Truck System Research Articles

Coal slurry pipelines: A coal transportation method in Kalimantan, Indonesia

ABTSRACT This study identifies the potential economic advantages and environmental/social aspects of three different scenarios for coal slurry pipelines as an alternative to current truck haulage system in a mine in Indonesia. The developed financial model indicates that the trucks system still gives higher economic benefit compared to the three slurry pipeline scenarios tested. Nevertheless, the study results argue that there can generally be economic and environmental advantages when using coal slurry pipelines as an alternative transportation system in other countries. Hence, this study serves as a comparative analysis for when considering alternative coal transportation methods, taking into account diverse parameters.

Evaluation of Failure Probability in Series System of Three-Axle Trucks under Strong Crosswind

The probability of wind-induced failure accidents in three-axle trucks under pulsating strong crosswinds and the corresponding critical safe speed are investigated in this study. Reliability theory and random fuzzy methods are utilized to establish the membership function of the failure probability in the series system (FPSS) composed of rollover, side-slip, and rotation failure accidents. The Kaman spectrum is used to realistically simulate the fluctuating wind time history curves of different average speeds. Four factors affecting the six-component force coefficient of the three-axle truck and the crosswind load are considered: fluctuating average wind speed, wind direction (angle), truck driving speed, and road adhesion coefficient. A three-axle truck nonlinear model is established accordingly. The model is used to obtain the dynamic response of the three-axle truck under strong crosswind conditions as per the time-varying curves of the vertical load of the truck, the time-varying curves of the lateral displacement of the center of mass, and the time-varying curves of the heading angle. An advanced Monte Carlo simulation algorithm based on importance sampling is used to determine the probability of a three-axle truck with FPSS under strong crosswinds; the given acceptable probability of failure (accident) is used to obtain the critical safety speed. The sensitivity analysis of random variables reveals that the possibility of three truck failures of the three-axle truck in strong crosswinds is, from largest to smallest, rollover, side-slip, and rotation. This research may provide useful guidance for exploring the probability of wind-induced accidents and the critical safety speeds of vehicles, as well as useful general information for road transportation management departments.

Evaluation of advanced curve speed warning system for fire trucks

A curve speed warning system (CSWS) for firetrucks was developed and tested in this study. The CSWS algorithm was developed based on guidelines in the public domain for general vehicles and modified for firetrucks for their configuration and emergency driving. Twenty-four firefighters participated in the test in a driving simulator. The results show that the CSWS was effective in issuing preemptive warnings when the drivers were approaching curves with unsafe speed during emergency responses. Drivers reduced their driving speed at curve approaching and entering phases for most challenging curves, without affecting the overall time in completing the test route. Drivers had reduced number of severe braking and decreased average in-curve distance traveled over the safety speed limits, when the CSWS was in use. Drivers also rated the CSWS as assisting, effective and useful. In summary, the CSWS can enhance firetruck safety during emergency driving without sacrificing drivers’ precious response time.

Gear Modification of Hub Drive Reducer Based on Load Spectrum Test

In order to improve the reliability of hub drive system and the service life of transmission system for large-tonnage dump truck, the load spectrum test and compilation research of a certain type of mining dump truck were carried out, and the synchronous test acquisition of multi-load spectrum signals of mining dump trucks under complex dynamic conditions were completed. By establishing the standard sample of working mode and designing load spectrum architecture, the load spectrum data processing program was developed, and the outputting load spectrum data results were counted. The transmission model was established by Masta software, and the influence of micro-modification on gear performance was analyzed based on the test results. The results show that the contact stress between the planetary gear and the inner ring gear as well as that of the sun gear and the inner ring gear is reduced. The peak-to-peak transmission error of the high and low speed gear pair are reduced by 31.2% and 29.9%, respectively. For the whole working conditions, the contact stress of the low-speed gear decreases obviously. With the increase of torque, the gear pair contact area and the peak value of transmission error also increase.

