System Of Different Languages Research Articles

Singing in the original language in opera-choral performance: from practical experience

Statement of the problem. In modern vocal and choral art, singing in the original language is an international performance practice that requires compliance with certain requirements. In this regard, singers face the peculiarities of the phonetic systems of different languages, articulation and diction difficulties, which leads to errors in pronunciation, and the transfer of singing skills in the native language to singing in a foreign language turns into an accent, incorrect pronunciation of a foreign text, which can even lead to semantic distortions This circumstance becomes particularly relevant and of very important practical importance, for example, in foreign tours of opera companies and choral groups. In Ukrainian musicology, there are many research works on the problems of opera and choral art, however, the problems of performing works with a foreign language text are not covered enough, although some issues of phonetics related to vocal performance have been considered (Madysheva, 2002; Borovenska, 2022; Ponomariova, 2015). The relevance of the proposed topic is determined by the lack of research specifically devoted to the performance of opera parts with foreign text by a choir. Objectives, methods, and novelty of the study. The purpose of this study is to highlight the importance of phonosemantics of language as a means of realizing the artistic idea of a musical piece, the integrity of its national-mental image, and to highlight the main stages of work on a foreign language text in an opera choir. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that for the first time the relationship between the complex of vocal and choral performance tools and the intonation and phonetic features of the language of the original opera performance was examined; the stages of work on a foreign language text in an opera and choral performance are presented from a new angle, namely, with regard to the correct pronunciation of the text; details of the work on a foreign language text with an opera chorus are presented taking into account one’s own practical experience. In the course of the research, with the help of comparative and intonation-phonetic analysis, certain distinguishing features in the phonetics of different languages were revealed. Empirical, performance-interpretive, structural-functional, systemic research methods made it possible to determine the basic stages and directions of the choirmaster’s work with the opera choir when performing the work in the original language. Research results and conclusion. The systematization of work experience, in particular one’s own, on choral parts with foreign-language text in operas, made it possible to identify its main forms and directions, distributed in stages, namely: 1) consultations of a linguist teacher with the practical instructions and fixation of latter; 2) preparation of a choral score for working with a foreign text (parallel signature of the text using the “phonetic alphabet”, which is developed by a linguist specialist for the graphic representation of sounds that do not have counterparts in the native alphabet); 3) studying the text with choir artists outside of the music; 4) combination of music and text; 5) finally, independent studying of the features of a certain language, which occurs outside the rehearsal process at all stages of working with the choir. Consultations, practice of language skills, rehearsals are held both with groups of the choir and the choir as a whole, and individually (if necessary). In conclusion, the thought is emphasized that a careful attitude to the foreign language text for the sake of its meaningful intonation, high-quality articulation and clear diction according to the laws of orthoepy is an important task of both the artist of choir and the choirmaster, who, with the help of special techniques, directs the work of the choir to achieve the best artistic result.

A comparison between syntactical functions of Participle II in the German language and participle in standard Albanian language

Abstract In verb system of different languages there is a distinction of finite and nonfinite form of verbs. Finite verbs have morphological categories of tense, mood, person and number. These categories cannot be found in nonfinite form of the verbs (Bech, 1955). Nonfinite form of verbs do not give evidence for mood, person and number (Hentchel & Weydt, 1994). Comparing nonfinite form of verbs has been the object of different studies. The purpose of these studies is identifying the differences and similarities of nonfinite form of verbs in different languages. In one language a nonfinite form might be missing, whereas in another language a nonfinite verb is present. These changes make a big difference in morphology and syntax. Every language has its own feature based on grammatical rules. The purpose of this study is an analysis of syntactical functions of Participle II in German language and participle in standard Albanian language by finding the difference and similarities between them. Participle II of German language or as it is different named past participle coincide with nonfinite form participle of Albanian language. The participle of Albanian language and Participle II of German language have many similar uses in terms of verbs and adjective features. Participles have similar syntactical functions but there are also a lot of differences.

