Distribution Of System Research Articles

Does Community Cohesion Present Challenges for Social Protection Programs? Case of the Program of Subsidized Rice for the Poor in Purbalingga District

This study aims to explore the potential linkage of cohesiveness with the problems of distribution inaccuracy of social protection programs in Indonesia. It will focus on the program of subsidized rice for the poor, with a case study in Purbalingga district. Through qualitative and descriptive statistic methods, this study presents the existence of conceptual and empirical linkage of cohesiveness with distribution inaccuracy. Community cohesiveness present challenges for the top-down nature of program design and implementation. Preserving cohesiveness has been the main justification of almost al actors in doing equal distribution of the program. Solution for this problem will depend on government willingness to initiate community based targeting system, involving community and local leaders in enlistment and distribution of the program through deliberation system.

Dynamic bounds on stochastic chemical kinetic systems using semidefinite programming.

Applying the method of moments to the chemical master equation appearing in stochastic chemical kinetics often leads to the so-called closure problem. Recently, several authors showed that this problem can be partially overcome using moment-based semidefinite programs (SDPs). In particular, they showed that moment-based SDPs can be used to calculate rigorous bounds on various descriptions of the stochastic chemical kinetic system's stationary distribution(s)-for example, mean molecular counts, variances in these counts, and so on. In this paper, we show that these ideas can be extended to the corresponding dynamic problem, calculating time-varying bounds on the same descriptions.

Application of a combined approach including contamination indexes, geographic information system and multivariate statistical models in levels, distribution and sources study of metals in soils in Northern China.

The purpose of this study is to recognize the contamination characteristics of trace metals in soils and apportion their potential sources in Northern China to provide a scientific basis for basic of soil environment management and pollution control. The data set of metals for 12 elements in surface soil samples was collected. The enrichment factor and geoaccumulation index were used to identify the general geochemical characteristics of trace metals in soils. The UNMIX and positive matrix factorizations (PMF) models were comparatively applied to apportion their potential sources. Furthermore, geostatistical tools were used to study the spatial distribution of pollution characteristics and to identify the affected regions of sources that were derived from apportionment models. The soils were contaminated by Cd, Hg, Pb and Zn to varying degree. Industrial activities, agricultural activities and natural sources were identified as the potential sources determining the contents of trace metals in soils with contributions of 24.8%–24.9%, 33.3%–37.2% and 38.0%–41.8%, respectively. The slightly different results obtained from UNMIX and PMF might be caused by the estimations of uncertainty and different algorithms within the models.

リサイクル流通における社会システムとＮＰＯ・社会的企業・社会的資本について (2) --社会的経済領域の形成と市場と非市場の連携に関連して--

リサイクル流通における社会システムとＮＰＯ・社会的企業・社会的資本について (2) --社会的経済領域の形成と市場と非市場の連携に関連して--

Analysis on epidemiological and temporal-spatial distribution characteristics of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Shandong province, 2010-2016

Objective: To analyze the epidemiological and temporal-spatial distribution characteristics of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Shandong province during 2010-2016 and provide references for developing prevention and control measures. Methods: Based on the data of Infectious Disease Reporting Information System in China, the incidence and temporal-spatial distribution of HFRS in Shandong from 2010 to 2016 were analyzed by spatial autocorrelation and space-time scan statistics. Results: A total of 9 114 HFRS cases were reported in Shandong during this period. The cases were mainly distributed in age group 30-70 years, and the male to female ratio of the cases was 2.63 ∶ 1. Most cases were farmers. The higher incidence rate was reported in southeastern Shandong, while the lower incidence rate was reported in northwestern Shandong. Among the epidemic periods, the highest incidence rate was 1.87/100 000 in 2013. The results of spatial autocorrelation and space-time scanning indicated that the high-high clusters of HFRS were concentrated in southeastern Shandong and then spread to central Shandong. The cluster mainly occurred from the end of 2011 to the first half of 2015. Both the incidence rate and the cluster decreased in 2016. Conclusions: The epidemic and cluster of HFRS still existed in Shandong from 2010 to 2016. The key areas for the prevention and control of HFRS were in southeastern and central Shandong.

