System In Mongolia Research Articles

The socio-economic transition and health professions education in Mongolia: a qualitative study

BackgroundFormer socialist countries have undergone a socio-economic transition in recent decades. New challenges for the healthcare system have arisen in the transition economy, leading to demands for better management and development of the health professions. However, few studies have explored the effects of this transition on health professions education. Thus, we investigated the effects of the socio-economic transition on the health professions education system in Mongolia, a transition economy country, and to identify changes in requirements.MethodsWe used a multi-level perspective to explore the effects of the transition, including the input, process, and output levels of the health professions education system. The input level refers to planning and management, the process level refers to the actual delivery of educational services, and the output level refers to issues related to the health professionals, produced by the system. This study utilized a qualitative research design, including document review and interviews with local representatives. Content analysis and the constant comparative method were used for data analysis.ResultsWe explored tensions in the three levels of the health professions education system. First, medical schools attained academic authority for planning and management without proper regulation and financial support. The government sets tuition fees, which are the only financial resource of medical schools; thus, medical schools attempt to enroll more students in order to adapt to the market environment. Second, the quality of educational services varies across institutions due to the absence of a core curriculum and differences in the learning environment. After the transition, the number of private medical schools rapidly increased without quality control, while hospitals started their own specialized training programs. Third, health professionals are struggling to maintain their professional values and development in the market environment. Fixed salaries lead to a lack of motivation, and quality evaluation measures more likely reflect government control than quality improvement.ConclusionsMongolia continues to face the consequences of the socio-economic transition. Medical schools’ lack of financial authority, the varying quality of educational services, and poor professional development are the major adverse effects. Finding external financial support, developing a core curriculum, and reforming a payment system are recommended.

Effects of biomass burning on chlorophyll-a concentration and particulate organic carbon in the subarctic North Pacific Ocean based on satellite observations and WRF-Chem model simulations: A case study

In recent years, the impact of aerosols on marine ecology has received increasing attention. However, the research on this aspect mainly focuses on the aspect of dust aerosols. As an important source of dissolved iron (Fe) and carbon in the ocean, biomass burning aerosol deposition has an extremely important impact on Marine ecosystem. In this study, a forest fire episode was investigated using satellite observations and the WRF-Chem model from 23 to 26 April 2014. Particular attention was paid to the biomass burning effects on the particulate organic carbon (POC) and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration in the subarctic North Pacific Ocean (SNPO). The geopotential height and CALIPSO results indicated that smoke (biomass burning) aerosols were transported from Northeast Asia to the SNPO in 2 days with the effect of a low-pressure system in Mongolia. The WRF-Chem model also confirmed that CO spread southeastward and reached the SNPO in two days. Wet deposition of smoke aerosols occurred over the research region (RR) (40°-50°N, 150°-160°E) in the SNPO from 25 to 26 April 2014, and both the Chl-a concentration and POC over the RR increased nearly five times one day after the deposition of smoke aerosols. These significant increases were one order of magnitude higher than those that occurred in response to the dust episode, and the time delay was also shorter. This result indicates that smoke aerosols emitted by biomass burning lead to an increase in phytoplankton and POC once deposited and dissolved in the surface ocean, biomass burning emissions may have a more important effect in marine productivity and even ocean carbon cycles for some high nutrient and low chlorophyll (HNLC) regions compared with dust aerosols.

Gas transportation system development in Mongolia under gas prices uncertainty

The paper analyses the stability of a solution to a problem of gas transportation system development in terms of gas import prices. The object of the study is a future gas transportation system in Mongolia. The employed tools are based on an original optimization problem, which is aimed to support decision-making process when choosing capacity, location, and time for investments in gas infrastructure. Different scenarios of gas import prices are considered for Mongolia. A stable solution is defined as the solution that is included in the optimal plans for every scenario. A multi-criteria approach is proposed to expanding the area of stable solutions. In conclusion, the priority areas of gas transportation system development in Mongolia are highlighted.

