Award System Research Articles

Monitoring of legal regulation of award relations in the Russian regions. Part 2

Objective: to assess the state of legal regulation of award relations in theRussian Federation subjects and to develop measures for its systematization and improvement.Methods: the main methods of the conducted research are general scientific methods of cognition: analysis, synthesis, comparison, extrapolation, and specific-legal methods of cognition of award relations based on them, used in the Russian theory of law and the state.Results: an analysis of more than 500 regulatory legal acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation has shown that in some regions special laws were adopted in addition to the existing comprehensive laws on awards, which regulate the establishment of regional parliamentary awards, as well as awards of regional state authorities; that in most of the Russian Federation subjects, state (republican, regional, district, municipal) awards are regulated outside the comprehensive award legislation, but within the framework of incentive law, by their own legislation on regional awards and/or by-laws of the regional state authorities; that in some Russian regions there are special laws establishing simultaneously not only state awards of the Russian Federation subject, but also state scholarships.The territorial scope of the study is limited to the Russian Federation as of September 30, 2022, before the Donetsk People’s Republic, Luhansk People’s Republic, Zaporozhye and Kherson regions, which established their regional awards, became part of it. The time frames of the monitoring study are limited to the period from 1991 to February 10, 2023.Scientific novelty: for the first time in Russian legal science, a monitoring study of the award law of all subjects of the Russian Federation was conducted, which allows assessing the quality of legal regulation of award relations in the Russian regions and, if necessary, improving the system of regional awards and other incentives for positive lawful behavior.Practical significance: the results obtained can be used in the law-making activities of state authorities of the Russian Federation subjects in improving regional award legislation, establishing official regional awards and systematizing the legal regulation of award relations. The conclusions of the conducted research enable to eliminate contradictions between the norms of award law and the norms of other regulatory legal acts.

Analyzing How the Philippine Government Shapes Gender Norms through Migration: The Case of an Institutionalized Award System

Abstract This study analyzes how the Philippine government shapes gender norms through the awardees of an institutionalized award system called the “Presidential Awards for Filipino Individuals and Organizations Overseas” (PAFIOO). Publicly available biennial books of awardees that span 30 years (1991–2021) were obtained from the Commission on Filipinos Overseas archives, and the narrative data of the 342 awardees were thematically analyzed. This study argues that the state reinforces gender norms within migration and development through two identity frames bestowed on the winners of PAFIOO. First, the hero/heroine identity emphasizes the traditional views of gender roles, where women awardees, regardless of their civil status, are framed as sacrificing mother figures. Second, the commodity identity highlights men awardees and their masculine-related fields. Consequently, their contribution to development reflected this. Further, the PAFIOO selection is imbalanced, consistently awarding more men than women in the past three decades.

Monitoring of legal regulation of award relations in the Russian regions. Part 1

Objective : to assess the state of legal regulation of award relations in the Russian Federation subjects and to develop measures for its systematization and improvement. Methods : the main methods of the conducted research are general scientific methods of cognition: analysis, synthesis, comparison, extrapolation, and specific-legal methods of cognition of award relations based on them, used in the Russian theory of law and the state. Results : based on the analysis of more than 500 normative legal acts of the Russian Federation subjects, knowledge about the legal regulation of award relations in the Russian regions was systematized; specificity of the legal regulation related to the formation and application of the system of the highest official (state) regional awards of the Russian subjects was revealed, namely: the lack of uniformity in the establishment of regional awards, their hierarchy and procedures for awarding them, which indicates the need for systematization of regional award law. Assumingly, the systematizing element of award law in the Russian subjects is the adoption by their legislative bodies of complex (basic) laws on awards, which would consistently set out the issues of the regional awards establishment, their hierarchy, types, procedures for recommending and awarding with them, as well as the powers of regional bodies to implement these laws. The territorial scope of the study is limited to the Russian Federation as of September 30, 2022, before the Donetsk People’s Republic, Luhansk People’s Republic, Zaporozhye and Kherson regions, which established their regional awards, became part of it. The time frames of the monitoring study are limited to the period from 1991 to February 10, 2023. Scientific novelty : for the first time in Russian legal science, a monitoring study of the award law of all subjects of the Russian Federation was conducted, which allows assessing the quality of legal regulation of award relations in the Russian regions and, if necessary, improving the system of regional awards and other incentives for positive lawful behavior. Practical significance : the results obtained can be used in the law-making activities of state authorities of the Russian Federation subjects in improving regional award legislation, establishing official regional awards and systematizing the legal regulation of award relations. The conclusions of the conducted research enable to eliminate contradictions between the norms of award law and the norms of other regulatory legal acts.