Identifying Particle Correlations in Quantum Hall Regime

AbstractWe introduce a method that allows the disclosure of correlations between particle positions in an arbitrary many‐body system. The method is based on a well‐known simulated annealing algorithm and the proposed artificial distribution technique. Additionally, we investigate correlations in quantum Hall liquids (we consider many‐body wave functions that have been recently determined via the cyclotron subgroup model) and present three‐dimensional plots of configuration probability distributions that have been established from numerical simulations. We demonstrate that the preferred simultaneous positions of particles (configurations of positions, which correspond to large values of a system's probability distribution, ) tend to form complicated geometric structures, which are equivalent to classical Wigner crystals only for Laughlin states. Furthermore, we claim that quantum Hall liquids attributed to non‐Laughlin fillings are correlated on subdomains rather than on a whole particle domain (due to a quantizing magnetic field, which modifies the topology of a system's dynamics). Finally, we characterize Hall‐like internal orders in terms of statistical correlations (one‐dimensional unitary representations of cyclotron subgroups). Our conclusions concerning the stability of many‐body states agree with transport measurements and various numerical studies.

Unit Commitment Incorporating Spatial Distribution Control of Air Pollutant Dispersion

Air pollution problems are attracting increasing attention, especially among the developing countries with frequent haze events. Renewable energy sources such as wind power are expected to help relieve such environmental concerns. However, air pollution issues under such a changing energy structure receive inadequate attention. Mostly, constraints for total pollutant emissions are considered in unit commitment (UC) and economic dispatch problems. In this paper, we propose a UC model with wind power that considers the dispersion of air pollutants. The dispersion process is described by models involving meteorological conditions and the system's geographical distribution, to estimate the spatial distribution of air pollutants, i.e., the concentration of ground-level air pollutants at monitored locations, such as load centers. A penalty cost is introduced based on this estimation. Particulate matter 2.5 μm or less in diameter, the major air pollutant concerning most developing countries, is selected as the focus of this paper. To properly estimate and sufficiently utilize the benefits of wind power for air pollutant dispersion control, robust optimization is applied to accommodate wind power uncertainty. Case studies justify this consideration of air pollutant dispersion, and demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model for improving load centers' air pollution control and utilizing wind power benefits.

Effect of dissolved polyunsaturated aldehydes on the size distribution of transparent exopolymeric particles in an experimental diatom bloom

Diatoms constitute a widespread group of phytoplanktonic species that thrive in coastal waters and produce episodical blooms. During these blooms, these diatoms release several organic compounds into the environment. Two types of organic molecules released by diatoms are the polyunsaturated aldehydes (PUA) and exopolymeric substances (EPS). EPS can spontaneously form particles called transparent exopolymeric particles (TEP). Spatial and temporal distributions of both, PUA and TEP, are linked to phytoplankton abundance, and peaks of both have been reported after diatom bloom episodes in the photic zone. For the first time, we have inferred interactions between both kinds of compounds by analyzing the effects of a mix of dissolved PUA (heptadienal, octadienal and decadienal) on TEP production in experimental microcosms. Our results show that the presence of dissolved PUA significantly increased TEP size and generated larger aggregates (>200 μm) towards the end of the bloom period, probably by increasing TEP stickiness. Since TEP production in nature enhances particle aggregation and carbon export from euphotic to deeper zones in aquatic ecosystems, this could imply important effects on the vertical flow of materials in the pelagic system and changes in the size distribution of available food particles after bloom events of PUA-producer species.

Kati Marton, True Believer: Stalin's Last American Spy. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2016. 289 pp. $27.00

Kati Marton, <i>True Believer: Stalin's Last American Spy</i>. New York: Simon &amp; Schuster, 2016. 289 pp. $27.00

Disturbances of sleep and circadian rhythms: novel risk factors for obesity.