Topology optimization of wheel drive planetary carrier

In order to improve the reliability of the wheel drive system and the service life of the transmission system of the large-tonnage mining dump truck, the finite element model of the planetary carrier is established. According to the stress characteristics, the load, and constraint conditions of the main load, the static analysis and modal analysis are carried out. It is found that the maximum deformation and the maximum equivalent stress are small, and the fifth order modal frequency is high, which can further optimize the structure. Based on the SIMP (solid isotopic material with penalization) interpolation model in the variable density method, the mathematical model of multi-objective function for improving stiffness and reducing flexibility is established by using a compromise programming method. The structure topology of the planetary carrier is optimized to find a more reasonable distribution of materials, and the optimized structure is obtained. Based on the optimization results, the new planet carrier was redesigned, and the dynamic and static performance simulation analysis was performed to ensure the rationality of the improved design of the planet carrier structure. The research shows that the simulation results verify the safety and reliability of the structure, the performance of the optimized planetary carrier can meet the requirements, and the mass is reduced by 14.5%. and a new structure is obtained which is better than the original one.

Towards a Software Defined Truck

AbstractHeavy vehicles are part of the US Critical Infrastructure as they provide the means to deliver goods across the globe. To effectively manage the delivery of goods and improve the performance of the logistics operations, heavy vehicles have been increasingly equipped with wireless telematics systems that bridge the on‐board vehicle networks with Internet based systems. The interconnection of these systems creates a complex system comprising both traditional information technology (IT) systems and automotive operational technology (OT) systems. Using a systems approach to the design, testing, and implementation of complex logistic systems requires a testing and verification strategy to encompass many configurations of vehicles. Using existing vehicles for comprehensive testing is cost prohibitive and building representative testbeds for each configuration of the vehicle is labor intensive. However, testing numerous configurations of heavy vehicles remains a necessity for proper systems evaluation and verification. To this end, a software defined truck (SDT) system is proposed to rapidly test numerous vehicle configurations and achieve testing and verification tasks using automated techniques. This approach drastically expands the coverage of the testing and verification of technologies that leverage vehicle networks. The approach sets the requirements of the software defined truck, explains the advantages of using switched packet networking to virtually reconfigure the truck's network topology, and the appropriate use of simulation engines, emulated hardware, and actual hardware. The result is a scalable, sharable resource where organizations can conduct research, testing, and evaluation at significantly lower cost and wider coverage. This is particularly useful for performing cybersecurity testing, compliance testing, or evaluating other software driven solutions that use the vehicle's controller area network (CAN).

Kinetic modeling of diesel autothermal reforming for fuel cell auxiliary power units

Fuel cell auxiliary power unit (FC-APU) system for heavy-duty trucks has been attracting much attention as an alternative to engine idling to reduce pollutant emissions. In this system, a reformer, which converts diesel, the main fuel of heavy-duty trucks, into syngas suitable for the fuel cell, is essential. A kinetic model of the reforming can be helpful in tasks such as the reactor design and system operation, but it is highly challenging to develop such a model due to the complexity of the reforming reaction network. Thus, in this study, we propose a systematic approach to build a reduced kinetic model of the diesel autothermal reformer. Specifically, microreactor experiments are conducted using a commercial diesel fuel, where the temperature, oxygen-to-carbon ratio (OCR), and steam-to-carbon ratio (SCR) are varied. Then, based on the composition measurements of the exit gas, optimal kinetic models are constructed by iteratively solving a parameter estimation problem for the candidate kinetic models with varying number of reactions. To reduce the number of candidates significantly, lumping techniques are used to generate reduced kinetic models. A stochastic optimization method is employed for the parameter estimation in which the concept of cross-entropy is used. The optimal reduced kinetic models with 3 and 4 reactions showed a consistency with the literature in terms of the reactions included. The accuracy of optimal reduced kinetic models increased, showing 21% improvement as the number of reactions increased from 3 to 4.