Возрождение производства наградных знаков в после-революционной России (1918–1930-е годы)

This paper studies the organizational and logistics issues of the Soviet award system in the early period of its existence. It analyses administrative, production, technical, and personnel problems, which manifested themselves with the revival of award production during the Civil War and the first post-war decade. Further, the transformation of the attitude of the Soviet authorities to the award system and the resulting organizational measures and approaches are assessed. The specific features of the Soviet award system are highlighted in terms of its logistical and organizational support. The question of continuity in relation to the previous award system of Tsarist Russia is raised. The paper is based on the principles of historicism, objectivity and systematic approach. The methodological basis for the study is the historical-genetic method. The novelty of this research lies in rejecting the traditional descriptive approach to the awards and in identifying common problems and approaches of the Soviet government in matters of the material and organizational aspects of the award system, while indicating the organizational and production-technical difficulties of that period and ways to overcome them. In addition, the authors point out the dynamics in the organization of award production, use of raw materials, personnel policy, etc. An obvious problem of the period under study was the initial lack of Soviet authorities’ awareness of the value and functionality of the award system, followed by the correction of these approaches in the conditions of war and economic crisis. As a result, it took almost 20 years to formulate a coherent award policy. The authors suggest considering the Soviet award policy in close connection with the general processes of political, economic and social development, as an important element of the ideological system, and as an indicator of the changes that were taking place in the Soviet state and society.

«Награда воинскому мужеству». Военный орден Святого Людовика: предпосылки создания, статут, первые кавалеры (1693–1715 гг.)

Throughout its centuries-old history, France has taken part in many wars. Its expansion was especially active in the XVII-XIX centuries. In the modern era, namely during the reign of King Louis XIV (1643-1715), France pursued an aggressive foreign policy, trying to annex not only the territories of neighboring states, but also to extend its influence throughout Europe. The consequence was the need to improve the system of state awards for the Royal Army officer corps. Based on the analysis of previously published documents, biographical reference books, scientific monographs and articles, this article examines the prerequisites for the creation, statute and pages of biographies of the first cavaliers of the Military Order of St. Louis (1693–1715).

«За отличное усердие и особые труды»: к характеристике системы награждения и поощрения представителей сибирского учительства (на материалах Западной Сибири конца XIX – начала ХХ в.)

The article dedicated to the development of the awarding system and Siberian teaching encouragement is offered to the readers. On the basis of a wide range of sources, the authors characterize the regulatory and legal regulation of the awarding system of the Russian Empire, accessible to Western Siberian teaching, and also demonstrate an analysis of award practices in the region, paying particular attention to the diversity of those awarded according to a number of criteria: education, disciplines read, position, etc. In conclusion, the authors define the key characteristics of the process under study in dynamics.

ЖЕНА – ЭТО ДОЛЖНОСТЬ? ПРАВОВОЙ ОБЫЧАЙ В НАГРАДНОЙ СИСТЕМЕ ИНДОНЕЗИИ

Award system functioning implies many legal practices which cannot be found in official documents but influence nominating, assigning, presenting and wearing awards. The paper examines the origins of one of the award legal customs of Indonesia—awarding the highest orders of the state—the Star of the Republic of Indonesia (Bintang Republik Indonesia) and the Star of Mahaputera (Bintang Mahaputera)—to the spouses of presidents, vice-presidents and senior officials. The main sources are lists of holders of the highest orders published by the State Secretariat of Indonesia and media reports about recent awards. The origins of the legal custom go back to the era of the “new order” of General Suharto who awarded his wife and then bestowed orders to the wives of his vice-presidents. In the 1990s, along with the wives of vice presidents, the highest orders began to be awarded to the wives of ministers. This practice survived under President Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie, but disappeared under President Abdurrahman Wahid. The revival of awards to the spouses of the president and vice president occurred under President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono in 2011. This legal practice continues under President Joko Widodo. The restoration of awards to the wives of ministers seems probable if the need arises for symbolic support for the regime. The paper also contains up-to-date, although not always complete statistics due to the paucity of open data, on awards of the Star of the Republic of Indonesia, the Star of Mahaputera, and the Star of Service (Bintang Jasa).