The purpose of this review is to summarize recent developments linking disturbances of sleep and circadian rhythms to an increased risk for obesity, and to review novel research on potential countermeasures. Effective treatments for obesity are limited, with long-term adherence to lifestyle changes proving difficult to maintain. Identifying new preventive strategies based on modifiable risk factors is therefore imperative in the fight against obesity. Disturbances of sleep and circadian rhythms have an adverse impact on food choices, hunger and appetite, and have lifelong deleterious metabolic consequences when they occur during childhood and early adulthood. The upregulation of the endocannabinoid system and abnormalities in the temporal distribution of caloric intake were recently implicated in the link between sleep loss and obesity risk. In addition, alterations in circadian variation in the composition and functionality of the gut microbiome have been identified as potential contributors to metabolic dysfunction during jet lag and shift work. Insufficient sleep and circadian misalignment are thus new modifiable risk factors for obesity. Emerging evidence suggests that novel countermeasures, such as manipulations of the timing of food intake, may be effective strategies in the prevention of obesity. Four important findings are briefly reviewed: disturbances of sleep and circadian rhythms in children and young adults are risk factors for the development of lifelong obesity; circadian misalignment, as occurs in shift work, has an adverse impact on energy balance and increases the risk of weight gain; the endocannabinoid system, an important regulator of hedonic feeding, could be a potential link between sleep, circadian rhythms, and feeding behavior; and disturbances of the circadian variation in composition of the gut microbiome may be involved in the increased risk of obesity associated with insufficient sleep and circadian misalignment.

Projecting ADME Behavior and Drug-Drug Interactions in Early Discovery and Development: Application of the Extended Clearance Classification System.

To assess the utility of Extended Clearance Classification System (ECCS) in understanding absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME) attributes and enabling victim drug-drug interaction (DDI) predictions. A database of 368 drugs with relevant ADME parameters, main metabolizing enzymes, uptake transporters, efflux transporters, and highest change in exposure (%AUC) in presence of inhibitors was developed using published literature. Drugs were characterized according to ECCS using ionization, molecular weight and estimated permeability. Analyses suggested that ECCS class 1A drugs are well absorbed and systemic clearance is determined by metabolism mediated by CYP2C, esterases, and UGTs. For class 1B drugs, oral absorption is high and the predominant clearance mechanism is hepatic uptake mediated by OATP transporters. High permeability neutral/basic drugs (class 2) showed high oral absorption, with metabolism mediated generally by CYP3A, CYP2D6 and UGTs as the predominant clearance mechanism. Class 3A/4 drugs showed moderate absorption with dominant renal clearance involving OAT/OCT2 transporters. Class 3B drugs showed low to moderate absorption with hepatic uptake (OATPs) and/or renal clearance as primary clearance mechanisms. The highest DDI risk is typically seen with class 2/1B/3B compounds manifested by inhibition of either CYP metabolism or active hepatic uptake. Class 2 showed a wider range in AUC change likely due to a variety of enzymes involved. DDI risk for class 3A/4 is small and associated with inhibition of renal transporters. ECCS provides a framework to project ADME profiles and further enables prediction of victim DDI liabilities in drug discovery and development.

Effect of Zr doping on the electrical and optical properties of ZnO

Within 0.02083–0.04167 Zr doping amount, there are contradictory reports on the experimental results of ZnO doping system in absorption spectrum distribution. However, there is no reasonable theoretical explanation until now. To solve this problem, density functional theory-based generalized gradient approximation plane wave ultra-soft pseudopotential GGA+U method is utilized in this paper and the first-principles are adopted to construct the supercell models with three different doping amounts, Zn0.97917Zr0.02083O, Zn0.96875Zr0.03125O and Zn0.95833Zr0.04167O. On the basis of geometrical optimization of all the models, band structure distribution, density of states distribution and absorption spectrum distribution are calculated and the calculation results show that within the limited doping amount, the higher the Zr doping amount is, the higher the doping system volume is, the higher the total energy is, the lower the system stability is, the higher the formation energy is, and the more difficult doping is. With all the doping systems converted into n-type degenerate semiconductor, the wider the doping system band gap is, the more significant the absorption spectrum blueshift is, the lower the absorption intensity is, the higher the electronic effective mass is, the higher the electronic concentration is, the lower the electronic mobility is, the higher the electronic conductivity is, and the more significant the doping system conductivity is. The calculation results and the experiment results are consistent.

