Wireless Sensor Network System Research Articles

Wireless Sensor Network routing for Life Time Maximization Using ANFIS Based Decision with Low Power Consumption

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) allocate thousands of cheap micro-sensor nodes to a hundreds to more than thousands of nodes in the reserved areas. In the WSN, sensor nodes control storage resources, calculating energy of nodes, power resources of nodes, and additional resources information on a sensor network. These micro-sensor nodes are key components of the Internet of Things (). WSNs are pre-arranged in clusters or groups to protect the ability for efficient data communication. Strong routing methods are required to maintain long network life and achieve high power usage. In this work, the new energy efficient ANFIS-based routing system for WSN enabled to improve network performance. The proposed ANFIS-based routing involves a novel distributed clustering mechanism that activates the local configuration of local node energy equally across all sensors. A new technique for replacing clusters and rotating nodes with a centroid-based cluster head (CH) to distribute loads. The simulation results show that the proposed program will surpass conventional methods with 78% improvement over the lifetime of the network and 26% improvement in performance.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Media tourism and hotel management development based on wireless sensor network and embedded system

In the development of tourism, various types of media can play a role in promoting tourist attractions, tourist products, and features of tourist attractions. My country’s tourism media has created a broad space for the development of tourism in the long-term development. In order to better play the role of tourism media, this article analyzes the development of my country’s tourism media at this stage, and has a great impact on future tourism media. Propaganda issues have been further regulated. When using the media to promote tourism projects, it is necessary to further optimize the node layout of the wireless network. By studying the specific applications of various algorithms, the accuracy of the embedded system’s positioning of moving targets can also be improved. In the development of tourism, hotel management in tourist areas is also related to the level of tourism development in related areas. Through specific analysis, this article puts forward effective suggestions for the deployment of wireless sensor network nodes, which can reduce corresponding costs, promote the development of tourism media, improve the efficiency of hotel management in tourist areas in my country, and promote my country’s Tourism development.

Collision-free and low delay MAC protocol based on multi-level quorum system in underwater wireless sensor networks

Underwater wireless sensor network (UWSN) is a typical application of wireless network in underwater environment, which mainly uses acoustic communication at present. However, due to the characteristics of high bit error rate, very limited bandwidth and high transmission delay, the data transmission collision of underwater communication is very serious. In order to reduce transmission collision and improve network performance, we propose a collision-free time slot scheduling MAC protocol based on multi-level quorum system for high loaded UWSNs. The proposed protocol can allocate different time slots for nodes in the same collision area, while realize space reuse for nodes in different collision areas. Considering the unbalanced data transmission of each node, a multi-level quorum system algorithm is constructed for fairness, which can allocate time slots on demand according to the data transmission amount of each node. In order to ensure reliable transmission of data, a light weight retransmission mechanism is designed to reduce the impact of long delay on channel duty cycle. Simulation results prove that the proposed MAC protocol can effectively avoid transmission collision, reduce transmission delay, improve system energy efficiency, and have good adaptability for different network topologies.

Deep learning techniques of losses in data transmitted in wireless sensor networks

Wireless sensor network (WSN) systems are frequently used today as a result of rapid technological developments. Wireless sensor networks, which form the basis of the Internet of Things (IoT), have a wide range of use in theworld from education to health, and from military applications to home applications. It enables the data obtained fromthe sensors to be transferred between nodes with the help of end-to-end wireless protocols. In parallel with the increasingnumber of nodes in WSN, data tra?ic density also increases. Due to the limitations of the WSN network, lost packetrates also increase with increasing data tra?ic. In this study, a data set was created by examining the data transfersof different amounts of WSN nodes placed in different places. The effects of the number of sensors and the distancebetween them were evaluated from the data set. In this study, a data set was created by collecting the data from thesensor nodes placed at 1500m x 1500m intervals in the ns-3 discrete event emulator program. Today, with the rapiddevelopment of technology, deep learning methods which are one of the artificial intelligence methods, are also used inWSN. In this study, the loss rate in the transferred data packets was tried to be estimated with the highest accuracy byusing deep belief network (DBN), recurrent neural network (RNN), and deep neural network (DNN) over the obtaineddataset. Of these three deep learning methods, DNN deep learning method was found to accurately estimate the lossrate in the transferred data packets with an accuracy rate of 88.50%.