Совершенствование охлаждающих систем автотракторных двигателей и методов контроля их состояния

It has been established that the cooling system of modern tractors and trucks can include 5 to 7 independent cooling circuits. A structural diagram of a modular cooling system for automotive engines and a mathematical model of thermal processes in a heat exchanger of the modular cooling system during machine operation are proposed. It is shown that the development of an algorithm for predicting and monitoring the state of the modular cooling system is possible based on a quantitative relationship between the rate of decrease in heat dissipation capacity and the duration of machine operation.

Tanker Truck Rollover Avoidance Using Learning Reference Governor

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Tanker trucks are commonly used for transporting liquid material including chemical and petroleum products. On the one hand, tanker trucks are susceptible to rollover accidents due to the high center of gravity when they are loaded and due to the liquid sloshing effects when the tank is partially filled. On the other hand, tanker truck rollover accidents are among the most dangerous vehicle crashes, frequently resulting in serious to fatal driver injuries and significant property damage, because the liquid cargo is often hazardous and flammable. Therefore, effective schemes for tanker truck rollover avoidance are highly desirable and can bring a considerable amount of societal benefit. Yet, the development of such schemes is challenging, as tanker trucks can operate in various environments and be affected by manufacturing variability, aging, degradation, etc. This paper considers the use of Learning Reference Governor (LRG) for tanker truck rollover avoidance. The LRG is an add-on scheme to a nominal closed-loop system (i.e., the tanker truck in this application). The LRG monitors the maneuver command from the driver (or from a higher-level planning algorithm in the case of an automated tanker truck) and adjusts it when necessary to enforce rollover constraints. One major novelty of this LRG scheme is that its formulation relies on learning, rather than explicit modeling of the system, where learning can be performed on a high-fidelity, black-box model of the truck system or through experimentation with the actual truck. We illustrate the effectiveness of this LRG-based rollover avoidance scheme through simulation studies corresponding to various truck operating conditions.</div></div>

Control scheme of electric driving system for large electric wheel mine-used truck

Control scheme of electric driving system for large electric wheel mine-used truck

Research on unmanned driving system of mine-used truck

Research on unmanned driving system of mine-used truck

Simulation Analysis of Cab Mounting System of Flat-head Truck

Because the working environment of heavy truck with flat head is harsh, it is often in full load or vibration and impact load for a long time, and the cab suspension system receives these responses, and the driver’s intuitive feeling is the output response of the system. In this paper, the static and dynamic characteristics of air spring are tested, and the stiffness and motion characteristic curves are obtained. Then, according to the test data, the model of cab air mount system is established in ADAMS software, which simulates the response of cab mount under real vibration and evaluates its vibration reduction performance.

Implementation of Truck and Dock Management System for Manufacturers and Couriers using RF-ID

Implementation of Truck and Dock Management System for Manufacturers and Couriers using RF-ID

Utilizing information sources to reduce relocation of inbound containers

When road trucks retrieve inbound containers from a container terminal, retrieval operations are often delayed significantly because of the frequent rehandling. We attempt to reduce the number of rehandling operations of inbound containers by using various information sources related to truck arrivals. The sources include dwell time distribution of inbound containers, truck dispatching notice, truck appointment, and real-time position of trucks. Heuristic algorithms are developed to locate and premarshal inbound containers. A simulation study is carried out to test the heuristic algorithms and evaluate the contributions of each information source to terminal performance measures. Practical data on more than 200,000 inbound containers over a period of 8 months and the specifications of the storage yard and rail mounted gantry cranes (RMGCs) of a container terminal in Busan, South Korea, are used for the simulation study. Our results show that the truck system time and number of rehandling operations during a retrieval are, on average, reduced by 47 and 98%, respectively, by utilizing the above information. The truck-dispatching notice, in particular, has a significant contribution to the reductions.

