System Of Common Carp Research Articles

Dietary Beet Molasses Improved the Immune System of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) After Exposure to Titanium Oxide Nanoparticles, TiO2-NPs

This study was carried out to evaluate dietary effect of beetmolasses on immunity indices of common carp treated with titanium oxide nanoparticles TiO2-NPs. 250 fish were distributed in four treatments containing 0, 0.5%, 1% and 2% molasses and fed for 42days, then fish wereexposed to TiO2-NPs during a 14-day. At the end of experiment, hematological, biochemichal and mucusal immunity indiceswere evaluated. The aboved indices showed a significant difference compare to the control group (p < 0.05). Blood monocyte and lymphocyte in the TiO2-NPs with molasses group was reduced, that means molasses in combination with TiO2-NPs could alleviate the effect of TiO2-NPs. In treatments of TiO2-NPs and molasses combination, molasses was able to reduce the additive effect of monocyte, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferaseand aspartate aminotransferase. Molasses in combination with TiO2-NPs was able to improve the negative effect of TiO2-NPs, so 2% molasses in combination with TiO2-NPs, could neutralized undesirable effect of TiO2-NPs on common carp.

Molecular identification and functional characterization of IRF4 from common carp (Cyprinus carpio. L) in immune response: a negative regulator in the IFN and NF-\u03baB signalling pathways

BackgroundThe interferon (IFN) regulatory factors (IRFs) were originally identified as transcription factors playing critical roles in the regulation of IFN-related genes in the signal pathway. In mammals, IRF4 plays a vital role in both the innate and adaptive immune system. This study aims to reveal the molecular characterization, phylogenetic analysis, expression profiles and the regulatory role in the IFN and NF-κB signalling pathways of IRF4 in common carp (Cyprinus carpio. L) (abbreviation, ccIRF4).ResultsHere, ccIRF4 was identified and characterized, it contained a DNA binding domain (DBD) which possess five tryptophans and an IRF-associated domain (IAD). The predicted protein sequence of the ccIRF4 showed higher identities with grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and zebrafish (Danio rerio). Phylogenetic analysis suggested that ccIRF4 has the closest relationship with zebrafish IRF4. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that ccIRF4 was constitutively expressed in all investigated tissues with the highest expression level in the gonad. Polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) stimulation up-regulated the ccIRF4 expressions in the liver, spleen, head kidney, skin, foregut and hindgut. Upon Aeromonas hydrophila injection, the expression level of ccIRF4 was up-regulated in all tissues with the exception of spleen. In addition, ccIRF4 was induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), peptidoglycan (PGN) and Flagellin in head kidney leukocytes (HKLs). Overexpression of the ccIRF4 gene in epithelioma papulosum cyprini cells (EPC) down regulated the expressions of IFN-related genes and proinflammatory factors. Dual-luciferase reporter assay revealed that ccIRF4 decreased the activation of NF-κB through MyD88.ConclusionsThese results indicate that ccIRF4 participates in both antiviral and antibacterial immune response and negatively regulates the IFN and NF-κB response. Overall, our study on ccIRF4 provides more new insights into the innate immune system of common carp as well as a theoretical basis for investigating the pathogenesis and prevention of fish disease.

Molecular characterization and immune functional analysis of IRF2 in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.): different regulatory role in the IFN and NF-\u03baB signalling pathway

BackgroundInterferon regulatory factor 2 (IRF2) is an important transcription factor, which can regulate the IFN response and plays a role in antiviral innate immunity in teleost.ResultsIn the present study, the full-length cDNA sequence of IRF2 (CcIRF2) was characterized in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), which encoded a protein containing a conserved DNA-binding domain (DBD) and an IRF-associated domain (IAD). Phylogenetic analysis showed that CcIRF2 was most closely related with IRF2 of Ctenopharyngodon idella. CcIRF2 transcripts were detectable in all examined tissues, with higher expression in the gills, spleen and brain. CcIRF2 expression was upregulated in immune-related tissues of common carp upon polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly (I:C)) and Aeromonas hydrophila stimulation and induced by poly (I:C), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), peptidoglycan (PGN) and flagellin in the peripheral blood leucocytes (PBLs) and head kidney leukocytes (HKLs). In addition, overexpression of CcIRF2 decreased the expression of IFN and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), and a dual-luciferase reporter assay revealed that CcIRF2 could increase the activation of NF-κB.ConclusionsThese results indicate that CcIRF2 participates in antiviral and antibacterial immune response and negatively regulates the IFN response, which provide a new insight into the regulation of IFN system in common carp, and are helpful for the prevention and control of infectious diseases in carp farming.