Distributed adaptive cubature information filtering for bounded noise system in wireless sensor networks

AbstractThis article is concerned with the nonlinear state estimation for the multisenor networked system with uncertain bounded noise. Traditional distributed methods only pay attention to the information fusion of state estimations, but neglect the fusion of noise statistics. The difference of noise statistics among sensor nodes usually affects the precision of state estimation in wireless sensor networks, especially for the distributed state estimation. In this article, in order to improve the accuracy of noise statistic estimations, a distributed noise statistic estimator is derived based on covariance intersection criterion and modified Sage–Husa maximum posterior. Then, distributed adaptive cubature information filtering (DACIF) is founded based on weighted average consensus to obtain accurate state estimation. Two‐step information fusion, including the information fusion of state estimations and noise statistics, is derived to enhance the precision of state estimations. Meanwhile, a novel weighted rule is devised based on the state and measurement innovation vectors to improve the accuracy of distribution information fusion. Next, the estimation errors of DACIF are proved to be bounded in mean square. Simulations and semisimulation experiments are conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

HAS-MAC: A Hybrid Asynchronous and Synchronous Communication System for Energy-Harvesting Wireless Sensor Networks

In Energy-Harvesting Wireless Sensor Networks (EH-WSNs), sensors have to continuously adapt their duty cycle to regulate energy consumption according to available energy. Therefore, it is unpractical to preserve an invariable working-schedule for a sensor and relay on a fixed routing path for a long time. For achieving packets forwarding effectively with low transmission latency, asynchronous and synchronous Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols are adopted widely regulating energy consumption in EH-WSNs. Since they bear a clear set of advantages and disadvantages, we propose a communication scheme that hybridizes asynchronous and synchronous MAC protocols for reducing average End-to-End delay in EH-WSNs, where a sensor will switch between the asynchronous and synchronous systems according to its energy supplement and practical scenario for adapting to its duty cycle. Our algorithm is suitable for not only low traffic load, but also high/periodic traffic situation. Especially, when working-schedules of sensors are adjusted dynamically depending on the energy environment, our algorithm provides better performance in EH-WSNs. Through extensive simulation and experiments, we demonstrate that our algorithm is efficient in reducing data transmission latency in EH-WSNs.

A Model-Based Approach for Adaptable Middleware Evolution in WSN Platforms

Advances in technology call for a parallel evolution in the software. New techniques are needed to support this dynamism, to track and guide its evolution process. This applies especially in the field of embedded systems, and certainly in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), where hardware platforms and software environments change very quickly. Commonly, operating systems play a key role in the development process of any application. The most used operating system in WSNs is TinyOS, currently at its TinyOS 2.1.2 version. The evolution from TinyOS 1.x and TinyOS 2.x made the applications developed on TinyOS 1.x obsolete. In other words, these applications are not compatible out-of-the-box with TinyOS 2.x and require a porting action. In this paper, we discuss on the porting of embedded system (i.e., Wireless Sensor Networks) applications in response to operating systems’ evolution. In particular, using a model-based approach, we report the porting we did of Agilla, a Mobile-Agent Middleware (MAMW) for WSNs, on TinyOS 2.x, which we refer to as Agilla 2. We also provide a comparative analysis about the characteristics of Agilla 2 versus Agilla. The proposed Agilla 2 is compatible with TinyOS 2.x, has full capabilities and provides new features, as shown by the maintainability and performance measurement presented in this paper. An additional valuable result is the architectural modeling of Agilla and Agilla 2, missing before, which extends its documentation and improves its maintainability.

Mixed failure-driven and shock-driven mission aborts in heterogeneous systems with arbitrary structure

Failure-driven and condition-driven mission abort and rescue have recently received intensive research attentions in the system reliability field. Little work has addressed both types of aborts simultaneously and the existing model is limited to the special series system structure only. This paper advances the state of the art by modeling mixed failure-driven and condition-driven (specifically, shock-driven) mission aborts in systems with arbitrary system structures and heterogeneous elements. The system performs a primary mission (PM) in random environments exposed to the Poisson process of external shocks. Different system elements have different resistance to shocks, and the shock resistance deteriorates with the number of experienced shocks. A rescue procedure (RP) is triggered to possibly survive the system when a specified number of shocks take place (condition/shock-driven) or when failures of some system elements caused by shocks do not allow continuing the PM execution but allow performing the RP (failure-driven). A universal probabilistic approach is suggested for evaluating the mission success probability (MSP) and system survival probability (SSP) of the considered system. Two example systems (an electric feeder heating system and a smart farm wireless sensor network system) are analyzed. The proposed approach and its applications are demonstrated in determining the optimal mission abort policy that maximizes MSP subject to the SSP constraint or minimizes the expected cost of losses, in the element shock resistance sensitivity analysis, as well as in finding the optimal shock protection replacement solution that minimizes the total cost.