A novel framework for integration analysis of large-scale photovoltaic plants into weak grids

Developing countries can deploy large-scale photovoltaic (PV) plants extensively for supplying their rapidly growing electricity demand as PV plants are becoming more cost competitive. However, weak power grids are predominant in these emerging economies. Prior to integrating new PV plants into weak grids, the impacts of such plants on steady-state voltages of the grid should be studied comprehensively, and accurate energy analysis undertaken as part of the economic assessment of the plants. This study proposes a novel framework that uses distinct generation profiles for integration analysis of large-scale PV plants into weak grids. A probable maximum generation (PMG) profile based on clear-sky radiation is suggested for voltage evaluation while an average generation (AG) profile based on average radiation is used for energy analysis. The case study examined large-scale PV plant integration into one of the regional power systems in Mongolia. Load flow analysis was carried out every hour for a full year on a simplified 15-bus case network for 5, 10, 15 and 20 MW PV plant integration scenarios. Application of the PMG profile provided a more robust evaluation of the PV plants’ impact on the voltage profile of a weak grid and resulted in between 1032 and 16,011 possible voltage violations in the integration scenarios, while the AG profile resulted in 75 to 11,059 violations. Conversely, the AG profile outperformed the PMG profile for energy analysis, and total annual generations of PV plants were 7.4 to 29.7 GWh for the case study. The PMG profile overestimated the total annual PV generations by about 51%. The results show the proposed framework could help to improve the assessment of PV plant integration into weak grids by providing robust voltage and accurate energy estimations.

О развитии электронной судебной системы Монголии

This article is devoted to the study of materials on the development of the electronic judicial system in Mongolia. It was revealed that there is an urgent need in the country to expand the range of public services provided to citizens in electronic form by using smart devices, regardless of the time and place of their location. It is noted that a number of issues related to the quality and timeliness of the implementation of e-justice, the timing of legal proceedings, insufficient awareness of citizens about the activities of the judicial system, unsatisfactory work of the courts, etc., are in the development stage.

Call and Response: SEM President’s Roundtable 2018, “Humanities’ Responses to the Anthropocene”

Call and Response: SEM President’s Roundtable 2018, “Humanities’ Responses to the Anthropocene”

Theoretical Approaches and Practical Assessment of Socio-Economic Effects of Desertification in Mongolia.

In this paper, we consider the effects of desertification in Mongolia, where the area of degraded land has increased significantly in the recent decade. Currently, almost the entire territory of the country is subject to varying degrees of degradation. The intensity of the desertification processes in different natural zones is influenced by both natural climatic and anthropogenic factors. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of desertification on environmental and socio-economic living conditions, as well as on living standards of the local population. In this work, for the first time, the socio-economic aspects of desertification have been studied on a common methodological basis in different Mongolian aimags over a ten-year period. In order to carry out in-depth research, we used the submeridional and sublatitudinal principles for selecting the model study areas, as well as specific criteria and expert assessment. We used a sociological survey as the main method, based on a designed questionnaire, which was translated into Mongolian. The questionnaire includes questions regarding the influence of desertification on traditional nomadic farming, health of family members, water supply of households, water quality, living standards, etc. The results of the sociological surveys made it possible to draw conclusions on the impact of desertification on households, to identify the main problems of local people, and to describe the dynamics of the socio-economic status of the population living in the model areas. Our studies have demonstrated the intensification of the impact of desertification processes in different natural zones, administrative-territorial units and settlement systems in Mongolia.

Prospects and problems of intellectualization of electric power systems in Mongolia

Status and prospects of electric power systems (EPSs) development in Mongolia are presented. Directions and peculiarities of EPS intellectualization activity in centralized and local RPSs are suggested.

