Structure Of System Research Articles

Design and Heat Transfer Analysis of Graphene-Based Electric Heating Solid Wood Composite Energy Storage Flooring

Due to severe global energy issues and the widespread demand for high-quality winter heating, this study designed a new type of graphene-based electrically heated solid wood composite floor. This flooring maintains the convenience of a traditional floor installation while providing users with a more comfortable living experience. Additionally, the low-temperature heating and temperature regulation system further reduces energy consumption, offering a new perspective for green home living. This paper introduces the overall structure and temperature control system of the graphene-heated solid wood composite flooring. Based on the above reasons, the working mechanism and heat transfer process of the graphene-heated flooring were analyzed, and a mathematical model was established. Furthermore, simulations of flooring with different thicknesses were conducted to determine temperature rise curves and corresponding times. Finally, a comparative experimental verification was conducted on the thermodynamic performance of the solid wood composite graphene flooring. The results showed that in the case of a floor with an 18 mm thickness, the time for the surface layer of the floor to reach 22 °C is 27 min; the time to reach 26 °C is 56 min; and that the time to reach 28 °C is 109 min. The time required to return to 22 °C after the power has been switched off is 25 min. The results also showed that one hour after the power was turned off, the surface temperature of the floor was still above 20 °C. The study shows that the graphene-heated flooring can be used to achieve high-quality heating.

Assessment of the Effectiveness of Vermicomposts Derived from Agri-Food Sector Waste in Wheat Cultivation (Triticum aestivum L.)

Purpose of the study: The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of vermicomposts derived from agri-food sector waste in wheat cultivation (Triticum aestivum L.). The research focused on the impact of various types of vermicompost on plant growth, development, yield, and root system structure. Methodology: The research was conducted under controlled laboratory conditions. Vermicomposts were obtained through the biological processing of organic waste using earthworms (Dendrobaena veneta). The experiment involved six substrate variants with varying proportions of garden soil, rapeseed meal (DMRE), and cattle manure (DCE). The effectiveness of the substrates was assessed based on wheat germination rates, biomass, and root system development. Main findings: Vermicomposts enriched with cattle manure, particularly at a 25% DMRE proportion, provided the best conditions for wheat growth, enhancing germination rates, biomass, and root system development. Pure rapeseed meal (DMRE) was the least effective, highlighting its limited utility as a standalone fertilizer. The results suggest that moderate use of vermicomposts combined with cattle manure benefits yield and plant health. Application of the study: The findings can be applied in agricultural practices to develop effective wheat fertilization strategies while ensuring sustainable organic waste management. The use of vermicomposts may increase agrarian production efficiency and promote sustainable farming. Originality/Novelty of the study: This study contributes significantly to research on using vermicomposts derived from agri-food waste as eco-friendly and efficient fertilizers, offering innovative solutions for sustainable wheat production.

Effects of CaO and MgO on the Local Structure and Transport Characteristics of Titanate System: Insights from Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Effects of CaO and MgO on the Local Structure and Transport Characteristics of Titanate System: Insights from Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Study of the electronic structure of NixTiSe2 by EMF method.

The electron structure of the NixTiSe2 system has been studied by the electromotive force (EMF) method in Cu|Cu+|NixTiSe2 and Na|Na+|NixTiSe2 electrochemical cells. Two critical transitions have been found in this system at x = 0.25 and x = 0.35. At these compositions, a change in the nature of the chemical bond of nickel with its local environment occurs. The simple and useful EMF method has been applied as the instrument to study features of electron structure. A comparative analysis of critical points in the electronic structure of the MexTiSe2 (Me = Fe, Co, Ni) intercalate compounds was carried out.

The Revised Reward Theory of Desire

Abstract I propose and articulate a novel theory of desire, called the Revised Reward Theory. As the name suggests, the theory is based—and expands—on Arpaly and Schroeder’s (2014) Reward Theory of Desire. The initial Reward Theory identifies desires with states of the reward learning system such that for an organism to desire some P is for its reward system to treat P as a reward upon receipt. The Revised Reward Theory identifies desires with a different state of the same system, such that for an organism to desire some P is for its reward system to expect or predict that P will be rewarding (roughly) prior to receipt. The difference amounts to equating desires with what we ultimately find rewarding or satisfying versus those that underlie our motivations to obtain that which we take ourselves to desire. I argue that the structure of the reward system is incompatible with the original Reward Theory but compatible with the Revised Reward Theory. I demonstrate that this difference has important philosophical implications. I focus on moral responsibility and demonstrate Arpaly and Schroeder’s argument, that addiction can mitigate moral responsibility, turns on this precise difference. Arpaly, Schroeder, and I all ascribe to a meta-theory called ‘natural kindism’ which identifies mental kinds with neurocognitive kinds. This discussion, in addition to defending a theory of desire, is intended to act as a proof of concept for natural kindism as offering a powerful framework for relating empirical results to philosophical issues.