Magnetic Field Energy Harvesting with a Lead-Free Piezoelectric High Energy Conversion Material

This article presents a high-performance lead-free piezoelectric energy harvester (LPEH) system for magnetic field. It based on a Ba0.85Ca0.15Ti0.90Zr0.10O3 + CuO 0.3 wt% (BCTZC0.3) composite was fabricated by sintering at 1450 °C. The BCTZC0.3 composite, which has an enhanced high energy conversion constant (d33×g33), shows improved piezoelectric power-generation performance when compared with conventional piezoelectric energy harvesters. The BCTZC0.3-based LPEH produces instantaneous maximum power of 8.2 mW and an energy density of 107.9 mW/cm3 in a weak magnetic field of 250 μT. This system can be used to charge a capacitor and operate a wireless sensor network (WSN) system to provide temperature sensing and radio-frequency (RF) transmission in a 250 μT magnetic field. The proposed LPEH is a promising green-energy device for potentially self-powering WSN systems when applied.

Accelerometer sensor data analysis of bridge structural health monitoring system

The use of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) for monitoring systems continues to grow, as it is required data analysis of a sensor node in which there is an accelerometer, use WSN system intended for structural health monitoring application. This monitoring system prototype, built by integrating software and hardware with device microcontroller and sensor. The node sensor produces data and processed with a microcontroller, the resulting data is then immediately transmitted to the cloud by internet network using MQTT. The system was built with a firmware-based Internet of Things (IoT) and this verified using accelerometer sensor node. The data has also been explored and analyzed in the time domain and frequency domain using FFT. Using MQTT, data can be sent directly to the internet in the form of raw data or graph data over time. And in this paper authors do an analysis of the raw data of the output sensor accelerometer ADXL345 and applied to monitor the bridge. From experiments, conducted output accelerometer sensor can vary depending on the sensitivity of the values.

Research on Wireless Sensor Network System Based on Zigbee Technology for Short Distance Transmission

Based on ZigBee technology and the development of ARM technology and the demand of the wireless data transmission system, this paper proposes a wireless sensor network based on ZigBee and ARM design scheme of system mainly include ZigBee node and ZigBee base stations, using MSP430F149 framework and CC2420 ZigBee nodes, with embedded ARM7 chip STR710FZ2T6 framework and CC2420 ZigBee base station node, a hardware platform of low power consumption, low cost, and USES the partial mesh topology, Z-Stack protocol Stack Development of software and on-demand routing algorithms, embedded Tiny OS system, ZigBee-based wireless data transmission system. At the same time, aiming at the wireless sensor network (WSN) in the process of clustering nodes distribution imbalance problem affecting the service life of the network, an improved particle swarm (IPSO) algorithm combined the technology of distributed spatial analysis (DSA) of wireless sensor network equilibrium density clustering method, in order to promote the network equilibrium distribution of energy consumption, avoid the working life of the hot issues and maximize the sensor network. The experimental results show that the proposed method is effective for energy balance clustering of network nodes, and has lower power consumption than other clustering techniques, so the network life is longer. Peer-to-peer communication can be realized between point to multi-point and two points, automatic configuration and automatic recovery of fast networking, and data communication can be realized through coordination between nodes.

Enhanced Energy Allocating Time Slots Mechanism (Eeatsm) in Smart Water Management for Iot and Wsn

The utilisation of Internet of Things (IoT) and Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) technologies in the implementation of intelligent water management systems has become an essential approach in tackling the growing need for sustainable water management. One of the primary obstacles in the creation of such systems pertains to the need to optimise energy efficiency, given the restricted power supply available in austere and remote settings. The Enhanced Energy Allocating Time Slots Mechanism (EEATSM) has been proposed as a potential solution to tackle the challenge of optimising energy consumption in IoT and WSN systems.
 The present study puts forth a proposition for the application of EEATSM in the context of intelligent water management systems, utilising the Internet of Things (IoT) and Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) technologies. The methodology employed in this study involves the implementation of a dynamic time slot allocation mechanism aimed at enhancing the efficiency of energy utilisation within the system. A systematic methodology for the implementation of EEATSM is presented, comprising of pertinent equations, models, and tables. The study showcases the outcomes of our experiments that exhibit the efficacy of EEATSM in curtailing energy consumption while simultaneously guaranteeing dependable data transmission in smart water management systems.
 The proposed implementation of Energy-Efficient Adaptive Time Synchronisation Method (EEATSM) has the potential to enhance the development of sustainable and efficient water management practises. This can facilitate the extensive deployment of Internet of Things (IoT) and Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) systems in environments that are remote and have limited resources. The present study has the potential to yield societal benefits through the enhancement of safe drinking water accessibility, reduction of operational expenses, and mitigation of environmental repercussions associated with water management practises. In general, this manuscript can offer perspectives on the advancement of energy-efficient strategies for intelligent water management systems utilising Internet of Things (IoT) and Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) technologies.