Functional integral derivation of the kinetic equation of two-dimensional point vortices

We present a brief derivation of the kinetic equation describing the secular evolution of point vortices in two-dimensional hydrodynamics, by relying on a functional integral formalism. We start from Liouville's equation which describes the exact dynamics of a two-dimensional system of point vortices. At the order 1/N, the evolution of the system is characterised by the first two equations of the BBGKY hierarchy involving the system's 1-body distribution function and its 2-body correlation function. Thanks to the introduction of auxiliary fields, these two evolution constraints may be rewritten as a functional integral. When functionally integrated over the 2-body correlation function, this rewriting leads to a new constraint coupling the 1-body distribution function and the two auxiliary fields. Once inverted, this constraint provides, through a new route, the closed non-linear kinetic equation satisfied by the 1-body distribution function. Such a method sheds new lights on the origin of these kinetic equations complementing the traditional derivation methods.

Keldysh field theory for nonequilibrium condensation in a parametrically pumped polariton system

We develop a quantum field theory for parametrically pumped polaritons using Keldysh Green's function techniques. By considering the mean-field and Gaussian fluctuations, we find that the low energy physics of the highly non-equilibrium phase transition to the optical parametric oscillator regime is in many ways similar to equilibrium condensation. In particular, we show that this phase transition can be associated with an effective chemical potential, at which the system's bosonic distribution function diverges, and an effective temperature. As in equilibrium systems, the transition is achieved by tuning this effective chemical potential to the energy of the lowest normal mode. Since the occupations of the modes are available, we determine experimentally observable properties, such as the luminescence and absorption spectra.

Physiologically based pharmacokinetic models of small molecules and therapeutic antibodies: a mini-review on fundamental concepts and applications.

The mechanisms of absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination of small and large molecule therapeutics differ significantly from one another and can be explored within the framework of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model. This paper briefly reviews fundamental approaches to PBPK modeling, in which drug kinetics within tissues and organs are explicitly represented using physiologically meaningful parameters. The differences in PBPK models applied to small/large molecule drugs are highlighted, thus elucidating differences in absorption, distribution and elimination properties between these two classes of drugs in a systematic manner. The absorption of small and large molecules differs with respect to their common extravascular routes of delivery (oral versus subcutaneous). The role of the lymphatic system in drug distribution, and the involvement of tissues as sites of elimination (through catabolism and target mediated drug disposition) are unique features of antibody distribution and elimination that differ from small molecules, which are commonly distributed into the tissues but are eliminated primarily by liver metabolism. Fundamental differences exist in the ability to predict human pharmacokinetics based upon preclinical data due to differing mechanisms governing small and large molecule disposition. These differences have influence on the evolving utilization of PBPK modeling in the discovery and development of small and large molecule therapeutics.

Analisa Penggunaan Superconducting Fault Current Limiter (SFCL) Untuk Melindungi Peralatan di PT Pindo Deli

Increas demand load and power capacity requirement at PT Pindo Deli then the short circuit current that occur will be greater. this can cause damage to electrical equipment located around the point of interrupting and resulting failure of the electrical system in power distribution. from the analysis of the three phase short circuit current 1/2 cycle seen that the bus 1 exceeds the peak breacing asimetry equipment. Where breacing peak bus asymetri 1 was 43.88 kA. While the peak of 3-phase short circuit on the bus 1 is 47.98 kA. To protect the equipment and the entire electrical system in PT Pindo Deli would require the use of Superconducting Fault Current Limiter (SFCL) that will be placed on buses that exceed or approach the critical point. There are two kinds of Superconducting Fault Current Limiter that type of resistive and saturated iron core. In this final project SFCL used is a hybrid resistive Superconducting Fault Current Limiting. By using a hybrid resistive SFCL then flow disturbance will quickly be reduced by utilizing the reactance of Current Limiting Reactor (CLR) that is connected parallel with superonductor So as to secure all the equipment and electrical systems of a total blackout. After determination of Superconducting Fault Current Limiter setting the overcurrent relay coordination to determine whether existing coordination setting in accordance with the conditions there. The coordination displayed using the curve Current Time Curve (TCC).