Improvement of Mongolian Height System Using a Satellite Technology

In recent years, development of a proper country-specific height system has become a major challenge for the scholars and specialists working in the field of geodesy. The National Geodetic Services of many countries are trying to establish a new system that can provide the customers and decision-makers with high accuracy basic geodetic data obtained by modern satellite measurements. Although, Mongolia has a long tradition with geodesy and land surveying, the country still lacks a refined height system that can be effectively used for mapping and other purposes. In the present study, we tried to solve the problem related to the Mongolian height system using of a modern satellite technology. The research had some very important results: 1) evaluation of the main height network and height system of Mongolia, 2) development of a new method for calculating the normal height system in Mongolia, and 3) creation of the height unified system by considering surface potential of the global ellipsoidal level as normal.

Education and University Admission System in Mongolia and Political Implications

〔연구목적〕본 연구의 목적은 몽골의 교육 및 대학입학제도를 살펴보고 그 정책적 시사점을 제시하는 것이다. 〔연구방법〕몽골에 대한 선행연구, 관련자료, 웹사이트 자료 등을 수집․분석하 였다. 〔연구결과〕첫째, 몽골의 교육 및 대학입학제도의 변천은 정치적 변천과 매우 관련이 깊다. 둘째, 몽골의 교육 담당 중앙 부처는 1924년 교육부이었으나 현재는 교육․문화․과학․체육부이다. 이 부처는 몽골의 교육관련 법률, 교육의 기본방 향, 교육기본규칙, 평가 및 감독 등에 관한 권한을 가지고 있으므로 몽골의 교육은 중앙집권적인 성격이 강하다. 셋째, 몽골의 교육제도 변천은 크게 3단계(근대 학교의 태동, 사회주의 교육체제의 발달, 시장경제 교육체제)로 나누어 볼 수 있다. 넷째, 몽골의 대학입학제도 변천은 1940년 이후 크게 6단계(사회주의 체제 하의 대학입학제도, 대학별 입학시험제도, 지역할당제도, 고등학교 선발제도와 지역할당제도 병행제, 민주화 이후의 대학입학제도, 현재)로 나눌 수 있다. 〔결론〕주요 결과에 대한 논의 및 교육정책적 시사점 등이 제시되었다.[Purpose] The purpose of the study is to explore the education and university admission system of Mongolia and provide it’s political implications. [Methods] For this, the study collected and analyzed previous studies, relevant materials, and website materials, and so on about Mongolia. [Results] Main results are as follows. First, the change of the education and university admission system of Mongolia is deeply related to political change. Second, the central office in charge of education was ministry of education in 1924, but now is ministry of education․culture․science․ athletic. The ministry has some authorities about Mongolian educationrelated law, educational basic directions, educational basic rules, evaluation and supervision, and so on. Therefore, Mongolian education is strong centralization. Third, the change of Mongolian educational system can divide into three stages(birth of modern school, development of socialism educational system, and market economy educational system). Fourth, the change of Mongolian university admission system since 1940 can divide into six stages(university admission system under socialism system, admission test system by university, area allocation system, the parallel of high school selection system and area allocation system, university admission system since democratization, and now). [Conclusion] Some discussions and educational political implications about the main results are provided.

Primary tumors of the central nervous system in Mongolia

Primary tumors of the central nervous system in Mongolia

Organization of Post-Stroke Rehabilitation Services: Changes between 2013 and 2018 in Services Provided by Health System in Mongolia

Objectives: Stroke related disabilities significantly decrease patients’ quality of life and post-stroke rehabilitation service is essential. Therefore, we studied post-stroke rehabilitation services and facilities provided in Mongolia between 2013 and 2018. Methods: A longitudinal study was performed in a total of 47 Mongolian hospitals that provide stroke rehabilitation services. A questionnaire regarding the organizational structure of rehabilitation units, equipment used, human resources, and adherence to recommended guidelines was developed and administered to specialists in these hospitals. Results: We recruited 47 (89%) out of 50 and 47 (94%) out of 53 hospitals delivering stroke rehabilitation service in 2013 and 2018 respectively. 25-34% of these hospitals provided post-stroke rehabilitation, with the majority being incapable of providing multidisciplinary team rehabilitation. The number of physiatrists and physical therapists increased significantly from 2013 to 2018 (p<.001) although the number of physical (p<.002) and occupational therapists (p<.001) was significantly lower in the rural areas. Utilization of Functional independence measures, namely, the Barthel index and modified Rankin scales were increased in 2018 compared to 2013. Conclusion: The majority of post-stroke rehabilitation services are not improved since 2013. Consistent national programs and policies are required to provide adherence to post-stroke rehabilitation guideline recommendations and implementation in clinical practice.