Design Of Energy Efficient and Secure Routing Protocol for Wsn in Iot


 
 
 
 Abstract
 This paper proposes an energy-efficient and secure routing system for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in the Internet of Things (IoT). The proposed routing protocol improves packet delivery ratio, end-to-end latency, and network lifetime over existing protocols. The protocol under consideration reduces node energy consumption, increasing the network's lifetime, while ensuring data security. Simulation studies using several metrics evaluate the proposed procedure. The recommended protocol outperforms existing protocols in energy efficiency and security. The protocol under discussion has several IoT applications, including smart agriculture, healthcare monitoring, and environmental monitoring. It ensures reliable and secure data transfer. This paper introduces a novel routing system that addresses energy saving and security in wireless sensor networks and the Internet of Things (IoT).
 
 
 

UFIR Filtering Under Uncertain One-Step Delayed and Missing Data

This paper develops the unbiased finite impulse response (UFIR) filter for wireless sensor network (WSN) systems whose measurements are affected by random delays and packet dropout due to inescapable failures in the transmission and sensors. The Bernoulli distribution is used to model delays in arrived measurement data with known transmission probability. The effectiveness of the UFIR filter is compared experimentally to the KF and game theory recursive H1 filter in terms of accuracy and robustness employing the GPS-measured vehicle coordinates transmitted with latency over WSN.

Investigation on the Influence Caused by Shield Tunneling: WSN Monitoring and Numerical Simulation

Traditional monitoring techniques are faced with the problems of low acquisition frequency and easy to be affected by the construction environment during the shield tunneling, which cannot meet the actual needs of timeliness monitoring of surrounding environmental impact on shield tunnel construction. Based on this actual demand, a wireless sensor network (WSN) system was used to monitor the response of shield tunnel segments and surrounding buildings during the shield tunneling in this study. According to the result of the signal transmission test, an optimization scheme of microelectromechanical system (MEMS) sensor layout is designed to improve the monitoring efficiency of the WSN system. Through the comparative analysis of WSN system monitoring data and traditional monitoring data, it is found that, with the increasing distance between the monitoring section and the tunnel face, the convergence value of tunnel lining clearance gradually tends to be stable, and the wireless monitoring results of transverse clearance convergence of the tunnel in this section are consistent with the overall deformation trend of the convergence gauge monitoring results. This study also simulated the shield tunneling adjacent buildings using a nonlinear finite element method. A parameter sensitivity analysis of the support pressure of the excavation face and the grouting pressure at the tail of the shield is carried out. The results show that the surface settlement can be reduced by properly increasing the grouting pressure and the support pressure of the excavation face. Moreover, increasing the support pressure of the excavation face has a better inhibition effect on the settlement of the surface soil than increasing the grouting pressure.

A Novel QoS Based Secure Unequal Clustering Protocol with Intrusion Detection System in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor network (WSN) becomes a hot research topic owing to its application in different fields. Minimizing the energy dissipation, maximizing the network lifetime, and security are considered as the major quality of service (QoS) factors in the design of WSN. Clustering is a commonly employed energy-efficient technique; however, it results in a hot spot issue. This paper develops a novel secure unequal clustering protocol with intrusion detection technique to achieve QoS parameters like energy, lifetime, and security. Initially, the proposed model uses adaptive neuro fuzzy based clustering technique to select the tentative cluster heads (TCHs) using three input parameters such as residual energy, distance to base station (BS), and distance to neighbors. Then, the TCHs compete for final CHs and the optimal CHs are selected using the deer hunting optimization (DHO) algorithm. The DHO based clustering technique derives a fitness function using residual energy, distance to BS, node degree, node centrality, and link quality. To further improve the performance of the proposed method, the cluster maintenance phase is utilized for load balancing. Finally, to achieve security in cluster based WSN, an effective intrusion detection system using a deep belief network is executed on the CHs to identify the presence of intruders in the network. An extensive set of experiments were performed to ensure the superior performance of the proposed method interms of energy efficiency, network lifetime, packet delivery ratio, average delay, and intrusion detection rate.