Screening of Bacteria Promoting Carbon Fixation in Chlorella vulgaris Under High Concentration CO2 Stress

The cooperation between microalgae and bacteria can enhance the carbon fixation efficiency of microalgae. In this study, a microalgae-bacteria coexistence system under high-concentration CO2 stress was constructed, and the bacterial community structure of the entire system was analyzed using the 16S rDNA technique. Microbacterium sp., Bacillus sp., and Aeromonas sp. were screened and demonstrated to promote carbon fixation in Chlorella vulgaris HL 01 (C. vulgaris HL 01). Among them, the Aeromonas sp. + C. vulgaris HL 01 experimental group exhibited the most significant effect, with an increase of about 24% in the final biomass yield and a daily carbon fixation efficiency increase of about 245% (day 7) compared to the control group. Continuous cultivation of microalgae and bacterial symbiosis showed that bacteria could utilize the compounds secreted by microalgae for growth and could produce nutrients to maintain the vitality of microalgae. Detection of extracellular organic compounds of microorganisms in the culture broth by excitation-emission matrix spectral analysis revealed that bacteria utilized the aromatic proteinaceous compounds and others secreted by C. vulgaris HL 01 and produced new extracellular organic compounds required by C. vulgaris HL 01. The metabolic organic substances in the liquids of the experimental groups and the control group were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and it was found that 31 unique organic substances of C. vulgaris HL 01 were utilized by bacteria, and 136 new organic substances were produced. These differential compounds were mainly organic acids and their derivatives, benzene compounds, and organic heterocyclic compounds, etc. These results fully demonstrate that the carbon fixation ability and persistence of C. vulgaris HL 01 are improved through material exchange between microalgae and bacteria. This study establishes a method to screen carbon-fixing symbiotic bacteria and verifies that microalgae and bacteria can significantly improve the carbon fixation efficiency of microalgae for high-concentration CO2 through material exchange, providing a foundation for further research of microalgae-bacterial carbon fixation.

Using Adaptive Genetic Algorithm Optimize to realize the Extended Depth-of-field Wavefront Coding Mask for a Large Field-of-view Microscopy System

Wavefront coding technology (WFC) is a computational photography technique that significantly extends a system's depth of field (DOF) while mitigating the impact of aberrations and the environment. A freely inserted wavefront coding microscopy system that realizes high-resolution imaging with large DOF in a wide field of view (FOV) is proposed. On the basis of a designed large DOF microscopy system, an adaptive genetic algorithm is developed to interactively analyze, design, and optimize the phase mask and its effects on the system. The algorithm adaptively adjusts the parameters for selection, crossover, and mutation. Furthermore, it reconstructs the optimization function while considering processability, thereby efficiently and accurately selecting phase mask parameters. The phase mask is prepared and integrated into the system with a freely inserted fixture, which provides flexibility and ease of operation. Wavefront encoding/decoding experiments demonstrate that the system can extend the DOF by approximately ±13 times in a large FOV, while slightly decreasing the resolution from 6.20 μm to 7.81 μm, and mitigating aberrations and FOV effects. The integrated phase mask does not influence the design of the optical system, is universal, and simplifies the system's structure. This provides advantages in applications such as biological microscopes, endoscopes, and drones, which have strict sample and environmental requirements.

