Federal System Research Articles

Coordinating external assistance forUHC: Pakistan's early experience ofthe SDG3 GAP.

Pakistan is a lower middle-income setting. External assistance for health and development partners play an important role in health sector development. The federal system and health care delivery as a devolved provincial subject warrant regular and effective coordination among federating units and partners. Pakistan was selected as a priority country in 2019 for the implementation of the Global Action Plan for Healthy Lives and Well-being for All (SDG3 GAP). Given the ongoing universal health coverage (UHC) reforms, the country prioritized two SDG3 GAP accelerators, related to primary health care (PHC) and sustainable financing for health (SFH). Eight partner agencies representing PHC and SFH accelerators jointly planned and conducted a 'PHC for UHC mission' to Pakistan in 2021. This mission paved the way for setting up an SDG3 GAP Coordination Committee and a 'PHC Service Delivery and Financing working group', which have been regularly coming together through in-person and virtual meetings; the latter was relatively uncommon previously and this new way of working provided a chance to build rapport, share workplans, identify duplications in technical assistance and jointly gauge governments' priorities. This has shifted the focus of reforms deliberations from 'what' to 'how', enabling joint strategic planning and implementation. The joint work by SDG3 GAP partners with the Ministry of National Health Services Regulation & Coordination linked discussions on health financing and service delivery reforms for the first time, and has contributed to advocacy, analysis, strategic policy dialogue, institutional strengthening and implementation of UHC reforms, with a focus on PHC. Even though joint work by SDG3 GAP partners undoubtedly shows the potential for better alignment and collaboration, translation of the commitment to better collaboration into concrete impact has been the result of committed and engaged staff members, rather than institutionalized change, which will require strong incentives for collaboration.

Innovative mechanisms for designing the system of public administration of the industry

Subject. This article discusses the development of wind energy in Russia. Objectives. The article aims to identify a set of key management objects and develop a process model for the functioning of the State management system of the electric power industry. Methods. For the study, we used a systems analysis. Results. Based on the analysis of the regulatory legal acts governing the development of the electric power industry in Russia, the article designs a single control loop for the industry. It finds that the problems of the existing system of governance lie in the fragmentation and disparity of its elements with each other. For the received projects of the federal system of public administration in the energy sector, the article offers complete lists of elements that eliminate the identified problems. Conclusions. The results of the study can be taken into account when developing projects for the use of renewable energy sources in Russia.

Swachh Bharat Mission: Addressing Open Defecation at Massive Scale in Rural India (B)

This case is the second of a three-part series that follows the managerial, strategic, and communications decisions of the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) or Clean India Mission, the flagship programme of the Government of India to eliminate the practice of open defecation (i.e., not using a toilet) from 2014 to 2019. As of 2014, 550 million people in India practiced open defecation. This problem posed a massive public health hazard and economic drag for the country as well as a threat to global health. Written from an insider's perspective, the cases centre on the decisions made by a new Secretary of India's Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation, who was hired to manage SBM, and the team he assembled. Case B discusses the start-up challenges for SBM, including implementation in India's complex federal system, workplace culture, and the deep-rooted behaviour of open defecation in rural India and the managerial and communication strategies formulated to address them. The case concludes by framing the difficulties with slow-moving states and monitoring rigour that the leadership SBM, with a new team, strategic focus, and early momentum, faced as the mission entered its final two years.

Swachh Bharat Mission: Scaling up the Mission to Make Rural India Open Defecation Free (C)

This case is the second of a three-part series that follows the managerial, strategic, and communications decisions of the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) or Clean India Mission, the flagship programme of the Government of India to eliminate the practice of open defecation (i.e., not using a toilet) from 2014 to 2019. As of 2014, 550 million people in India practiced open defecation. This problem posed a massive public health hazard and economic drag for the country as well as a threat to global health. Written from an insider's perspective, the cases centre on the decisions made by a new Secretary of India's Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation, who was hired to manage SBM, and the team he assembled. Case B discusses the start-up challenges for SBM, including implementation in India's complex federal system, workplace culture, and the deep-rooted behaviour of open defecation in rural India and the managerial and communication strategies formulated to address them. The case concludes by framing the difficulties with slow-moving states and monitoring rigour that the leadership SBM, with a new team, strategic focus, and early momentum, faced as the mission entered its final two years.