Sanskrit Legacy, The National Armed Forces, and Modern Political Culture of Indonesia

Despite seventy years of studying, the functioning of Sanskrit and Old Javanese loanwords in modern Indonesian remain understudied. There are a lot of Sanskrit loans in various spheres of modern Indonesian. Many Indonesian military units have Sanskrit names. There are famous Sanskrit loans for Indonesian official ideology Pancasila and for the Indonesian national emblem Garuda Pancasila. Many Indonesian orders, decorations and medals also have Sanskrit names, for example, the military orders Bintang Sakti, or the Sacred Star, and Bintang Dharma, or the Army Distinguished Service Star, instituted in 1958. The word for medal in Indonesian is satyalancana which is a Sanskrit loan compound. Military regional commands may have names of ancient polities or kings which are of Sanskrit origin. Perhaps, the most noteworthy examples are Military Regional Command II Sriwijaya in South Sumatra and Military Regional Command VI Mulawarman in Kalimantan/Borneo. Sriwijaya was a powerful Old Malay kingdom in the seventh–thirteenth centuries; its name means ‘Great or Glorious Victory’ in Sanskrit. Mulawarman was a ruler of an East Kalimantan kingdom in the area of modern Kutai in the fifth century. The paper examines the usage of Sanskrit loans in the National Armed Forces of Indonesia and in the Indonesian award system. Multiple examples of Sanskrit loans in these fields may reflect an emphasis of ancient common cultural heritage in a multi-ethnic and multi-religious society. At the same time, there is a flexible naming practice which is not restricted by Sanskrit loans. These words are used frequently but not exclusively.

Orders of Socialist Yugoslavia awarded to Russian diaspora representatives

The article analyzes the state award system in the socialist Yugoslavia. It deals with awarding the Russian diaspora representatives in the country the state orders. Paper is based on official government gazette, which contained the list of persons awarded the state awards, as well as the archival documents: Yugoslav Army Official Military Personnel Files, kept in Military Archives. On the one hand, after Yugoslavia was liberated and Communist Party came to power, the Russian diaspora representatives were subjected to repression by the Yugoslav secret services and the Soviet counterintelligence. On the other hand, the policy of the new government in Yugoslavia was aimed at integrating Russian emigrants loyal to the country and to the regime, as evidenced by the practice of presenting Russian emigrants of both the first and second generations to state awards — heroes-partisans of the People’s Liberation Army of Yugoslavia and figures of science, culture and art. During the study, cases of awarding the same persons with orders of both the pre-war Kingdom of Yugoslavia and the post-war socialist Republic were identified, which indicates the continuity of the state communicative policy towards emigrants. However, state award system in socialist Yugoslavia also implied an educational function in relation to Yugoslav society, therefore, the Russian diaspora representatives never received the highest awards of Communist Yugoslavia — the Order of Freedom and the Order of the People’s Hero, established in 1945 and in 1944 respectively. The highest order awarded to a representative of the Russian diaspora was the Order of the Partisan Star. A certain number of Russian members of the Resistance movement were awarded a Partisan memorial badge of 1941. And the Order of Merit for the People was awarded not only to the fighters of the People’s Liberation Army of Yugoslavia and Russian members of the Resistance movement, but also to figures who made a great contribution to the development of the economy, culture and science of Yugoslavia. It is noteworthy that the conjuncture of Soviet-Yugoslav relations directly affected the measures applied to Russian emigrants, and the holders of Yugoslav orders were no exception and were also subjected to repression during the Soviet-Yugoslav tension. After the Soviet-Yugoslav relations normalized, orders were awarded mainly to the Russian scientists and artists.