Smart energy management: Process structure-based hybrid neural networks for optimal scheduling and economic predictive control in integrated systems

Integrated energy systems (IESs) are complex prosumers consisting of diverse operating units spanning multiple domains. The tight integration of these units results in varied dynamic characteristics and intricate nonlinear process interactions, making detailed dynamic modeling and successful operational optimization challenging. To address these concerns, we propose a process structure-based hybrid time-series neural network (NN) surrogate to predict the dynamic performance of IESs across multiple time scales. This neural network-based modeling approach develops time-series multi-layer perceptrons (MLPs) for the operating units and integrates them with prior process knowledge about system structure and fundamental dynamics. This integration forms three hybrid NNs—long-term, slow, and fast MLPs—that predict the entire system dynamics across multiple time scales. Leveraging these MLPs, we design an NN-based scheduler and an NN-based economic model predictive control (NEMPC) framework to meet global operational requirements: rapid electrical power responsiveness to operators’ requests, adequate cooling supply to customers, and increased system profitability, while addressing the dynamic time-scale multiplicity present in IESs. The proposed day-ahead scheduler is formulated using the ReLU network-based MLP, which effectively represents IES performance under a broad range of conditions from a long-term perspective. The scheduler is then exactly recast into a mixed-integer linear programming problem for efficient evaluation. The real-time NEMPC, based on slow and fast MLPs, comprises two sequential distributed control agents: a slow NEMPC for the cooling-dominant subsystem with slower transient responses and a fast NEMPC for the power-dominant subsystem with faster responses. These agents collaborate in the decision-making process to achieve dynamic synergy in real time while reducing computational costs. Extensive simulations demonstrate that the developed scheduler and NEMPC schemes outperform their respective benchmark scheduler and controller by about 25% and 40%. Together, they enhance overall system performance by over 70% compared to benchmark approaches.

Modelling and controlling outputs of nonlinear systems using feedback

This study aimed to analyze methods for modeling and controlling the output of nonlinear systems using feedback, analytical methods, mathematical modeling, and differential equation theory. Key findings include the mathematical characterization of equations and the analysis of system stability and asymptotic behavior. The study explored various methods for addressing problems in nonlinear systems, emphasizing the importance of identifying effective solutions. The research highlights the significance of developing effective approaches to solving complex problems involving nonlinear systems. Feedback is essential for controlling and correcting dynamic processes in systems with nonlinearities. The study’s key finding is the mathematical characterization of equations describing nonlinear systems, providing insight into system structure and behavior under different parameters. Analyzing stability and asymptotic behavior allows for assessing system reliability and predicting long-term stability. This study contributes to the scientific understanding and development of methods for modeling and controlling nonlinear systems using feedback.

Solving Hilfer fractional dirac systems: a spectral approach

Abstract In this study, we define Hilfer fractional Dirac system. Our main object is to analyze the main spectral structure of the Hilfer fractional Dirac system. To this end, the self-adjointness of the Hilfer fractional Dirac operator, orthogonality of the eigen-vector-functions, and reality of the eigenvalues are displayed. Also, we obtain the representation of the solution of the system by using Laplace transforms with analytical estimations. We investigate eigen-vector functions and eigenvalues for the Hilfer fractional Dirac boundary value problem and illustrate the results in detail with tables and figures.

Cropping system modulates the effect of spring drought on ammonia-oxidizing communities

The severity of drought is predicted to increase across Europe due to climate change. Droughts can substantially impact terrestrial nitrogen (N) cycling and the corresponding microbial communities. Here, we investigated how ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB), archaea (AOA), and complete ammonia oxidizers (comammox) as well as inorganic N pools and N2O fluxes respond to simulated drought under different cropping systems. A rain-out shelter experiment was conducted as part of a long-term field experiment comparing cropping systems that differed mainly in fertilization strategy (organic, mineral, or mixed mineral and organic) and plant protection management (biodynamic versus conventional pesticide use). We found that the effect of drought varied depending on the specific ammonia-oxidizing (AO) groups and the type of cropping system. Drought had the greatest impact on the structure of the AOA community compared to the other AO groups. The abundance of ammonia oxidizers was also affected by drought, with comammox clade B exhibiting the highest sensitivity. Additionally, drought had, overall, a stronger impact on the AO community structure in the biodynamic cropping system than in the mixed and mineral-fertilized conventional systems. The responses of ammonia-oxidizing communities to drought were comparable between bulk soil and rhizosphere. We observed a significant increase in NH4+ and NO3- pools during the drought period, which then decreased after rewetting, indicating a strong resilience. We further found that drought altered the complex relationships between AO communities and mineral N pools, as well as N2O fluxes. These results highlight the importance of agricultural management practices in influencing the response of nitrogen cycling guilds and their processes to drought.