Ways of Linguistic Representation of Cultural Dimensions

In the context of globalisation, the relevance of the issues related to the interaction between language and culture has become unprecedentedly relevant. The present paper aims to examine the ways of linguistic representation of cultural dimensions based on factual material from Romanian, Russian and German. In modern linguistics, the issue is studied from the perspective of various disciplines, such as semantics, translationology, ethnolinguistics, ethnopsychology, etc., which is reflected in numerous studies by authors from the Republic of Moldova and abroad. We consider the semantics of stable polylexical units to be the area where culture and language interact most closely. The semantic systems of different languages contain incongruent elements that express culturally specific information known to representatives of a particular ethnic group. Identifying them becomes possible when comparing the language concerned with other languages, and when establishing the nature of the cultural-linguistic relation. Different degrees of the transparency of cultural-linguistic relations influence the form of expression of national-cultural specificity: from implicit in the structure and semantics of the stable polylexical unit to explicit, established, for example, when designating realities.

THE RICHNESS OF THE LEXICAL FUND OF EUROPEAN LANGUAGES THROUGH THE PRISM OF INTERNATIONAL DIPLOMACY TERMS

At first glance, the process of studying word elements seems outdated and stale. However, the structuralist approach to language learning helps not only to take a philosophical look at the development of grammar, but also to establish deep connections in the structure of encoded meanings, and contributes to the study of the latest meanings in nominalization trends associated with internationalization and globalization as phenomena of modern life. In a broad sense, it is simply an interesting and fascinating journey into the history of language, as terms with final elements of classical origin are increasingly subject to varying degrees of adaptation in modern European languages. Consideration of the ways and means of penetration of finite term elements into the systems of different languages is an important step in the study of modern languages, the study of etymology, and the study of term elements in new European languages. The paper presents a detailed analysis of dictionary definitions, in the structure of which final term elements are distinguished. It is proved that any research methodology (contextual, comparative, interpretive, distributional, component, associative) has the right to exist. And the emergence of new terms or the adaptation of long-known ones is a challenge to the digitalization processes of today. The material for the study was based on etymological and explanatory dictionaries of Polish, German, French, and Ukrainian. The hypothesis of the study is that terms with finite elements of classical origin have undergone varying degrees of adaptation in modern European languages. They are characterized by a "standard set" of semantic groups of meanings, and the terms go back to the classical languages. The article uses descriptive and comparative and typological methods of research; the dynamics of adaptation of terms and their meanings is analyzed in synchronicity and diachrony. The conclusions illustrate typical metamodels in which information is encoded. The comparative study contains recommendations for the application (the terminology matrix exists and needs to be followed; the latest technologies and related artificial intelligence are polished by the linguistic units that form text passages; elements of terminology are capable of extrapolation).

Linguistic and cultural specifics of the formation of the diplomatic terminology system

The article is devoted to the linguistic and cultural specifics of the formation of the diplomatic terminology system. The purpose of the article is to identify similarities and differences in the formation of diplomatic terms in different languages. After developed states engage diplomatically with other countries, diplomatic terms are formed in their languages. This is one of the most important approaches to expanding the terminological field in the language of the country. International terms are adopted with diplomatic terms. It is essential to study carefully the terminology process and the specific implementation of diplomatic terms which were adopted from foreign languages. Care must be taken to avoid alternative meanings of words in the national language in use. The comparative method, the content-text method and methods of terminological analysis were used in our research. The article identified common diplomatic terms in the field of lexical language borrowings and in the original language. The most used equivalents of foreign terms, mainly from the English, are outlined. The vocabulary building of diplomatic terms was also noted. The study of the semantics of similar diplomatic terms in terminology systems of different languages seems promising.

PHENOMENOLOGY OF LACUNARITY IN DIFFERENT LANGUAGES

The paper deals with the problem of lacunarity, that is, the allomorphism of languages of different structures on heterogeneous material: translations of different times, lexicographic sources and opinion poll data of native speakers of the same language who study Russian, ways of eliminating lacunae at various historical stages in the development of the lexical system of different languages and the mismatch of signs of nomination, and also describes vector lacunarity in the speech etiquette of the Russian language from the point of view of translation into Arabic. The main approaches to the study of the phenomenon of lacunarity in modern linguistics are considered. A typology of lacunarity is proposed based on the material of languages with different structures.