Influence of chronic stress on the mechanism of the cytotoxic system in common carp (Cyprinus carpio).

Aquaculture conditions expose fish to internal and environmental stressors that increase their susceptibility to morbidity and mortality. The brain accumulates stress signals and processes them according to the intensity, frequency duration and type of stress, recruiting several brain functions to activate the autonomic or limbic system. Triggering the autonomic system causes the rapid release of catecholamines, such as adrenaline and noradrenaline, into circulation from chromaffin cells in the head kidney. Catecholamines trigger blood cells to release proinflammatory and regulatory cytokines to cope with acute stress. Activation of the limbic axis stimulates the dorsolateral and dorsomedial pallium to process emotions, memory, behaviour and the activation of preoptic nucleus‐pituitary gland‐interrenal cells in the head kidney, releasing glucocorticoids, such as cortisol to the bloodstream. Glucocorticoids cause downregulation of various immune system functions depending on the duration, intensity and type of chronic stress. As stress persists, most immune functions, with the exception of cytotoxic functions, overcome these effects and return to homeostasis. The deterioration of cytotoxic functions during chronic stress appears to be responsible for increased morbidity and mortality.

Effects of diets containing grape seed proanthocyanidin extract on the growth and oxidative capacity of common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Proanthocyanidins are polyphenol compounds that can be found in some plants and their fruits. In this study, the effects of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) as a dietary antioxidant supplement were evaluated on growth performance, serum biochemical properties (including glucose, cholesterol, and triglyceride), fillet proximate composition (crude protein, lipid, moisture, and ash), and liver antioxidant enzyme activity in common carp fingerlings. The experimental diets including five groups with different concentrations of GSPE (200, 400, 600, 800, and 1500 mg per kilogram of diet), along with a control group (0 mg GSPE per kilogram of diet), were used during forty days of experimentation. The orthogonal regression analysis revealed a linear trend for final weight (P < 0.05, R2 = 0.62) and cubic trends for weight gain (P < 0.05, R2 = 0.52), specific growth rate (P < 0.05, R2 = 0.52), condition factor (P < 0.05, R2 = 0.77), and food conversion ratio (P < 0.05, R2 = 0.50). The serum glucose, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels in the GSPE treatment groups significantly decreased with respect to those in the control group (P < 0.05). Fillet protein content was significantly higher in the G200 group than in the control group (P < 0.05); however, there was no difference between the fat, ash, and moisture contents of the experimental and control fish. Superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activity significantly increased in G200 with respect to that in the control group (P < 0.05). Catalase activity, however, decreased in the GSPE treatment group livers with compared to that of the control group (P < 0.05). Dose-dependent effects of GSPE were observed in growth performance, serum biochemical parameters, body proximate composition, and liver first-line antioxidant defense system in common carp; however, the level of 1500 mg GSPE per kilogram of diet gave reverse response for some examined parameters. Overall, a low level of dietary inclusion of GSPE was found to be somewhat effective on carp growth performance, serum biochemical adjustment, fillet protein content, and liver antioxidant defense, and it may therefore be used as an important feed supplement in carp production.

Effect of Dietary Sodium Acetate on Skin Mucus Immune Parameters and Expression of Gene Related to Growth, Immunity and Antioxidant System in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) Intestine

Abstract The present study investigated the possible effects of including salt of short chain fatty acid, sodium acetate (SA), on skin mucus immune parameters and immune, antioxidant and growth-related genes expression in common carp. There is little data available about the effective role of SA on immune, antioxidant and growth related genes expression as well as skin mucus immune parameters. The aim of this study was to analyse the effect of SA intake on these factors using common carp (Cyprinus carpio) as model organism. Two hundred and forty healthy common carps (mean weight = 15 ± 0.9 g) were supplied and randomly stocked into 12 fiberglass tanks 200 L (20 fish per tank) assigned to four treatments and triplicates. The study was performed in a completely randomized design. The treatments were feeding carps with experimental diets containing different levels (0.0 [control], 0.5, 1 and 2%) of SA. The skin mucus total immunoglobulin and total protein levels in fish fed 2% SA showed significant increase compared to the control group (P&lt;0.05). Results showed a significant increase in the GH gene expression in 1 and 2% SA treatments (P&lt;0.05). The carps fed the diet with 2% SA showed a significant increase in IGF-1 expression (P&lt;0.05). The expression of GSTa, and GPX (antioxidant genes) revealed a significant increase in the GSTa (fish fed SA at 1% and 2% levels) and GPX gene expression with fish fed 2% SA (P&lt;0.05). Supplementation of fish diet with SA induced a slight elevation in the intestine of all immune-related genes (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL8 and Lyz) compared to the control group (P&gt;0.05). However, Lyz gene was significantly up-regulated in 1 or 2% SA treatments. These results confirmed beneficial effects of SA as a feed additive in common carp culture.