Ensuring the unity of the federal system of scientific and methodological support for teacher professional development: Opportunities and risks

Ensuring the unity of the federal system of scientific and methodological support for teacher professional development: Opportunities and risks

Revolutionizing Policing: Examining the Himachal Pradesh Police Act, 2007 within the Framework of 21st Century Reforms

This paper explores the transformative journey of policing in Himachal Pradesh, India, examining the Himachal Pradesh Police Act of 2007 within the context of 21st century reforms. India's intricate federal structure mandates a distinct legal framework for policing in each state. The historical evolution of policing in Himachal Pradesh is traced from the colonial-era Police Act of 1861 to the state-specific 2007 Act. The study analyzes the significant differences between these two legislative frameworks, emphasizing the broader scope of duties, enhanced powers, improved accountability, and greater welfare provisions for police personnel under the Himachal Pradesh Police Act of 2007. The Act's relevance within India's federal system is underscored, particularly in light of contemporary challenges and community engagement. The Himachal Pradesh experience serves as a model for effective police reform within a federal framework. It highlights the importance of context-specific legal frameworks for maintaining public order and safeguarding community interests in the 21st century. Effective implementation of the 2007 Act is crucial to realizing its full potential and offering valuable lessons for policing and governance in the evolving Indian landscape.

Centralized and Decentralized Federal System: A Comparative Analysis of Governance Structures and Policy Implementation

A comparative analysis of centralized and decentralized federal systems with the exploration of their governance structures and the implications for policy implementation is conducted in this research. Centralized and decentralized systems with their attributes are studied and critically analyzed. By examining case studies from various countries, the research seeks to shed light on the strengths and weaknesses of each system and identify the factors that contribute to its effectiveness. The paper also delves into the distribution of powers, decision-making processes, fiscal arrangements, and the level of autonomy granted to subnational entities in both centralized and decentralized federal systems. The findings of this study offer insights into the dynamics of governance and policy implementation within federal systems, ultimately contributing to a deeper understanding of the relationship between centralized and decentralized approaches. It is found that even countries with a decentralized federal system acquire few characteristics of a centralized federal state and vice versa. Meanwhile, Nepal being a decentralized federal state hasn’t yet been able to maintain a complete decentralized governance system as many of the authorities and obligations are concentrated in the central government.

The Role of the Type of Political System in Sustainable Peace in Afghanistan

The role of the type of political system in creating stable peace in Afghan society is the main issue of this article, which has been investigated by using the descriptive-analytical method and the library-documentary technique, the relationship between the type of political system and stable peace in the Afghan society. According to this research, the political systems that the people of Afghanistan have experienced so far, despite their differences, had one thing in common, and that is tyranny and self-control, which administered in a centralized manner in different periods. A military that has no cultural and social structure of Afghan society, the democracy that imposed on the Afghan society after the fall of the first period of the Taliban group and without paying attention to the cultural structure of the people of this land, not only failed to provide the security and comfort of the Afghan society; Rather, it exacerbated the ethnic divisions and, following that, the insecurities caused by ethnic and religious alignments; In such a way that the ground for the Taliban's dominance over Afghanistan provided. Galtung: sustainable peace is created in society when direct, structural and cultural violence eliminated, and political systems play an effective role in this area, and among different political systems, the most appropriate system in creating stable peace and removing all kinds of violence, the federal system is the system that has the most similarities with the socio-cultural structure of the Afghan society.

Wash Away Your Sins: Indigenous and Irish Women in Magdalene Laundries and the Poetics of Errant Histories

The history of Magdalene laundries in Ireland is well-documented. Magdalene laundries also existed in the U.S., but their existence and impact are less widely known. In 1914, several young Indigenous women were sent from the Carlisle Indian Industrial School in Carlisle, Pennsylvania to the House of the Good Shepherd in Reading, Pennsylvania as punishment for perceived behavioral infractions. Placing Indigenous and Irish women's experiences of forced confinement into conversation with one another, this article calls for a more capacious understanding of the legacy of the U.S. federal boarding school system and the carceral institutions that comprised the settler apparatus.