Using the Phonological Approach to Describe the Vocal System of the Russian Language in the Context of Russian-Spanish Language Contact

The article is devoted to the description of the vocal systems of different languages, considering the functional approach, based on the objective linguistic reality. Today the traditional approach used by research scientists is gradually losing the ability to identify effective models of the phonetic-phonological system of the language, which significantly affects the productivity and research results. The rapid development of new directions of science, the evolution of the language system and all its sublevels indicates the need to adjust the traditional principles of describing phonetic-phonological systems of different languages and imposes special requirements on the relevance, productivity, adequacy and compliance of such descriptions with objective reality. The article analyzes the system of vowels from a phonological point of view - a general classification of vowels through the prism of phonological systematics of meaningful oppositions - considering the articulatory base of the language and the modern orthoepic norm, their changes in the flow of speech, an inextricable connection with consonantism and the prosodic organization of the word. This system is more productive and relevant for solving the problems of modern linguistics. The approbation of the vocal system of the Russian language, obtained within the framework of the corrected approach to the description of systems, is carried out in conditions of language contact, since the problems of language contact are interconnected with the main tasks of the theory of language in the framework of the comparative historical description and comparison of languages. Phonetic interference, together with a foreign accent, is a consequence of the contact between the native language and the target language. Phonetic interference, being an integral part of linguistic contact, causes a violation of the sound side of the language of foreigners. After analyzing the descriptions of the vocal systems of the Spanish and Russian languages, made within the framework of the adjusted functional approach, it is possible to highlight the main features of the Spanish accent in the pronunciation of Russian vowel sounds, and the analysis of the practical material confirms all the selected features and demonstrates the high efficiency of the above approach. The results of this work can be used in various theoretical courses, as well as to create systems for automatic synthesis and speech recognition.

Foreign accent as a means of creating the language features of a character

The purpose of the article is to identify the peculiarities of the actor's linguistic characterization using a foreign accent in the process of working on the role and to establish the dependence of the actor's ideas about the character's personal characteristics and social status on the degree of accent color. The methodology of researching a foreign accent as a means of creating a linguistic characteristic of a character is complex. The method of theoretical-conceptual and theoretical-linguistic analysis of special literature on accent issues, features of comparison of intonation systems of different languages are applied; typological method and method of system analysis, which contributed to the study of acting tools in the process of working on the linguistic characteristics of the character, etc. Scientific novelty. The foreign language accent in the context of the specifics of the actor's work on the creation of the image is studied; it is stated that the actor's imitation of a foreign accent involves the use of special phonetic tools with the addition of grammatical and/or lexical factors in order to enhance the effect; the complexes of articulation-acoustic features inherent in the Ukrainian language with French, English, British, Italian, Estonian, Jewish and Caucasian accents, as well as the peculiarities of the actor's work on their imitation are analyzed. Conclusions. Foreign language accent as a linguistic characteristic of a character is one of the most important means of identifying his personality because a person's speech skills create an idea of ​​the environment to which he belongs, can provide information about his origin. In stage speech, a foreign accent is used to give the character's language a sharp character, vivid imagery, and truthfulness and realism of his behavior - the accent is part of the character's "I", a familiar form of expression related to national and family life. Foreign accent, as well as the territorial type of pronunciation, is perceived by the viewer stereotypically and is an indicator not only of personal characteristics, but also a marker of his social status, and its level is associated with education, intelligence, leadership, and self-confidence. The actor’s strategies for developing foreign accents in the process of working on the linguistic characteristics of the character are to use appropriate deviations from the phonetic, lexical, and grammatical norms of the Ukrainian language.
 Keywords: stage speech, foreign accent, actor, artistic image, character, linguistic characteristic.

Прагматическая функция интертекстем в веб-медиатекстах белорусских и российских интернет-СМИ

The article discusses the features of the functioning of phraseological units and other stable combinations in the headings of the media texts of Belarusian and Russian online newspapers. We analyze the pragmatic function of intertexts and present them as pointers to certain types of speech acts. The intent of the addressee is the most important factor in creating a text. It is usually reflected, directly or indirectly, in every communication product. The main purpose of media texts (or a hint of it) is contained in headings, especially when they are intertextemes, various renewable speech units that we classify according to the types of speech acts: representatives, rogatives,directives, commissives, contactives, declarations and expressives. Such headings are best used to perform a pragmatic function because they retain an emotional and evaluation component that stimulates communication with the mass recipient. These stable units (phraseological locutions, winged expressions and aphorisms, paroemias and compound terms) comprise the background knowledge of the participants in communication and are therefore productive language tools used by journalists in their practice. And very often the intertextemes are transformed or updated. Employees of “BelGazeta” and “Rossiyskaya Gazeta” use both the general phraseological fund of Belarusians and Russians and the national language means in web media texts. The headlines of “BelGazeta” havea distinctive feature, as they mix graphic and lexical systems of different languages (Russian, Belarusian,English and, less frequently, Ukrainian). This fact can be explained, firstly, by the tendency to widely spread the features of the conversational speech of Belarusians, trasyanka, in book speech styles. And, secondly, by the address policy of the publication of the named newspaper, which is aimed at the mass Belarusian reader. Following the use of occasionalisms, updated stable expressions, we also call the above feature a specific method of influencing the addressee.