Automatic Control System of Balancing Agricultural Stereo Cultivation Based on Wireless Sensors

As a new development direction in the field of information science, wireless sensor network (WSN) has attracted wide attention of academia and industry with its huge application prospect. This research mainly discusses the automatic control system of balcony agriculture stereoscopic cultivation based on wireless sensor network. With the application background of environmental monitoring of protected cultivation, this paper analyzes the specific requirements of plant protected cultivation, and designs the overall scheme of wireless sensor network system with temperature, humidity and light as detection parameters. In this paper, a distance based routing algorithm is designed to realize the networking of wireless sensor networks, and the network simulation is carried out with TOSSIM. Aiming at the problem of packet loss in wireless network data transmission, this paper analyzes the operation mechanism and message structure of TinyOS operating system, and designs MAC protocol based on network synchronization to ensure reliable data transmission. The experimental results show that when the communication distance is 230 m, the two nodes can carry out normal data transmission; when the communication distance is less than 310 m, the bit error rate is very small; when the distance is more than 360 m, the bit error rate is significantly improved; when the distance is more than 400 m, the bit error rate is 100%. It can be seen that wireless sensor network can bring greater convenience to the acquisition of agricultural information, and it is of great significance to extend the application of wireless sensor network to the field of agricultural automation.

Taxonomy of Cluster-Based Target Tracking System in Wireless Sensor Networks

Background: In the last decade, with the advancement of big data technology and the internet of things, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) have become fundamental for the success of a different range of applications especially those demanding massive data processing. Objective: This paper investigates several tracking methods to introduce a novel cluster-based target tracking analysis model. Methods: Some crucial factors of the cluster-based routing protocols are demonstrated, and a comparison among these different methods is conducted according to our taxonomy, such as cluster formation, predicate/proactive, target speed, single or multi-object tracking, boundary problem, scalability, energy efficiency, and communication cost. This can help the community of researchers by providing clear information for further study. Results and Conclusion: The proposed paper compares the differences and similarities between the available approaches across different categories in terms of the cluster construction, clustering method, object speed, number of objects, boundary problem, and scalability. Finally, we can recognize some open issues that have so far gained little attention or are unexplored yet.

An Efficient, Robust, and Lightweight Subtree-Based Three-Factor Authentication Procedure for Large-Scale DWSN in Random Oracle

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are the backbones of numerous real-time monitoring systems that are applied to serve many different parts of our everyday lives including traffic management, telecare, pollution control, military application, among others. In most cases, WSN systems involve exchanges of sensitive/private data between the sensor nodes and the outside world. In order to preserve data privacy, illegal data access must be denied, and so the remote client has to be properly authorized by both the base station and the sensor node in order to ensure data access legitimacy. Many authentication procedures have been projected by researchers based on various frameworks of parameters such as (two-factor authentication (2-FA) = Smart card + Password) and (three-factor authentication (3-FA) = Biometric + Smart card + Password) in the literature. Das <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">et al.</i> (2015) projected a three-factor technique for resource-constrained distributed WSN to address the existing pitfalls. In this article, we present an analysis of Das <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">et al.</i> ’s technique and point out some inconsistencies in the technique; demonstrating that the system is vulnerable against a known session-specific particular information attack, which thus prompts leakage of the client identity. We offer a robust subtree-based 3-FA procedure to fix the problem. In addition, we show the security strengths of our devised approach which have been established both informally and formally using the random oracle model and AVISPA tool.

An adaptive multilevel location based key management system for dynamic wireless sensor networks

ABSTRACT A Key management system plays an important role in the process of wireless communication between the nodes of a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). Unlike the wired networks, WSNs are more vulnerable to attacks from the malicious nodes. To overcome the shortcomings of the existing key management systems, this paper proposes an adaptive multilevel location-based key management system (AML-KBS), in which the keys are generated dynamically and shared among the nodes of the wireless networks. Since the proposed approach follows a location-based system for key management, the attackers can be differentiated based upon their location. Also, the proposed system has proven its withstanding against node capture attacks. Comparing with the existing approaches, the memory requirement of the proposed system has shown better improvement. Moreover, the proposed methodology provides better security mechanism than the existing key management systems.