Role of Civil Society in Community Development of Nepal

This study is based on the role of civil society in community development in Nepal. It is mainly prepared by using secondary sources. Data is obtained through articles/newspapers/clubs of the organization. The role of civil society in training and skill development, group formation and mobilization is assessed to be satisfactory. In the areas of health and hygiene, education, drinking water, transport and communication too, the role is likely to improve in the coming days. The relationship between groups and individuals in the community has appeared to be good. Most civil societies agree on good relationships between groups and individuals. The main problems of civil society are issues of the sustainability of their activities and political bias. Organizations depend on donor funds and activities as they propose; so there is duplication of programs and activities in the community. The activities are very short and do not have a fixed duration required by the community; it is due to the dependence of the donor for the fund. Civil society is the main subject and agent of community development. It knows the cultural, social, political and geographical situation. The process of social mobilization and mobilization of resources is the pioneering path of civil development. Group training and mobilization are found to be very good in the community. Therefore, this study shows a great need for civil society in community development. The function of civil society is very respectable. People want to expand their activities but the civil society cannot expand because of lack of funds. The ground of honor developed by civil societies in terms group formation, social mobilization, resource mobilization, and saving habits in groups is remarkable. Civil society (CS) in Nepal has played an important role in the economic and political transformation of the country over the past three decades. As Nepal changes into a three-tier federal government system, the environment in which civil society organizations (CSOs) operate is also changing.

Overcoming the challenges facing Nepal’s health system during federalisation: an analysis of health system building blocks

IntroductionNepal’s move to a federal system was a major constitutional and political change, with significant devolution of power and resources from the central government to seven newly created provinces and 753 local governments. Nepal’s health system is in the process of adapting to federalism, which is a challenging, yet potentially rewarding, task. This research is a part of broader study that aims to explore the opportunities and challenges facing Nepal’s health system as it adapts to federalisation.MethodsThis exploratory qualitative study was conducted across the three tiers of government (federal, provincial, and local) in Nepal. We employed two methods: key informant interviews and participatory policy analysis workshops, to offer an in-depth understanding of stakeholders’ practical learnings, experiences, and opinions. Participants included policymakers, health service providers, local elected members, and other local stakeholders. All interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, translated into English, and analysed thematically using the six WHO (World Health Organization) health system building blocks as a theoretical framework.ResultsParticipants noted both opportunities and challenges around each building block. Identified opportunities were: (a) tailored local health policies and plans, (b) improved health governance at the municipality level, (c) improved health infrastructure and service capacity, (d) improved outreach services, (e) increased resources (health budgets, staffing, and supplies), and (f) improved real-time data reporting from health facilities. At the same time, several challenges were identified including: (a) poor coordination between the tiers of government, (b) delayed release of funds, (c) maldistribution of staff, (d) problems over procurement, and (e) limited monitoring and supervision of the quality of service delivery and data reporting.ConclusionOur findings suggest that since federalisation, Nepal’s health system performance is improving, although much remains to be accomplished. For Nepal to succeed in its federalisation process, understanding the challenges and opportunities is vital to improving each level of the health system in terms of (a) leadership andgovernance, (b) service delivery, (c) health financing, (d) health workforce, (e) access to essential medicines and technologies and (f) health information system.

Der bundesstaatliche Finanzausgleich als Mittel zur politischen Positionierung

Abstract The renewed complaint against the federal fiscal equalisation system on the part of the Bavarian state government shows the Bavarian determination to change the previous system. Among other things, the standardisation of the real estate transfer tax and the population refinement, which are included in the calculation of the fiscal strength and equalisation measure within the framework of the fiscal equalisation system, are the focus. This article shows the importance of the federal fiscal equalisation per se and the burdens Bavaria is exposed to in the horizontal component. It becomes clear that, first, the burden is not excessive and, second, that abolishing standardisation and refinement is not feasible.

The value of natural capital in Canada’s national parks and national marine conservation areas

Growing attention is being given to protected areas and the ability of their natural capital assets to provide a varied and long-term stream of benefits to individuals and society in general. These areas are often heralded for ensuring natural capital assets persist, but value is often limited to the economic impact of visitor expenditures and the associated effects on regional and national economies. Few studies have attempted to quantify the economic value of natural capital assets in protected areas, especially in Canada. This study uses a benefit transfer approach to produce an initial estimate of the potential economic value of ecosystem services and natural capital associated with the terrestrial and marine environments in Canada’s federal system of national parks and national marine conservation areas. The results suggest that the economic value of these assets ranges between CA$ 156 billion and CA$ 588 billion annually.

