System In Portugal Research Articles

Educational Reforms in Portugal: Helping to Raise the Profile of VET

schools tend to be used as agents for class differentiation, limiting the access of the lower socio-economic classes to higher education and social advancement. As Benavente points out, in a society divided into social classes, the school is one of the agents that maintains and reproduces the class structure (Benavente, 1976, p. 16). This article is a case study of technical/vocational education in Portugal, and of its relation to class stratification and the technical needs of industry. To understand the reforms of the 1970s and 1980s, I will analyse some aspects of Salazar's educational reforms that subsequently led to the present political and educational reforms. Although the Portuguese student movement of the 1960s has been seen mainly as a political statement against the colonial wars in Africa, the dissatisfaction among educators at that time also had an impact on the students who fought for political and consequently educational reform. The 1974 revolution restored democracy to the country, and in January 1986 Portugal joined the European Community (EC). Debilitated by 13 years of colonial war (1961-1974), Portugal's pre-industrial infrastructures made it a poor competitor in the world market: over the last 18 years it has tried to overcome these barriers. This task has demanded tremendous effort from its people. As Emidio points out, Portugal suddenly finds itself setting off in pursuit of the other European countries in an attempt to make up for lost time, like an athlete who starts a race after the others (Emidio, 1988, p. 195). In this effort to catch up, therefore, any educational reform in Portugal must stress the technical and academic competencies which the country needs for its educational, industrial and technological development. Although most European educational systems have been very centralised, and thus undemocratic, since the Napoleonic era, Portugal today has one of the most democratically administered educational systems in Europe, allowing students, parents and teachers to participate in the decision-making process and schools policy development. As Ruben Cabral says: 'The democratic administration of the Portuguese schools is, theoretically, one of the most progressive systems found in the western world ...' (Cabral, 1989, p. 422). Education took a new direction in 1986, when the Portuguese parliament approved the Law on Basic Education (Ministry of Education, 1986) which sets guidelines for the entire educational system in Portugal. The implementation of

Tuberculosis surveillance and evaluation system in Portugal

Tuberculosis is an important public health problem in Portugal, so a new and improved computerized programme for the surveillance and evaluation of tuberculosis data was set up to obtain more precise information of relevant epidemiological indices, besides helping clinicians and regional coordinators to evaluate the local situation, such as clinical features, results of treatment and surveillance of failures and abscondings. Data stored on the computer is described in detail. The evolution of the incidence of tuberculosis is presented, together with more detailed figures for 1990. These figures were obtained with the former, cruder process. The present system is now being deployed and checked, after 1 year's trial and evaluation by some of its users. Its results will be presented in a future publication.

Contemporary Portugal: The Revolution and Its Antecedents

* Foreword * Acknowledgments * Introduction (Harry M. Makler and Lawrence S. Graham) *1. d'Exception That Became the Rule: Forty-Eight Years of Authoritarian Domination in Portugal (Philippe C. Schmitter) *2. Evolution of Portuguese Corporatism under Salazar and Caetano (Manuel De Lucena) *3. Corporatist Tradition and the Corporative System in Portugal: Structured, Evolving, Transcended, Persistent (Howard J. Wiarda) *4. Portuguese Industrial Elite and Its Corporative Relations: A Study of Compartmentalization in an Authoritarian Regime (Harry M. Makler) *5. Peasants and Politics in Salazar's Portugal: Corporate State and Village Nonpolitics (Joyce Firstenberg Riegelhaupt) *6. Military and the Portuguese Dictatorship, 1926-1974: The Honor of the Army (Douglas L. Wheeler) *7. Military in Politics: Politicization of the Portuguese Armed Forces (Lawrence S. Graham) *8. Electoral Behavior and Political Militancy (John L. Hammond) *9. Emigration and Its Implications for the Revolution in Northern Portugal (Caroline B. Brettell) *10. Analysis and Projection of Macroeconomic Conditions in Portugal (Rudiger Dornbusch, Richard S. Eckaus, and Lance Taylor) *11. Present Economic Situation: Its Origins and Prospects (Mario Murteira) * Epilogue (Stanley G. Payne) * Appendix

On Tylostoma , a proposed Genus of Gasteropodous Mollusks

Among the organic remains of the beds belonging to the cretaceous system in Portugal are many casts of univalve shells, which have certain common characters entitling them to be classed together and distinguishing them from any described genus. Few of the specimens found retain any portion of the shell, and in no instance was I fortunate enough to find the shell perfectly preserved, so that the specific descriptions are necessarily imperfect; but there are among them materials to show the generic characters nearly complete. These shells are either globose or ovate, with a spire of moderate elevation, and resembling in form either the Globiconchae or certain Naticae and Phasianellae . The surface is nearly smooth. The mouth is nearly semilunate, with the lips united in a regular curve anteriorly and meeting above at a sharp angle. The outer lip is thickened internally by a callosity which reaches along its whole extent, and which, in some of the species, is slightly toothed : this internal callosity is repeated at regular intervals, which differ according to the species, the most frequent repetition being twice, and the most distant being once in a volution. The inner lip is expanded over the body-whorl, and almost conceals the columella, which is probably solid. At the periods of forming the internal callosity, the form of the mouth is temporarily modified by the outer lip being somewhat constricted, and by the aperture being lengthened at its upper extremity by a gradual rising of the upper edge of the