Siberia as a Trigger of Geopolitical Conflictogenic Media Discourse

The article reveals the influence of manipulative tactics in the media discourse on the public consciousness of the peoples of different countries regarding such a huge territory as Siberia. The authors analyze the historical, sociological, and psycholinguistic aspects of the functioning of the geopolitonym Siberia in the geopolitical conflictogenic media discourse within the framework of the linguistic-informational model of Siberia in the modern media discourse on the material of different structural languages. The selection of sources was based on the method of contextual analysis with an emphasis on the implicit content of the media image of the region, the descriptive method, the method of cultural interpretation, content analysis. Information wars use the image of Siberia as the center of the matrix of conflict-prone media discourse to increase attention to events in Russia and accentuate geopolitical manipulations in the public consciousness. The authors give the concept of a media matrix for understanding the cognitive side of media images of a geopolitical topoobject, such as Siberia. The media matrix of geopolitonyms consists of linguoinfornems, being implemented in linguoinformational steps in the media discourse. The media image of Siberia is diverse, being realized in evaluative linguistic systems of different languages, based on scalable sociostereotypes about Siberia. The authors show what the mythologized and realistic perception of the image of Siberia is based on, how it is interconnected with the tasks of geopolitics, influencing success in intercultural communication. The research is aimed at understanding linguistic universals in the perception of geopolitonyms. The article is of interest to specialists in the field of linguistics, psychology, journalism, history, cultural studies, sociology, and political science

Research on Translation Processing of Complex Long Sentences Based on Multi-strategy Analysis Algorithm

Syntax analysis depends on a certain grammatical theory. In formal grammar system, dependency grammar has gradually become the focus of researchers. In this paper, an automatic translation method of English-Chinese terms based on multi-strategy fusion is proposed, which uses the term case base to optimize the translation of terms with low evaluation scores obtained from the translation quality estimation method. Through the levenshtein algorithm, we find a number of terms translation examples with high similarity with the source language of the terms to be optimized, including grammatical semantic features, sentence length, punctuation marks, functional words and context conditions, etc., to segment and simplify complex long sentences and compound generate translations. By designing the same knowledge representation for different languages, the algorithm can be universally used for translation systems of different languages.

De la traducción a la adaptación el mito y la obra literaria de Macunaíma

La obra literaria de Mário de Andrade, Macunaíma. El héroe sin ningún carácter, publicada en 1928, está enmarcada en el modernismo brasileño que se originó durante los años veinte. En ella se muestra el multiculturalismo brasileño a través de la apropiación de las tradiciones orales de la amazonía y de la zona de São Paulo. Cabe destacar que el modernismo brasileño fue un movimiento crítico a las vanguardias europeas y que adaptó sólo algunos elementos que le sirvieron al contexto latinoamericano.
 El presente texto realiza un análisis de la traducción de los mitos amazónicos compilados por el etnólogo alemán Theodor Koch-Grünberg (1872-1924) a la obra Macunaíma. El héroe sin ningún carácter, y a su vez la adaptación de ésta a la película con el mismo nombre realizada en 1969 por Joaquim Pedro de Andrade, producida en un contexto de dictadura militar. Proponemos la categoría de traducción intersemiótica de Peeter Torop (entre sistemas semióticos de distintos lenguajes), la cual ayudará al estudio de las similitudes y diferencias de la naturaleza formal de la obra.