The concept of a closed resource cycle using an innovative information system for the development of bioenergy

RELEVANCE. The impossibility of using existing information systems, such as territorial waste management schemes (TSOs) to form a balance of supply and demand. TSOs do not allow us to identify the volume of demand and supply for processing technologies, and equipment manufacturers are not focused on understanding the balance of demand across the country. Technological development in terms of creating new facilities for energy waste processing requires justification of prospects for investment.THE PURPOSE. Develop the concept of a closed resource cycle using information flows aimed at identifying participants in the process. The desired tool should provide an understanding of the need for the production of bioenergy equipment, the potential for demand for R&D, as well as the formation of state programs to support the creation of enterprises for the processing of municipal solid waste (MSW) and the production of bioenergy equipment.METHODS. The development of the concept of a closed resource cycle is characterized by the design of the concept, which includes the methods of divergence, transformation, and convergence.RESULTS. The paper describes the relevance of the topic associated with the impossibility of using existing information systems such as territorial waste management schemes (TSMS) to form a balance of supply and demand for processing technologies. Potential participants in the formation of a closed resource cycle throughout the life cycle of a waste processing project are identified, with the role of participants and the links between them, as well as the characteristics of the information flow of each participant, identified. A concept is proposed based on the formation of an information system in which each participant can maximize their needs for resources and effect.CONCLUSION. The proposed system makes it possible to improve the existing waste management system, ensures the return of generated waste to the resource cycle. systems - the balance of generated and recycled waste. The main difference between the proposed system and the federal state information system for accounting and control of waste management of classes I and II is the principle of operation - the system is based on the source of waste generation, ensuring the balance of generating and processed waste.

The subject digital educational environment of the teacher in the conditions of the implementation of the FSIS «My school»

One of the priority areas of state policy is the identification, support and development of talents and abilities in children and youth, as well as the digital transformation of education. This is evidenced by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation The national development goals of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2030 No. 474 dated July 21, 2020. To achieve the national goal aimed at providing opportunities for self-realization and development of talents, the national project Education is being implemented. Through the activities of the national project Education in each region of Russia, the development of the education system in key areas is ensured, one of which is the implementation of the federal project Digital Educational Environment. The development of a digital educational environment as part of the implementation of the federal project Digital Educational Environment implies not only providing the school with modern equipment, but also the introduction of the federal state information system of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation My School. The My School system is a Russian educational platform created for effective information support of the bodies and organizations of the education system and citizens in the framework of the processes of organizing education and managing the educational process, as well as to create conditions for the digital transformation of the education system and the effective use of new opportunities for digital technologies. On the other hand, the problem of creating a digital educational environment, its component composition and purpose has been studied in scientific circles for quite a long time. Many researchers emphasize the need for the subject orientation of the process of building a digital educational environment, which is created by the teacher according to his author's intention. In this regard, it becomes necessary to determine the role and place of the subject digital educational environment of the teacher in the context of the implementation of the federal state information system My School and to identify the capabilities of the "My School" platform, which provide teachers with tools for creating digital educational content to organize the process of teaching a school subject.

An Assessment of the Utilisation of IPPIS and GIFMIS as Modes of Payments in Tertiary Educational Institutions in Ogun State, Nigeria

The study aassessed the utilisation of Integrated Payroll and Personnel Information System (IPPIS) and Government Integrated Financial Management and Information System (GIFMIS) as modes of payments in Tertiary Educational institutions in Ogun State, Nigeria with the objectives of investigating the level of awareness of end users on the new government payment policies, and also to determine the relevance of the policies, identify their problems and proffer solutions. The theoretical framework for this study was based on realistic evaluation, a form of theory-based evaluation developed by Pawson and Tilley (1997, 2006), that showcased that outcomes of policies equals mechanism plus concept. Primary data was gathered via close-ended questionnaires. Descriptive statistical tools such as frequencies, percentages in cross tabulations were utilized in analyzing the responses to the questionnaire items. Findings from the study revealed that majority of the respondents have knowledge of the meaning of IPPIS and GIFMIS, and they see the policies as a much needed change in the federal government payment system. Though for now, they delay access to overhead allocations and its utilization, workload seems repetitive and complicated, they debar research donors, make reconciliation of accounts cumbersome, discourage innovations of intellectual properties in Tertiary Educational Institutions, delay contractors payment due to weak communication signals, and seen to be used as a tool to silence unionism, among other findings. It was concluded that contrary to majority belief and apriori expectations, introduction of these policies, though relevant (centralization of government funds) may not curb corruption in federal government financial system, but it will rather get it re-directed elsewhere unless the needful are done. It was therefore recommended that for the policies to work economically, effectively and efficiently there should be timely release of research funds for tertiary educational institutions without sabotage. Adequate monitoring and supervision for checks and balances of the Ministries/Departments/Agencies (MDAs) for effective achievement of the objectives of the new policies are paramount. Furthermore, the new policies should be administered alongside good governance which entails accountability, transparency and probity to ensure adequate and prompt payments to those entitled.