Legislation and policy changes for Tuberculosis Surveillance in Mongolia: A qualitative analysis

ObjectiveIn order to track progress towards TB goals, we investigated the legal framework for disease surveillance, specifically policy changes for TB surveillance in Mongolia during the MDGs and the SDGs era.IntroductionMongolia is one of countries in the WHO Western Pacific Region with a high TB burden. The National Stop TB Strategy 2010-2015 implemented and developed strong surveillance and response system in the country. However, new TB incidence and deaths have not decreased significantly.Political commitment is critical for effective TB surveillance and that commitment can be demonstrated by a country’s legal framework, which governs the practice of prevention and control. Therefore, this study is aimed at investigating the legal underpinnings for disease surveillance to help identify what policy changes have occurred in Tuberculosis surveillance.MethodsWe conducted a literature review that included government strategy, programme guidelines and procedures, to examine the overall disease surveillance system in Mongolia, and used a framework analysis to investigate operation of the TB surveillance system (CDC 2001 guideline). First, nine of core functions and six of support functions for the TB surveillance system were placed on the Y axis, and the national TB strategies, programme, guidelines and procedures were placed on the X axis. Next, the strategies, programme, guidelines and procedures were unpacked and allocated to cells based on whether they were consistent with the essential functions of the surveillance system. These data points were then used to develop a matrix to enable understanding of correspondence and changes between the legal documents during MDGs to SDGs.ResultsResult 1. Mongolia has an Emerging Disease Surveillance and Response unit and A National Centre for Communicable Disease responsible for implementing the International Health Regulations in the country. The legal framework for the surveillance system was updated regularly and overall, 11 legal instruments were identified.Result 2. However, currently there is no specific national TB strategy since 2015. Recently, National Programme of Prevention and Control on Communicable disease 2017-2020 and Guidelines for TB Care 2017 were approved. The result of framework analysis shows that during MDGs era, the legal documents had weaknesses that were related to “feedback” from the core and “training and resources” from the support functions. On other hand, the weaknesses of the legal documents for SDGs were related to “outbreak preparedness and response” from the core and “training and supervision” from the support functions.ConclusionsThere is an urgency to update the legal framework to enable a comprehensive strategy specifically for TB surveillance nationwide. Also, additional studies should be done continuously and should incorporate other parts of the assessment, including co-ordination, laboratories,to help determine the factors that influence the overall structure of Tuberculosis surveillance in the country.

Assessment of laboratory system in Mongolia

Assessment of laboratory system in Mongolia

Evaluation of a phased pneumococcal conjugate vaccine introduction in Mongolia using enhanced pneumonia surveillance and community carriage surveys: a study protocol for a prospective observational study and lessons learned