The effect of CaO/Al2O3 and SiO2 on the structure and properties of rare earth bearing-aluminosilicate system: A molecular dynamic study

The effect of CaO/Al2O3 and SiO2 on the structure and properties of rare earth bearing-aluminosilicate system: A molecular dynamic study

Numerical study on inverse grading segregation mechanism of single coarse particles with different particle sizes under two-dimensional cyclic shear

Granular mixtures with size differences can segregate when subjected to shaking or shear. This study investigates the mechanism underlying the inverse grading segregation of single coarse particles with varying sizes under cyclic shear. A self-developed two-dimensional testing device combined with three-dimensional printing technology and the image identification capabilities of the segment anything model enabled the construction of a cyclic shear numerical model based on rigid blocks. The analysis concentrated on the movement of coarse particles and the evolution of the macroscopic structure of the particle system, and the local topological structures surrounding single coarse particles. The findings reveal the following: (1) Larger coarse particle sizes and lower shape factors under cyclic shear result in shorter times to free surface and higher vertical velocities. (2) Throughout the cycles, the vertical net force acting on each coarse particle fluctuates around zero, while its vertical position displays a zigzag upward trend. (3) Within a single typical cycle, larger coarse particles increase the local void ratio, aiding their lift. Vertical displacement and net force exhibit a double peak pattern inversely related to coordination number, while horizontal displacement fluctuates periodically around zero. (4) Weighted local degree centrality negatively correlates with vertical displacement of single coarse particles, reflecting the dual influence of particle size and importance on segregation velocity. Fine particles occupying the two lower corners of single coarse particles create the lifting effect, driving their zigzag upward motion. Additionally, larger coarse particles enhance their importance, accelerating the segregation process.

Federated public key infrastructure management for secure internet of things interoperability

Proliferating the internet of things (IoT) across all industry fields offers numerous possibilities for invention. It also multiplied the issues of ensuring uniform interoperability among a wide range of devices and platforms. The focus of this paper is to propose an approach for enhancing the security of IoT networks. This study investigated the possible efficacy of employing a federal public key infrastructure (PKI) structure system to serve IoT-based ecosystems. To achieve this goal, we have developed an elaborate experimental framework incorporating different trust models, security protocols, privacy enhancements, and performance metrics that demonstrate the practical benefits of this kind of federated system. One of the contributions of this study is an experimental model that mimics a real IoT ecosystem. It entails many IoT devices, installing vital PKI elements, and the development of safe information transmission channels. Measurements such as latency pointed out the feasibility of various IoT concepts, including such short response time as 2.8 ms for vehicular IoT (V2X). Measures for interoperability ranged with V2X having a 96.4% success, indicating the strength of the standards within that segment. This study reveals the benefits of a federated PKI management system for solving issues of IoT interconnectedness.

Studying a Method for Applying Phase Shift Using a Three‐Channel Phase Shifter at a Central Frequency of 10 GHz: Design, Simulation and Construction

ABSTRACTFeeding phased array antennas are crucial components of this type of antenna system. To change the angle of the beam in phased array antennas, the antenna arrays need to have a phase difference. A method for applying phase shifts in the power divider is presented, which can be integrated into a single antenna feed system structure. Using Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) technology, which has been widely used in the manufacturing of microwave devices recently, makes it possible to design and manufacture all elements such as antennas, power dividers, filters, and phase shifters on a single substrate. This approach reduces manufacturing costs, size, and weight of microwave circuits; more importantly, it eliminates the losses associated with non‐coplanar connections and circuits. A three‐port phase shifter is proposed, illustrating how to control the phase difference between output ports. After designing, simulating, and optimizing the relevant parameters at a frequency of 10 GHz, the phase shifter was manufactured and measured on the Rogers RO4003 substrate. The measurement results matched well with the simulation results, and all findings are presented.

Quantum manipulation of asymmetric Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen steering in controllable dynamical Casimir arrays

Abstract We design dynamical Casimir arrays (DCA) consisting of giant atoms and coupled resonator waveguides (CRWs) to investigate the Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen (EPR) steering at finite temperatures. Our designed system exhibits an asymmetry in its structure, which is caused by the differences in the sizes and the coupling positions of the giant atoms. The system achieves different types of EPR steering and the reversal of one-way EPR steering by modulating parameters. Furthermore, the symmetry and asymmetry of the system structure, in their responses to parameter modulation, both reveal the asymmetry of EPR steering. In this process, we discover that with the increase in temperature, different types of steering can be transferred from Casimir photons to giant atoms. We also achieve the monogamy of the multipartite system. These results provide important assistance for secure quantum communication, and further intuitively validating the asymmetry of EPR steering from multiple perspectives.