«За отличное усердие и особые труды»: к характеристике системы награждения и поощрения представителей сибирского учительства (на материалах Западной Сибири конца XIX – начала ХХ в.)

The article dedicated to the development of the awarding system and Siberian teaching encouragement is offered to the readers. On the basis of a wide range of sources, the authors characterize the regulatory and legal regulation of the awarding system of the Russian Empire, accessible to Western Siberian teaching, and also demonstrate an analysis of award practices in the region, paying particular attention to the diversity of those awarded according to a number of criteria: education, disciplines read, position, etc. In conclusion, the authors define the key characteristics of the process under study in dynamics.

Відзнаки літературних творів у системі книжкових конкурсів України

Literary awards have been analyzed within the system of book awards and ratings in Ukraine; their characteristics have been studied along with the criteria for the selection of texts and editions, assessment methodology as well as the impact the awards have on the recognition of authors and their books in Ukraine and beyond. Selected for the analysis were already published texts, thus focus is placed on book awards, ratings and rankings. In order to develop a methodology for the assessment of literary works as part of book awards, their systematization under various criteria has been put forward. Distinction has been drawn between the concepts of a literary and a book award; specifics of competitions, awards and ratings have been provided. Literary awards are based on the discussion of the content, namely relevance, freshness, artistic merit, aesthetic value and others; book awards consider a totality of literary criteria and the publishing characteristics of the publication and its culture. The study concentrates on the methodology of book selection, assessment criteria, marketing potential and fiction authors-winners of a dozen of book awards, namely Book Forum Best Book Award, Book of the Year rating, BBC Book of the Year, Best Ukrainian Book (rating by Korrespondent magazine), LitAkcent of the Year, Critic’s Rating, Golden Writers of Ukraine and others. The nominations of book competitions and awards for fiction have been discussed. The specifics of each of the awards with regards to the selection and assessment of literary works has been identified along with their coverage in media, promotion of sales, impact on further assessment of the book in the system of book procurement and the potential for translations being made into other languages. Book of the Year rating, BBC Book of the Year, LitAkcent of the Year and others have been used to analyze the nominations for literary works of various genres: poetry, prose, special genre literature, belles-lettres, memoirs, documentary, scripts, drama, teenage and children’s literature.

Система признаний и поощрений Российской империей бурятской родовой элиты XVIII–XIX вв.

Introduction. The article examines the system of recognition and encouragements adopted by the Russian Empire for representatives of Buryat tribal elites in the 18th–19th centuries. The focus of the study makes it possible to trace key mechanisms to have facilitated the incorporation of Buryat tribal elites into Russia’s corresponding environment. The legalization of official powers of 18th– 19th century Buryat tribal elites was paralleled by that Imperial Russia developed a corresponding system of recognition and encouragements. The latter was not only to consolidate the high social status of the local nobility but rather to facilitate their further incorporation into the Russian power structures. Goals. The paper aims to investigate Imperial Russia’s system of recognition developed for representatives of Buryat tribal elites throughout the 18th and 19th centuries. Materials and methods. The study analyzes archival materials housed at the State Archive of Buryatia, such as employee and formulary lists of Buryat tribal executives, decrees and instructions of His Imperial Majesty on rewards granted to the latter. The research methods employed include the historical comparative and comparative typological ones that have proved instrumental in analyzing the mentioned Russian system, and compiling a content analysis of archival materials involved. Conclusions. The work reveals the special recognition and rewards system was developed to regulate relations with representatives of local Buryat elites and guarantee their integration into imperial structures. The system of awards and distinctions was used by the Russian government to encourage Buryat tribal and clan leaders for certain services rendered to the state, as well as for successfully fulfilled tasks assigned.