The Imposition of Pretrial Conditions on Released Federal Defendants: The Overuse of Conditions Without Providing Any Measurable Benefits

In the federal system, defendants placed on pretrial release may have multiple conditions imposed on them which are aimed at ensuring court appearances and maintaining public safety. In general, little is known about the number of conditions imposed on released federal defendants, the extent to which conditions are associated with pretrial risk, and the potential of these conditions to maximize court appearances and minimize pretrial crime. This study seeks to address these issues by examining the imposition of pretrial conditions on 223,260 released federal defendants. The results show that defendants received an average of about nine conditions and that the association between conditions and a defendant’s pretrial risk classification was relatively modest. The results also show conditions having no significant relationship with reductions in the likelihood of pretrial crime or missed court appearances; however, the probability of being revoked increases with the number of conditions imposed.

Household expenditure on elementary education in India: An empirical evidence

Financing education in India involves a federal system where education is primarily the responsibility of state governments but has been considered a concurrent function since the late 1970s. Resources for education are shared between the central and state governments, with funding coming from external and domestic sources. External sources include aid and loans, while domestic sources comprise public and private funding. Public funding comes from both central and state governments, as well as semi-government entities like district boards and local bodies. Private funding involves parental contributions in the form of fees, gifts, and endowments. Constitutionally, elementary education (primary and upper primary levels) should be provided free of cost to families. However, families often express a willingness to pay for education, which remains largely untapped. This study analyzes household expenditure on elementary education in rural and urban India using data from the 75th round of the National Sample Survey (2017-18) and an Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression model. The study reveals that household characteristics significantly influence expenditure on elementary education in India.

Policy feedback and the enforcement of international wildlife treaties in Germany

AbstractLaws are only as good as their enforcement. International treaties are no exception. We investigate how Germany implements international wildlife protection treaties, namely the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora and the Bern Convention. We find that Germany's federal system allows for uneven enforcement of national legislation across the 16 federal states. We utilize Policy Feedback Theory as a theoretical lens to examine how federalism (re‐)produces different enforcement regimes. We rely on qualitative analysis of interviews of German street‐level bureaucrats, government officials, and NGO representatives. We find that macrolevel context impacts how institutions enforce wildlife protection policies. Particularly, Germany's federal structure permits either centralized, decentralized, or cooperative arrangements that result in differences in resources, affecting the ways bureaucrats view their roles and responsibilities. These resource and interpretive effects further feedback into the contextual structure of the federal enforcement system.

National Security Architecture and the Question of Nigerian Federalism: The Phenomenon of State Police and its Feasibility

Nigeria is one of the countries that operates a federal system of government. Likewise, Nigeria has been a federal state with several security challenges for many decades, despite a strong and unified security architecture controlled by the government at its centre. The matters of national security are vested with the central government in the Exclusive List of the Nigerian 1999 Constitution. Despite the huge budget that the Federal Government has allocated towards security operations and operations for many years, there is dissatisfaction and outcries from several segments of the country regarding the current security situation. This study examined the various discourses on redesigning the Nigerian security architecture, including the calls for state police in a fashion that will appease the comprising federating units. The problem is the reservation and the resentment that some stakeholders are expressing towards the decentralisation of the national security architecture. The theory of decentralisation and devolution of powers was adopted in the study. The study utilised documented sources of data, including books, journal articles, newspapers, reports, and internet sources, for data collection. The data obtained were analysed using content analysis, where themes were designed and discussed concerning the adopted theoretical framework. The study discovered that the agitations for state police were perceived by the Federal Government, some state governments, and stakeholders as a political move to weaken the might of the FG and to muster extra powers by some state governors against the public, the opposition, and the FG. The study recommends, among others, that the calls for the decentralisation of national security architecture should not be jettisoned totally as political, but there is a need for caution in establishing them to avoid further security crises in the future because practically, it is not feasible now.