Social System in Recycle Distribution and NPO Social Enterprise Social Capital (3) --On Formation of Socio-Economy and Cooperation of Market and Nonmarket--

Social System in Recycle Distribution and NPO Social Enterprise Social Capital (3) --On Formation of Socio-Economy and Cooperation of Market and Nonmarket--

THE CIRCUMSTELLAR DISK OF THE Be STARoAQUARII AS CONSTRAINED BY SIMULTANEOUS SPECTROSCOPY AND OPTICAL INTERFEROMETRY

Omicron Aquarii is late-type, Be shell star with a stable and nearly symmetric H$\alpha$ emission line. We combine H$\alpha$ interferometric observations obtained with the Navy Precision Optical Interferometer (NPOI) covering 2007 through 2014 with H$\alpha$ spectroscopic observations over the same period and a 2008 observation of the system's near-infrared spectral energy distribution to constrain the properties of $o$~Aqr's circumstellar disk. All observations are consistent with a circumstellar disk seen at an inclination of $75\pm\,3^{\circ}$ with a position angle on the sky of $110\pm\,8^{\circ}$ measured E from N. From the best-fit disk density model, we find that 90\% of the H$\alpha$ emission arises from within $9.5$ stellar radii, and the mass associated with this H$\alpha$ disk is $\sim 1.8\times10^{-10}$ of the stellar mass and the associated angular momentum, assuming Keplerian rotation for the disk, is $\sim 1.6\times10^{-8}$ of the total stellar angular momentum. The occurrence of a central quasi-emission (CQE) feature in Mg\,{\sc ii} $\lambda\,4481$ is also predicted by this best-fit disk model and the computed profile compares successfully with observations from 1999. To obtain consistency between the H$\alpha$ line profile modelling and the other constraints, it was necessary in the profile fitting to weight the line core (emission peaks and central depression) more heavily than the line wings, which were not well reproduced by our models. This may reflect the limitation of assuming a single power-law for the disk's equatorial density variation. The best-fit disk density model for $o$~Aqr predicts that H$\alpha$ is near its maximum strength as a function of disk density, and hence the H$\alpha$ equivalent width and line profile change only weakly in response to large (factor of $\sim 5$) changes in the disk density.

Transport of membrane-bound mineral particles in blood vessels during chicken embryonic bone development

During bone formation in embryos, large amounts of calcium and phosphate are taken up and transported to the site where solid mineral is first deposited. The initial mineral forms in vesicles inside osteoblasts and is deposited as a highly disordered calcium phosphate phase. The mineral is then translocated to the extracellular space where it penetrates the collagen matrix and crystallizes. To date little is known about the transport mechanisms of calcium and phosphate in the vascular system, especially when high transport rates are needed and the concentrations of these ions in the blood serum may exceed the solubility product of the mineral phase. Here we used a rapidly growing biological model, the chick embryo, to study the bone mineralization pathway taking advantage of the fact that large amounts of bone mineral constituents are transported. Cryo scanning electron microscopy together with cryo energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and focused-ion beam imaging in the serial surface view mode surprisingly reveal the presence of abundant vesicles containing small mineral particles in the lumen of the blood vessels. Morphologically similar vesicles are also found in the cells associated with bone formation. This observation directly implicates the vascular system in solid mineral distribution, as opposed to the transport of ions in solution. Mineral particle transport inside vesicles implies that far larger amounts of the bone mineral constituents can be transported through the vasculature, without the danger of ectopic precipitation. This introduces a new stage into the bone mineral formation pathway, with the first mineral being formed far from the bone itself.

Role of the reference system in the angular distribution of photons at positron-electron annihilation

The reasons for the appearance of the angular distribution of photons formed upon electron-positron annihilation are considered. It is shown that the angular distribution of photons is a consequence of the Doppler effect in the reference system of the electron and positron center of mass. There is no angular distribution of photons in the reference system related to the electron; it is replaced with the Doppler variation of photon frequencies. The obtained results can be used to analyze the operation of positron-emission tomographs.