BackgroundStreptococcus pneumoniae causes substantial morbidity and mortality among children. The introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV) has the potential to dramatically reduce disease burden. As with any vaccine, it is important to evaluate PCV impact, to help guide decision-making and resource-allocation. Measuring PCV impact can be complex, particularly to measure impact on one of the most common and significant diseases caused by the pneumococcus, namely pneumonia. Here we outline the protocol developed to evaluate the impact of 13-valent PCV (PCV13) on childhood pneumonia in Mongolia, and a number of lessons learned in implementing the evaluation that may be helpful to other countries seeking to undertake pneumonia surveillance.MethodsFrom 2016 PCV13 was introduced in a phased manner into the routine immunisation programme with some catch-up by the Government of Mongolia. We designed an evaluation to measure vaccine impact in children aged 2–59 months with hospitalised radiological pneumonia as a primary outcome, with secondary objectives to measure impact on clinically-defined pneumonia, nasopharyngeal carriage of S. pneumoniae among pneumonia patients and in the community, and severe respiratory infection associated with RSV and/or influenza. We enhanced an existing hospital-based pneumonia surveillance system by incorporating additional study components (nasopharyngeal swabbing using standard methods, C-reactive protein, risk factor assessment) and strengthening clinical practices, such as radiology as well as monitoring and training. We conducted cross-sectional community carriage surveys to provide data on impact on carriage among healthy children.DiscussionEstablishing a robust surveillance system is an important component of monitoring the impact of PCV within a country. The enhanced surveillance system in Mongolia will facilitate assessment of PCV13 impact on pneumonia, with radiological confirmed disease as the primary outcome. Key lessons arising from this evaluation have included the importance of establishing a core group of in-country staff to be responsible for surveillance activities and to work closely with this team; to be aware of external factors that could potentially influence disease burden estimates; to be flexible in data collection processes to respond to changing circumstances and lastly to ensure a consistent application of the pneumonia surveillance case definition throughout the study period.

체제 전환기 몽골의 경제와 계층 변동

In order to political stability and strengthen capitalist market economy system in Mongolia, it’s necessary to figure out causes of the problem at the process of change of the economic structure and emergence process of the capitalist in the period of system transformation.<BR> From the feudal society through socialism to the capitalism, figure out the changing process of the sector of Mongolian economy and analyzing the process of emergence of vested interests. Then the way to develop of Mongolian democracy and market economy system. In addition, it is possible to figure out the background and characteristics of the Mongolian capitalist which is different from other transition countries.<BR> The opportunity class mobility in Mongolia is still opened and it serves as an incentive to give dynamism to society, but at the same time it reveal that limitations to overcome. <BR> In order to develop democracy and market economy, it is necessary to Institutional improvement which based upon social consensus in Mongolia.

Issues of developing land right registration in Mongolia

Land right registration and cadastre have been limited to develop cadastral registration systems in Mongolia. It is related to a lack of cooperation among state organizations that are five major organization conducting in land and property registration, and non-unified system of data exchange, capturing, control and monitoring in the land registration system in Mongolia. The five state organizations have different land right registration and the cadastral database to record land right and property using the distinct software. But also essential information to register land right is insufficient the database of land right, and have not recorded the database. The results indicated that the parcel number and numbering system is four different types in one organization for the land right registration system.

Characteristics of Hospitals That Adopt Hospital Information Systems in Mongolia And Its Impact on Patient Safety and Quality of Care

Objectives: Our objective was to determine the relationship between the adoption of hospital information system (HIS) in Mongolian tertiary and secondary care hospitals and the hospital’s organizational &amp; geographical characteristics, its impact on patient safety &amp; quality of healthcare. Methods: This wasa cross sectional study involving the executive directors and 39 quality managersat 39 hospitals. Data werecollected using questionnaire to determine the adoption rate of HIS and their hospital’s organizational &amp; geographical characteristics. Results: The adoption of HIS signifi cantly affected by hospital size, ownership type, health maintenance organization penetration, and hospital location (urban versus rural). The adoption of HIS was found to partially impactpatient safety and quality of healthcare outcomes. Conclusion: In terms of theoretical implications, this study confi rms that hospital organizational &amp; geographical characteristics (structure) impact the adoption of HIS (process) which in turn affects healthcare outcomes (outcome). These fi nding validate Avedis Donabedian’s “Structure-Process-Outcome” model. The present fi ndings also confi rm that hospitals with these structural attributes adopted more technologies.