Effect of dietary sodium acetate on skin mucus immune parameters and expression of gene related to growth, immunity and antioxidant system in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) intestine

Abstract The present study investigated the possible effects of including salt of short chain fatty acid, sodium acetate (SA), on skin mucus immune parameters and immune, antioxidant and growth-related genes expression in common carp. There is a little data available about the effective role of SA on immune, antioxidant and growth related genes expression as well as skin mucus immune parameters. The aim of this study was to analysis the effect of SA intake on these factors using common carp (Cyprinus carpio) as model organism. Two hundred and forty healthy common carp (mean weight = 15 ± 0.9 g) supplied and randomly stocked into 12 fiberglass tanks 200 L (20 fish per tank) assigned to four treatments and triplicates. The study was performed in a completely randomized design. The treatments were feeding carps with experimental diets containing different levels (0.0 [control], 0.5, 1 and 2%) of SA. The skin mucus total immunoglobulin and total protein levels in fish fed 2% SA showed significant increase compared to the control group (P &lt; 0.05). Results showed a significant increase in the GH gene expression in 1 and 2% SA treatments (P &lt; 0.05). The carps were fed with diet content 2% SA showed significantly increase in IGF-1 expression (P &lt; 0.05). The expression of GSTa, and GPX (antioxidant genes) revealed a significant increase in the GSTa (fish fed SA at 1% and 2% levels) and GPX gene expression with fish fed 2% SA (P &lt; 0.05). Supplementation of fish diet with SA induce slight elevation in the intestine of all immune-related genes (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL8 and Lyz) compared to the control group (P &gt; 0.05). However, Lyz gene significantly up-regulated in 1 or 2% SA treatments. These results confirmed beneficial effects of SA as a feed additive in common carp culture.

Features of the parasitic system formation in common carp in the aquaculture of the north-eastern and eastern regions of Ukraine

The research aimed to determine the peculiarities of the formation of the parasitic system in common carp in the aquaculture of the North-Eastern and Eastern regions of Ukraine. According to the results of the research, 27 species of parasites were found in common carp (12 — protozoa, 6 — monogeneans, 3 — trematodes, 2 — cestodes, 4 — parasitic crustaceans). Three species (11.1%) of registered parasites were invasive. 22 species (81.5%) of detected common carp’s parasites develop directly and 5 (18.5%) — with the participation of definitive and intermediate hosts. 26 species (96.3%) of common carp’s parasitic fauna were found in crucian carp and 21 species (77.8%) in other coarse fish species (roach, rudd, bleak, perch). It has been established that among the protozoa, pathogens from the genera Trichodina, Chilodonella, and Ichthyophthirius were of epizootic importance for young common carp; Eimeria carpelli, Ichthyobodo necator, Myxobolus ellipsoides, and Myxobolus dogieli had relevance. The level of prevalence in common carp fingerlings during outbreaks of chylodonelosis was 72%, two-year-olds — 65%, three-year-olds — 27%, during outbreaks of ichthyoftiriosis — 45%, 56%, and 24%, respectively. Prevalence of Trichodina acuta and Trichodina nigra in common carp fingerlings was, respectively, 52% and 38%, Ichthyobodo necator — 16%, Eimeria carpelli — 22%, Myxobolus ellipsoides, and Myxobolus dogieli — 17–18%. Among the pathogens of helminthic diseases in the aquaculture, monogenetic suckers (Dactylogyrus anchoratus, Dactylogyrus extensus, Dactylogyrus vastator, Gyrodactylus cyprini, and Gyrodactylus katharineri), as well as cestodes (Bothriocephalus acheilognathi and Khawia sinensis) were the most epizootic significance for common carp. Prevalence of parasites from the genus Dactylogyrus reached 68–87% in fingerlings, from the genus Gyrodactylus — 21–36%. The highest level of Bothriocephalus acheilognathi infection (82%) was registered in fingerlings. The maximum prevalence of Khawia sinensis (62%) was observed in two-year-olds. Outbreaks of diseases caused by crustaceans Lernaea cyprinacea and Argulus foliaceus with a high level of prevalence have been reported in fish from fingerlings to three-year-olds. The level of prevalence of Lernaea cyprinacea was 69%, Argulus foliaceus — 22%