Sustainable activities in Croatian marinas – towards the “green port” concept

Due to the intensity of marina activities and global climate change, marinas are facing the challenge of sustainability. Therefore, the concept of “green port” has now become a requirement. In practice, the term “green port” describes the activities of all stakeholders involved in the port business towards a sustainable development of the port. This paper aims to provide an insight into the current application of sustainability principles and the concept of “green port” in Croatian marinas. Therefore, the concept of “green port” is described. Furthermore, the framework (regulations, policies, international and national certificates and programs) for sustainable activities in Croatian marinas are analyzed. The main part of the paper is the analysis of sustainable activities, i.e. practices in Croatian marinas related to eco-spatial design, standardization and awarding system, energy transition, sustainable waste, water and air systems. Therefore, positive sustainable practices in selected Croatian marinas and aspects that need improvement are identified.

Swimming with teddy bears and sharks: Changes to a tenure, promotion, and merit award system within resistant institutional structures and interests.

In 2017 the Faculty of Education (FoE) at Simon Fraser University engaged in a research-based review of its Faculty Tenure and Promotion (FTP) guidelines in an effort to better understand the scope of scholarship, teaching, and service within the faculty; to provide recommendations for how the quality of scholarship, teaching, and service might best be evaluated; and to better define the evidence that faculty members might provide the Faculty Tenure and Promotion Committee (FTPC) for assessing each of these components of academic work. This paper offers an account of the changes made—which were specific to our faculty but involved elements common in other faculties and at other universities—and the various personal and institutional constraints at play throughout the process. We highlight three different scales at which we worked that relate to issues of equity and inclusion, personal autonomy and self-motivation, and the fantasy of the objectivity of numbers. Since we have come to see the institution as the resistant milieu and therefore our work as challenging institutional structures and norms, we frame our process in terms of multiple acts of refusal. We show how these acts relate to an integrated model of policy analysis and explore our continuing efforts to implement these changes to advance principles of equity, inclusion, and diversity in our faculty and in our work. While the story is told by the four authors of this paper, we are representing the important work done by a broader team of seven who engaged in this work.[1]
 
 [1] While the four authors of this paper took responsibility for telling this story as we feel we lived it, the credit for the work accomplished over the course of this journey goes to all members of the committee, who have also had a chance to review and contribute to this article (listed alphabetically): Pooja Dharamshi, Lynn Fels, Huamei Han, Dan Laitsch, Michael Ling, Michelle Pidgeon, and Nathalie Sinclair.

Thoughts from a past AGU SPA fellows committee

Community honours, such as those bestowed by professional scientific societies like the American Geophysical Union (AGU) are an important element of both individual career advancement and contributes to the historical record of scientific progress. The process by which honours are bestowed is not widely shared amongst the community. The purpose of this article is to share the recent experiences of several members of the AGU Space Physics and Aeronomy (SPA) Fellows committee. We outline the criteria for selection, the evaluation process, difficulties encountered by the committee, and steps taken to mitigate these difficulties. Of particular note is the impact of implicit bias in the award system. Steps could be taken by the awarding scientific societies to reduce the impact of these biases, but in the meantime individual award committees can employ some of the strategies we outline in this article. By sharing our experiences, we hope to improve the process of granting awards and honours for the scientists putting together award nominations, future committee members, and the scientific societies granting these awards.

Overcoming Risk Aversion Regarding Energy Efficiency Practices through Mimetic Pressure and Financial Slack: Findings from the Moroccan Manufacturing Sector

The Moroccan manufacturing sector consumes 24% of the country’s total energy production. Morocco is dealing with energy challenges related to its growing energy consumption, which has made energy efficiency a national priority. In this study, we construct a model that includes mimetic pressure and financial slack as drivers to reduce the intensity of risk aversion regarding electrical energy efficiency practices within companies. Our research model was empirically examined using survey data gathered from 193 manufacturing companies located in four Moroccan regions. Results show that risk aversion is negatively related to energy efficiency practices. Both mimetic pressure and financial slack are positively related to energy efficiency practices. Both mimetic pressure and financial slack reduce risk aversion. Mimetic pressure dampens the negative relationship between risk aversion and energy efficiency practices, while financial slack does not dampen the negative relationship between risk aversion and energy efficiency practices. This study shows the importance of mimetic pressure in reducing risk aversion regarding energy efficiency practices. Therefore, policymakers should publicize in the media companies that have gained from the adoption of energy efficiency practices and establish an award system of best energy efficiency practices in each industry. This study is an extension of the previous literature since we found that financial slack decreases the level of risk aversion, but this does not always translate into energy efficiency practices, as the previous literature assumes.