Noradrenergic system in the pathogenesis of age-dependent neurodegeneration

Ageing is a key factor in the development of cognitive decline and neurodegeneration, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common form of dementia diagnosed. In 2023 the US Federal Drug Administration (FDA) approved a new drug (Lecanemab, Leqembi) to treat AD that very moderately slows down cognitive decline in early-stage AD (van Dyck et al., 2023). Donanemab (Kisunla, Eli Lilley), acting similarly to lecanemab, was approved by the FDA in 2024 in the US, but not yet by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) in the EU. The mechanism of action of both of these monoclonal antibodies is similar to that of aducanumab (Aduhelm), conditionally approved for AD in 2021 (but subsequently discontinued by the producer), by acting on and reducing β-amyloid deposits (Sevigny et al., 2016; van Dyck et al., 2023). However, trials of all these monoclonal antibodies revealed significant adverse events (brain swelling or brain bleeding); hence treatment for AD and neurodegeneration in general remains an important unmet medical need, affecting millions of people worldwide. Here I discuss the role of the noradrenergic system innervating the brain and the spinal cord, consisting of the nucleus locus coeruleus (LC), which appears to be the most vulnerable structure in the central nervous system (CNS) to ageing-related factors, leading to early LC demise and cognitive impairments. Therefore, I propose that understanding the action of noradrenaline on the brain cells, in particular on astrocytes, homeostasis-providing cells, which exhibit a high density of adrenergic receptors, is a future strategy to develop new drugs to mitigate neurodegeneration and cognitive decline. Keywords: ageing; noradrenaline; adrenoceptors; locus coeruleus; neurodegeneration, neuroglia, astrocytes

The Information System of Digital Financial Assets: Structure and Functions

The article provides definitions of digital financial assets (DFA), provides examples of classifications of digital assets proposed in various sources. The expediency of studying the DFA information system and its structure, formed in the context of current Russian legislation and financial market practice, is indicated. The principles of building the DFA information system, the main participants of the system and their functions are considered. It is concluded that it is necessary to take into account the structure and functions of the information system when developing recommendations for improving the use of DFA in the Russian financial market.

Mechanism analysis and structural design of parallel-driven hydraulic wrist joint

Purpose This study aims to design a novel 3 degree-of-freedom parallel-driven hydraulic wrist (PHW) joint, characterized by a compact structure, heavy payload capacity and spherical workspace. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, the kinematics and dynamics mathematical model of PHW is analyzed based on the closed-loop vector method, screw theory and virtual work principle. And the key parameters of PHW are determined based on the singularity analysis. The integrated design method of hydraulic and mechanical systems is used, thereby enabling a hose-less configuration that fosters a low-leakage hydraulic system structure with reduced self-weight. Additionally, this research proposed a dynamic nonlinear compensation control methodology predicated on a payload model to enhance the stability and precision of trajectory tracking for PHW. Finally, several experiments have been conducted to evaluate and validate the performance of the proposed approach and the payload capacity of PHW. Findings Experiment results show that PHW has a payload-to-self-weight ratio of 4(payload 14 kg with self-weight 3.5 kg) under supply pressure 7 MPa. The experimental assessment of payload capacity substantiates the efficacy of the dynamic nonlinear compensation control method for PHW. Remarkably, the trajectory tracking errors for PHW remain under 0.03 rad, even when subjected to payloads of 10.5 and 14 kg. Originality/value This study presents an effective parallel hydraulic-driven wrist structure. This parallel structure provides a spherical workspace with flexible motion, and larger payload capacity compared with the existing robot wrist.

2024 TCMIID®中医药传承创新发展大赛获奖项目10：Design of Optimized Storage Structure and Environmental Monitoring System for Traditional Chinese Medicine Herbs

一等奖 Design of Optimized Storage Structure and Environmental Monitoring System for Traditional Chinese Medicine Herbs Liangkeyi SUN Qiang SUN University of Macau