Comparative Analysis of Education System Between Mongolia and South Korea Focusing on Elementary and Secondary Schools

이 연구는 몽골과 한국의 교육적 교류를 발전시키는데 필요한 기초 자료를 확보하기 위한 목적으로 몽골과 한국의 교육제도를 비교&#61598; 분석한 연구다. 연구를 위해 두 나라의 교육 관련 문헌 자료를 조사하여 비교했다. 먼저 몽골과 한국 사회의 역사적인 변천과정에서 교육 제도가 어떻게 변화되어 왔는지를 알아보았고, 두 나라의 현행 교육 제도를 분석하여 비교해 보았으며, 향후 양국의 교육 제도 개선에 대한 시사점을 도출하였다. 연구 결과, 몽골 교육은 구소련식 교육 제도로부터 영향을 받아 발전해왔고, 한국 교육은 미국식 교육 제도로부터 영향을 받아 오늘날까지 발전해 왔다. 몽골과 한국의 현행 학제도 각각 5-4-3제와 6-3-3제로 차이가 있었다. 학교 운영 방식도 단일형 학교 제도를 근간으로 하는 한국과는 달리 인구 밀도가 낮은 몽골은 통합형 학교 제도로 운영하고 있었다. 교육과정 편성 및 운영시간에서도 차이가 나타났는데, 몽골이 한국보다 연간 수업시수가 더 적었다. 연구 결과들은 기존에 한국에 많이 소개된 바 없는 몽골의 교육 제도에 관한 정보를 한국에 제공해 줄 것이며, 몽골에는 향후 교육 제도의 개선을 위한 참고 자료가 될 것이다.The purpose of this study is to acquire basic data necessary for developing educational exchanges between Mongolia and Korea by comparing educational system between Mongolia and Korea. For the study, we compared the educational documents of the two countries. The contents of the study first examined how the educational system has changed in the historical process of Mongolia and Korean society. The current educational system of the two countries is analyzed and compared. And suggested implications for the improvement of education system in both countries in the future. As results, Mongolia has been influenced by the Soviet education system and Korea by the American educational system and has evolved to this day. There were differences in the current academic system between Mongolia and Korea, which were 5-4-3 and 6-3-3 respectively. Unlike in Korea, where the school system is based on a single school management system, Mongolia, which has a low population density, operates as an integrated school system. There was a difference between the two countries in terms of curriculum organization and operation time. Mongolia had less lessons per year than Korea. The results of this study will provide information on the educational system in Mongolia that has not been widely introduced in Korea and will be provided as a reference material for future improvement of education system in Mongolia.

Impact of land uses on heavy metal distribution in the Selenga River system in Mongolia

The Selenga River contributes to 50% of the total inflow to Lake Baikal. Large tracts of the Selenga River Basin have been developed for industry, urbanization, mining, and agriculture, resulting in the release of suspended solids (SS) that affect downstream water quality and primary productivity. This study addressed SS as the main factor controlling pollutant transport and the primary indicator of land degradation in the Selenga River system. Tributaries with larger areas dedicated to agricultural use had higher SS concentrations, reaching 862 mg L−1, especially during the high runoff and intensive cultivation season. Although the large SS flux was detected in the main river, the small tributaries were distinguished by high SS concentrations. The high SS concentration corresponded to widespread development in the watershed. Watersheds with high potential of SS release are sensitive to intensive land uses. SS in the river system had a constant elemental composition consisting mainly of Fe and Al oxides, indicating that surface soils were major constituents of the tributary SS. Three minor heavy metals (Zn, Cu, and Cr) appeared in high concentrations downstream of urban and mining areas (two- to sixfold increases), indicating that these contaminants are carried by SS. At two tributary junctions, the concentration of contaminants on the SS decreased due to a large influx of SS with low heavy metal contents. Changes in electric conductivity and pH at downstream of tributary junctions enhanced the sedimentation of SS and the removal of contaminants from the water phase after aggregation of the SS. Land use changes in the tributary watersheds are major controlling factors for the fate of contaminants in the river system.