optical absorption spectra of Pr3+, elegantly unveil the intricate bonding environment surrounding the Pr3+ ions. To assess Pr3+-doped TEB glass radiative properties, some important spectroscopic parameters were computed. Here TEB glass having doping concentration 0.4 mol% exhibits higher stimulated emission cross-section (σe = 19.37×10−20 cm2) and figure of merit (723.96×10−26 cm2.s) values which indicate its suitability for laser applications. The study includes estimating colour coordinates to evaluate white light emission in Pr3+-doped glasses, showcasing their potential for white light emitting diode applications.