Indonezijskij orden Bintang Dharma na rodine i v Sovetskom Soyuze

Th e award system of the Republic of Indonesia remains unknown despite it refl ects a leading role of the National Army of Indonesia (Tentara Nasional Indonesia) in the Indonesian state and society. Th e paper sums up the data on the statute of the Bintang Dharma-Military Distinguished Service Star which was instituted in 1958. Th e paper also examines the media and other open sources concerning the Bintang Dharma and its awardees. Th e Order is an award of the top generals of three- or four-stars ranks, including four-star generals, lieutenant-generals, admirals and vice-admirals, air marshals and air vice-marshals. Th e Order is bestowed for distinguished services in the Armed Forces.

Награждение сотрудников правоохранительных органов в СССР в период наградного дуализма (1922–1933)

The paper investigates the practice of awarding law enforcement bodies after the establishment of the Soviet Union in 1922. It is stated here that the unification of the republics necessitated the creation of an all-union award system. At the same time, the award systems in the union and autonomous republics of the USSR continued to exist. This study is based on the principles of historicism, objectivity and systematic approach. Using statistical analysis, the author quantified the award data obtained by continuous sampling. Archival materials, published sources and memoirs demonstrate that the all-union and republican award systems were largely similar and were based on the award principles that had been developed during the Civil War. At the same time, despite the need, no special awards for law enforcement bodies were ever established at the state (all-union) level. The award practice indicates that the highest awards – orders – were given extremely rarely due to the lack of provisions in the statutes for rewarding specific activities of law enforcement officers. The most common types of awards were departmental: decorations as well as material (valuable gifts and bonuses) and moral rewards (certificates of acknowledgement, certificates of merit, banners). The awards could be both individual and collective. The author concludes that 1922–1933 was a transition period from the republican award systems to the all-union system. The award dualism was caused by a difficult crime situation and, as a result, the need to distinguish law enforcement officers, as well as by the inability of the state leadership to promptly establish an effective award system. As soon as the USSR award system was created, the republican awards were abolished.

The Procurement Agenda for the Transition to a Circular Economy

The circular economy (CE) has emerged as an upcoming promising solution to global sustainability. Some policymakers have issued legislations to encourage the adoption of CE, and academics have published studies addressing CE from different approaches. However, adopting CE entails a disruptive shift from a linear economy to a closed-loop economy, where economic growth is decoupled from consumption growth. Though it is difficult to develop a uniform, structured approach for incorporating CE into procurement, this paper attempts to fill the current knowledge gap by proposing a holistic framework to embed CE into the procurement process. The procurement ecosystem is very complex, and this study accordingly dismantles the ecosystem into basic components. The integration of CE for each component is addressed separately. Propositions have then been developed for each element within the procurement ecosystem to embrace CE. The research findings suggest that governments can play an important role in promulgating laws and regulations that encourage CE within procurement. The buyer should be willing to pay a premium for circular products or services; training is needed to address CE when drafting the agreement and during the technical and proposal evaluation. In regard to the bidders’ prequalification evaluation, a certain weight should be assigned to the adoption of CE. Furthermore, the bid–award system should give preferential treatment to circular materials or services.

Analisis Penggunaan Anggaran Remunerasi Sebagai Insentif Kinerja Tenaga Kependidikan

The issue of remuneration in State Universities as an award for employee performance achievements is expected to be a driver of superior performance. This study aims to describe the use of remuneration incentive budgets at the State University of Surabaya which has implemented a remuneration award system for 7 years. Presentation of remuneration data and data collection through surveys and in-depth interviews with remuneration policy makers and recipients of remuneration incentives. The results of the study indicate that the use of remuneration incentive budgets for education personnel is used more for the payment of routine activities for the duties and functions of education personnel, while for non-duties and functions it is still very low. Although it does not aim to prove the relationship between remuneration and performance, this study shows that the success of employees in achieving performance is still limited to quantity and does not state the quality of performance results.