Language Adaptation of Turkisms in English

One of the most important indicators of the adaptation of Turkic borrowing in English is their allocation in different dictionaries of English (explanatory, etymological, phraselogical), as well as their use in different works of fiction. Linguistic contacts manifest themselves in the interaction of linguistic, cultural and historical factors and represent an essential process in intercultural communication. Turkic lexical elements, actively used in various languages as a language mechanism, require special attention. A comparison of different languages shows that borrowing is a universal fact of language, the linguistic essence of which allows to determine the absolute or relative chronology of their entry into the system of different languages. Turkisms closely related to the lexico-semantic system of the recipient language expands the body of language units of English and other languages, indicating the paths of penetration and the degree of adaptation. This takes into account the patterns of lexical and phonetic potential of the language. Turkic borrowing includes not only Turkic words, but also lexical elements of Arabic and Mongolian, Persian, Tatar, Uzbek, Kazakh origin, which have penetrated English through many Turkic languages and have been reflected in English lexicographic sources. Turkism thus refers to words included in English from Turkic languages or through Turkic languages regardless of the source of the mutual relationship, i.e. words having a Turkic stage in their history.

Learner–environment adaptations in multiple language learning: casing the ideal multilingual self as a system functioning in context

ABSTRACT Multiple language learning has been largely neglected in L2 motivation research. Recently, complexity principles have been used to model multilingual motivation. In this work, multilingual self-guides are conceptualised as emergent from interactions between the motivation systems of different languages. Motivational systems and their emergent properties are also influenced by the contexts in which acquisition takes place. In this interview-based study in a Swedish secondary school setting, the ideal multilingual self is explored as ‘a system functioning in context’. Focusing on the ways in which multilingual identities and the social contexts of multilingualism co-evolve, analyses show how the school environment shapes and is shaped by emergent identities. The importance of multi-scalar designs is highlighted, and the contribution of motivation research to sustainable multilingual education is discussed.

Functions of English-Language Borrowings in Russian and Italian (on the Basis of Radio Discourse)

The process of borrowing English words in Russian and Italian is discussed in the article. Particular attention is paid to the communicative-pragmatic analysis of the peculiarities of the use of Anglicisms in radio speeches. In the study of dynamic language processes, the media and communication have traditionally been the main sources of replenishment of the lexical structure of the language, including through foreign borrowing. The relevance of this work is determined both by the increased scientific interest in comprehension of active language processes in recent decades, and the linguists refer to comparative studies of dynamic phenomena in systems of different languages in order to identify similar or different processes in them, due to national linguistic specificity. A review of the scientific literature on various aspects of the study of borrowing in the analyzed languages is performed, the choice of material is substantiated, and research methods are described. The results of a comparative analysis of Russian and Italian radio speeches are presented. It is established that English-language borrowings have an extensive set of functions that are auxiliary in relation to the system-forming function of radio discourse - the impact on the target audience. It is proved that the coincidence of the main borrowing functions in the radio discourse of the analyzed countries is due to the strong position of the English language as a universal international means of communication.

Завершенность действия в русском и немецком языках: компаративный анализ

The aim of this research will be to conduct a comparative study of the category of aspectuality; that implies defining and analysing the whole complex of general and distinctive properties, characteristic of the languages under consideration, that is, Russian and German, revised in the comparative aspect. The research methods include descriptive method, distributive and introspective analyses. The authors indicate that today contrastive studies are especially relevant to identify common and distinctive features in systems of different languages. It is noted that actional and aspectual semantics, as well as the means of its expression, have become objects of study by linguists at the beginning of the 20th century. Attention is drawn to the actual domestic and foreign significant research in the field of aspectology of genetically unrelated languages, as well as languages that are in a distant genetic relationship. The form and tense of a verb are characteristics of temporality, since, for example, in the Slavic languages, the form organizes and determines temporal relationships. In contrast to the Slavic languages, in the Romance and Germanic languages, species relations are structured on the basis of temporal forms. The comparative approach to the study of time and species in languages belonging to different groups makes it possible to better understand the specifics of species-temporal relations. It is pointed out that the grammatical category of the species as a binary category is represented only in some languages. The need to distinguish between species as a grammatical category inherent in the Slavic languages and as a broad functional and semantic category that exists in all languages is emphasized, since it represents the entire complex of linguistic means that express the nature of the course of action. In the process of analyzing some texts, it was concluded that the absence of a grammatical category of the species in the German language does not indicate the absence of a corresponding concept. During the research, the authors came to the conclusion, that when studying the verb tense, it is necessary to take into account several other factors, apart from the verb forms: the context, the lexical, lexical-grammatical, grammatical and syntactic components, considered within the framework of their interaction in speech, since the functional-semantic field includes interacting means, united by the common function of expressing the semantic attribute of aspectuality, namely, grammar, lexical-grammatical and lexical means.