Method of calculating the design parameters of a modulator anti-lock braking system with a high flow of working fluid

The design dimensions of the executive hydraulic cylinders of the brake system of heavy-duty mining dump trucks cause high fluid flow during the braking process. Therefore, dimensions of the anti-blocking system modulator spool pair require unique electromagnets or hydraulic amplifiers to control. These solutions do not allow the required modulator performance. Thus, a modulator scheme with a division of the flow of fluid from the source to the brake cylinders was developed. This scheme allows during emergency braking passing, an additional amount of fluid to cylinders through the valve, installed parallel to the main valve upon pressure increase phase and controlled by the pressure difference. The task is to develop a method for calculating the main structural dimensions of a modulator. The calculation of the valve of the second cascade, installed in parallel to the main stage, is carried out for the emergency braking mode with the maximum flow rate to ensure the required performance of the braking system. The balance of fluid flows equations is compiled at the key points. The flow rate of the fluid through each of the valves is determined by the Torricelli formula, and the pressure difference across the valves is assuned equal. The obtained relations allows building a family of Q-p curves, which can be used to select the diameter and stroke of the additional valve depending on the flow rate in the brake system.

A study of particle separation system of hazardous materials collection truck

A three-stage dust removal technology is adopted in the hazardous materials collection truck proposed in this paper, including the inertial separator in the main storage tank, the cyclone separator and the pleated element filter. The inertial separator housed in the main tank is designed to be detachable to avoid inconvenience caused when collecting liquid hazardous materials. The leaked hazardous materials pulled by vacuum enter the main tank with the air flow, and the heavy particles of the hazardous materials are intercepted in the main tank under the action of the inertial separator. The remaining hazardous particles are removed from the air flow in the cyclone separator. The remaining particles of very small size and density enter pleated element filter, and most of the particles are intercepted by the filter cartridge. The particle separation process is established in this paper and its fluid dynamics simulation analysis is carried out. The simulation results show that the particle separation system proposed in this paper can separate and intercept the collected solid hazardous materials, avoiding secondary pollution to the environment.

Connected Eco-approach and Departure System for Diesel Trucks

Connected Eco-approach and Departure System for Diesel Trucks

A coordinated control of hydraulic hub-motor auxiliary system for heavy truck

To solve the contradiction between the trafficability and the power of traditional heavy trucks, the study proposes a coordinated control of hydraulic hub-motor auxiliary system for heavy truck to make full use of the coefficient of ground aadhesion and engine power. With hydraulic hub-motor auxiliary system (HHMAS) in the non-drive front wheels, the front wheels drive the truck on bad roads to ensure the trucks tractive capacity and exit on good roads to achieve better transmission efficiency. Based on the HHMAS, a wheel speed coordinated control strategy that considers slip efficiency to make system work effectively is designed. The pump displacement composite control method in the real vehicle is tested, the steady-state error is basically within 0.03. Experimental results show that HHMAS has a good effect on the control strategy presented. Hence, the study on HHMAS is a valuable to hydraulic hybrid application.

A new energy-saving and convenient dump truck system

Traditional lift dump trucks complete unloading by raising the center of gravity of the carriage, which often requires too much extra energy input and is inefficient. This paper improves the structure of the traditional dump truck and proposes a new dump truck system that integrates energy saving and convenience. The system as a whole includes conveyor belt system, driving system, automatic turntable system and solar thin film battery system. Based on theoretical calculations and modeling, the transmission efficiency and energy saving of the traditional dump truck and the new system are compared. The results show that the new system has higher transmission efficiency, lower energy consumption, and can achieve different directions through automatic rotation unloading, which also very well verified the superiority of the system.

SCADA and Distributed Control System of a Chemical Products Dispatch Process

The objective of this article is to show the application of a supervision, control and acquisition system of an industrial network of chemical products, for which the design of the control logic and the architecture of the industrial network on Profibus-DP protocols is described and Ethernet, with a peripheral terminal station ET-200, through the Siemens CP433 programmable logic controller and level sensor sensors, coupled to radar-type transmitters with an accuracy of ± 0.5 mm. As findings of the implementation of the control system, it was possible to demonstrate the optimal regulation of the filling system of the 3-compartment trucks with a capacity of 300 Kilos each, generating the elimination of spills of the chemical product, as well as the reduction of polluting particles in the work environment. Finally, as a direct consequence, the productivity of the company was improved, which is a relevant aspect at the level of planning, management and direction.