Short-term effects of T-2 toxin or deoxynivalenol on lipid peroxidation and the glutathione system in common carp.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the short-term effects of a single oral dose of T-2 and HT-2 toxin at 0.15, 0.33 and 1.82 mg kg-1 body weight, or deoxynivalenol (DON) and 15-acetyl-DON at 0.13, 0.31 and 1.75 mg kg-1 body weight in common carp. Conjugated dienes and trienes (the early markers of lipid peroxidation) were elevated in all DON-treated groups at the 16th hour, while thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS; termination marker) were increased at the highest dose of DON at the 16th and 24th hours. T-2 toxin did not cause changes in these parameters. Glutathione content and glutathione peroxidase activity showed higher levels at the 16th hour as the effect of both mycotoxins. The expression of glutathione peroxidase (GPx4) genes (gpx4a and gpx4b) revealed a dual response. Downregulation was observed at the 8th hour, followed by an induction at the 16th hour, at the lowest dose of both mycotoxins. Higher doses revealed long-drawn emergence and an elevation was observed only at the 24th hour. However, at the lowest and highest doses of DON or T-2 toxin the changes in gene expression were delayed, which may be related to the low oxidative stress response, as suggested by the expression profiles of the nrf2, keap1, gpx4a and gpx4b genes.

Comparative study of the circulatory system of common carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758) and beluga (Huso huso Linnaeus, 1758): a corrosion cast study

The present work is the comparative study of the circulatory system in common carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758) and beluga (Huso huso Linnaeus, 1758) with emphasis on the heart and main blood vessels, employing the corrosion cast methodology. A thorough comparative study of the circulation system would be useful for further anatomical, physiological and pathological studies. Ten 3000 g H. huso and ten 2000 g C. carpio from a commercial fish farm were kept at 18 and 24°C, respectively, and fed commercial food. For the experiment, fish were anaesthetized then killed using an overdose of benzocain solution in ethanol; subsequent attempts were made to fill the heart and blood vessels with artificial resin fluid made on the basis of methylmetacrylate. The specimens were submerged in a waterbath (20–24°C) until polymerization of the methylmetacrylate was complete. The maceration stage was performed in a 25% solution of KOH for 24–48 h to dissolve the surrounding tissues. Finally, various parts of the heart and blood vessels were retained in their natural positions, thereby demonstrating the anatomical details of the circulatory system. The main elements such as the sinus venosus, atrium, ventricle, bulbus and conus arteriosus, dorsal aorta, subclavian artery, coelo-mesentric artery, renal artery, caudal aorta, hepatic vein, common cardinal vein and related smaller vessels were visualized to the extent that these elements could be used to represent the similarities and variations between different species in comparative anatomy but also as a description of the normal features. These can be compared to pathological situations in fish disease studies, as both species are important aquaculture candidates.

Effects of trichotecene mycotoxins on gene expression and activity of glutathione redox system in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