Realization of the Concepts Eget and Man in the Paramies of the Tatar and English Languages

This work relates to studies of the lexical-semantic system of different languages, and is devoted to a comparative study of the lexical-semantic fields “eget” and “man” in Tatar and English. We considered important and additional meanings of the word “eget” and “man” in both languages, analyzed Tatar and English sayings and proverbs in order to determine the significance of “eget” and “man” in a particular language. To describe the concept, we chose proverbs and sayings of the Tatar and English languages, as they are products of linguistic popular consciousness as a materialization of the experience of generations. If you compare the proverbs and sayings of the Tatar and English, you can see that these native speakers have a lot in common and this contributes to their mutual understanding and rapprochement. Comparing the data of the two languages, we came to the conclusion that “man” is widely used in proverbs and sayings of the English language. In the picture of the world of the English language, a man is presented to us as an image of a knight without fear and reproach or a fearless, brave man. The man is given a dominant role. A feature of the Tatar language is the presence in the language of a large number of proverbs and sayings formed by comparing a man with the image at (horse) or drawing a parallel between them. Despite the differences in national character, values, it is clear that “rider” and “man” are a symbol of a warrior, courage, laconicism, the head of the family, courage, in the Tatar and English cultures, a man plays a dominant role in society.

Theoretical Issues in Toponym Typology

Our paper focuses on two key issues: it addresses the theoretical questions related to the genesis and changes of toponyms and discusses issues concerning the typological description of place names. In both cases, we also touch upon areas that we believe to provide opportunities for international cooperation and thus for the comparative analysis of the toponymic system of different languages. As for the toponym genesis and toponym changes, we primarily focus on the universal motives of name-giving, the role of name competence and name patterns, the socio-onomastic aspects of name-giving as well as the relations between toponyms and culture. In the second part of our paper, we introduce the approach and theoretical framework used in our work on the system and history of Hungarian toponyms. First, we need to introduce those principles which we wish to follow in the analysis of toponyms. In the description of toponyms the functional approach is applied as we believe that functional linguistics may serve as the most suitable theoretical framework for toponomastics (and onomastics in general).

СОВРЕМЕННАЯ ФУТБОЛЬНАЯ ТЕРМИНОЛОГИЯ ФРАНЦУЗСКОГО И АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКОВ: АНАЛИЗ ОСНОВНЫХ ИСТОЧНИКОВ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ

The article is devoted to the linguistic and cultural analysis of the football terminology in the French and English languages, the conduct of which in the systems of different languages makes it possible to trace the originality of the process of the transition of a commonly used word to a sports term. The authors come to the conclusion that the conceptions and values surrounding football are very different depending on the culture and society of people who play it or watch it, serve it, comment on it, etc. The paper also indicates the main ways of forming sports terms: metaphorization, association, metonymy, antonomasia, loan words, and jargons.

ФУНКЦІЇ МОВЛЕННЄВИХ ЖАНРІВ У ТЕКСТАХ ФРАНЦУЗЬКИХ РОМАНІВ XX ст.

The research is based on the M. Bakhtin’s theory of the speech genres, according to which speech communication, including artistic communication, is realized through a variety of genres of speech. The artistic text is considered as a secondary speech genre, which arises in the conditions of cultural communication and in the process of its formation absorbs a variety of primary genres. The article presents the results of investigation of the plays and role of speech genres in the structure of French novel of XX c. It examines different forms of the presence of a great variety of speech genres in the novel as well as their functions. This article analyzes a semiotic character of a speech genre and interference of a speech genre and a context of a speech situation. It investigates the use by the French novelists of a speech genre for transfer implicit information.The dialogism is examined and analyzed in the text of French Novel. This phenomenon is associated with the intentional and synthetic aspects of the language: each language is associated with a certain form of the speaker, refers to a certain context and expresses the point of view and a certain world outlook. Consequently, the text of the novel may be presented as a system of different languages, as well as inserted speech genres, entering into various dialogical interactions, the functioning of which has been organized and directed by the author in accordance with their intentions.