Event Abstract Back to Event Effects of trichotecene mycotoxins on gene expression and activity of glutathione redox system in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) Csilla Pelyhe1*, Benjámin Kövesi1, Erika Zándoki2, Balázs Kovács3, Miklós Mézes1 and Krisztián Balogh1 1 Szent István University, Department of Nutrition, Hungary 2 Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Kaposvár University, Mycotoxins in the Food Chain Research Group, Hungary 3 Szent István University, Department of Aquaculture, Hungary The purpose of present study was to evaluate the short- and long-term effects of T-2 toxin and deoxynivalenol (DON) in common carp. Short-term effect was evaluated using single oral doses of DON or T-2 toxin of 0.25, 0.50 or 3.00 mg/kg b.w.. Experimentally contaminated or control complete feed was given by gavage directly into the stomach. Hepatopancreas samples were taken from 6 carps of each group at every 8th hour during a 24-hour long experimental period. The long-term effect was evaluated in 4 weeks in a feeding trial using 0.05 mg T-2 toxin/kg b.w. and 0.06 mg DON/kg b.w., where hepatopancreas samples were taken from 6 carps of each group weekly. Reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration and activities of glutathione-peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) were measured. In addition, expressions of phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (GPx4) genes (gpx4a and gpx4b) were analyzed. Lipid peroxidation was followed by the determination the amount of conjugated dienes (CDs) and -trienes (CTs) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Short-term exposure showed that both of the investigated mycotoxins caused rapid changes in the lipid peroxidation processes in the hepatopancreas, but the emerging free radical burden quickly activated the glutathione redox system, so the end-product of the lipid peroxidation (MDA) did not elevate significantly in the 24-hour period. Expression of the genes decreased after 8 hours and later increased during the 24-hour period. As effect of long-term exposure, the glutathione redox system showed decreased levels in T-2 toxin treated group, but the markers of lipid peroxidation processes did not elevate. Expression of the investigated genes showed dual response during the experiment. The results revealed that glutathione redox system eliminated effectively the peroxidative effect of the investigated mycotoxins in the applied doses and periods. Acknowledgements The research was supported by the National Scientific Research Fund (OTKA PD104823). Keywords: T-2 Toxin, Deoxynivalenol (DON), Antioxidant Enzymes, common carp, Glutathione redox system, gpx4 genes, Gene Expression Conference: XV European Congress of Ichthyology, Porto, Portugal, 7 Sep - 11 Sep, 2015. Presentation Type: Oral Presentation Topic: Physiology, Behavior and Toxicology Citation: Pelyhe C, Kövesi B, Zándoki E, Kovács B, Mézes M and Balogh K (2015). Effects of trichotecene mycotoxins on gene expression and activity of glutathione redox system in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Front. Mar. Sci. Conference Abstract: XV European Congress of Ichthyology. doi: 10.3389/conf.fmars.2015.03.00028 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 27 Oct 2015; Published Online: 04 Nov 2015. * Correspondence: Miss. Csilla Pelyhe, Szent István University, Department of Nutrition, Gödöllo, 2100, Hungary, pelyhe.csilla@gmail.com Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Csilla Pelyhe Benjámin Kövesi Erika Zándoki Balázs Kovács Miklós Mézes Krisztián Balogh Google Csilla Pelyhe Benjámin Kövesi Erika Zándoki Balázs Kovács Miklós Mézes Krisztián Balogh Google Scholar Csilla Pelyhe Benjámin Kövesi Erika Zándoki Balázs Kovács Miklós Mézes Krisztián Balogh PubMed Csilla Pelyhe Benjámin Kövesi Erika Zándoki Balázs Kovács Miklós Mézes Krisztián Balogh Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

Effect of fish feeds with high vegetable oil and low fish oil content on the growth performance and innate immune system of common carp (preliminary results)

Fish meal and fish oil are very important components of fish feeds used by aquaculture. They contain poly-unsaturated fatty acids, which are essential nutrients both for fish and human nutrition. However, sources of fish meal and fish oil are limited, there is a need for new feed components to supply the increasing fish production and the increasing demand for fish feed. The aim of AQUAMAX project, supported by the European Union is to replace the fish meal and fish oil with vegetable oils. As a participant of this project, group of immunology in ResearchInstitute for Fisheries, Aquaculture and Irrigation (HAKI) examined the effect of three different fish feeds on the growth performance, innate immune response and resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila infection of common carp in an in vivo experiment. Fish feed supplemented with Camelina oil, but still containing fish oil significantly increased growth performance of experimental fish and their resistance against the infection. Fish feed containing linseed oil only did not enhance the growth performance, and it had a negative effect on resistance against infection. Based on the experimental results it can be concluded that fish oil used in fish feeds cannot be replaced effectively with vegetable oils, but can be supplemented with them.

Leptin, the role in immune system of common carp

Leptin, the role in immune system of common carp

Localization, expression and control of adrenocorticotropic hormone in the nucleus preopticus and pituitary gland of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.).

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) takes a central role in the hypothalamo-pituitary-interrenal axis (HPI axis), which is activated during stress. ACTH is produced by the corticotrope cells of the pituitary pars distalis (PD) and is under control of factors from the nucleus preopticus (NPO). The distribution of ACTH in the hypothalamo-pituitary system in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) was assessed by immunohistochemistry. ACTH and beta-endorphin immunoreactivity was observed in the ACTH cells in the PD and in the NPO. Nerve fibers, originating from the NPO and projecting to the pituitary gland, contain beta-endorphin, but not ACTH, and these fibers either control the pituitary pars intermedia (PI) through beta-endorphin or release it to the blood. The release of pituitary ACTH (studied in a superfusion setup) must in vivo be under predominant inhibitory control of dopamine. Release of ACTH is stimulated by corticotropin-releasing hormone, but only when ACTH cells experience dopaminergic inhibition. The expression of the precursor pro-opiomelanocortin in (POMC) NPO, PD and PI was studied in an acute restraint stress paradigm by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RQ-PCR). POMC gene expression is upregulated in these three key tissues of the hypothalamo-pituitary complex, revealing a hitherto unforeseen complex role for POMC-derived peptides in the regulation of responses to stress.