Regeneration System Research Articles

Establishment of Tissue Culture and Regeneration System in Hippophae gyantsensis Lian

Hippophae gyantsensis Lian is a pioneering tree species in Chinese forestry ecological engineering, known for its robust stress tolerance, water retention capacity, and soil improvement qualities. However, the lack of rapid nursery technology has been a significant impediment to the development of the H. gyantsensis industry. In the present study, we have successfully established a tissue culture regeneration system for H. gyantsensis. The most effective methods for seed disinfection, ensuring sterility in seedlings, were found to be 75% alcohol disinfection for 40 s and 10% sodium hypochlorite disinfection for 10 min. The best media tested for callus induction in cotyledons and hypocotyls of sterile seedlings were 1/3 MS + 0.5 mg/L KT + 0.75 mg/L NAA and 1/3 MS + 0.3 mg/L 6-BA + 1.5 mg/L IBA, respectively. As the explants, cotyledons yielded larger calli with a greater size and differentiation ability than hypocotyls. For the induction of indeterminate shoots and proliferation, the most suitable media were 1/3 MS + 0.5 mg/L IAA + 0.75 mg/L 6-BA and 1/3 MS + 1.0 mg/L 6-BA + 0.05 mg/L IBA + 0.1 mg/L KT, respectively. Lastly, the best worked rooting formulation was 1/4 MS + 0.3 mg/L IBA. This study marks a significant milestone in the establishment of a systematic tissue culture regeneration system for H. gyantsensis, which will facilitate the industrial rapid propagation of high-quality seedlings and provide the foundation for improvement through genetic transformation.

Матричное моделирование и диагностика состояния регенеративных подогревателей высокого давления

Increasing the efficiency of heat exchangers is a promising area of energy saving, which is one of the priority areas of the development of science, engineering, and technology in the Russian Federation. Improvement of heat and mass transfer in regenerative heaters and condensers of turbine units of thermal power plants can significantly increase the operating efficiency of power equipment. Diagnostics of the condition and improvement of operating modes of the high-pressure regenerative heater which are an integral part of regenerative heating systems for feedwater of turbine units, are urgent scientific and practical tasks. To develop a model of a high-pressure regenerative heater, the methodology of matrix formalization of the description of heat and mass transfer processes has been used. To solve problems of diagnosing the state of heating surfaces of heat exchange equipment, mathematical programming methods have been applied. Within the framework of the matrix formalization methodology, an approach to modeling and solving diagnostic problems of multi-stage heat exchangers considering the phase transition in coolants has been developed. The sensitivity of the resulting model to input signals has been studied. Solutions of the problem of diagnosing the state of a high-pressure regenerative heater have been obtained and analyzed. Analysis of the obtained calculated results has shown an adequate description using the model of the real heat exchange process for the analyzed heater and the possibility to use the proposed model for monitoring and operational diagnostics of power equipment. The proposed approach allows us to formulate and solve inverse problems of diagnosing the state of equipment of heat exchange installations for various purposes.

Establishment of plant regeneration protocol through callus induction of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum l.) var. China using leaf-sheath

Establishment of a plant regeneration system through direct organogenesis or via callus is also a prerequisite to further in vitro genetic manipulation of the cultivar through somaclonal variation, in vitro mutagenesis and genetic transformation. Production of sufficient numbers of plants of a unique genotype is possible using in vitro culture system. In this study, the effect of various concentrations and combinations of plant growth regulators for in vitro regeneration of sugarcane via callus was described using leaf-sheath as explants. Thus, a reproducible protocol for induction of callus and regeneration into plantlets were developed in sugarcane var. china using leaf-sheath as explants. Potential callus induction was observed on MS medium supplemented with 4.5 mg/l 2,4-D, in which 80% explants induced callus after culture initiation of 90 days. Shoot formation from the callus was optimum on MS + 1.0 mg/l GA3 + 0.5 mg/l Kin., in which 70% of the cultured calli formed shoots. The average number of shoot formed per culture callus was 27.0 ± 2.50 and the average shoot length of 6.5 ± 0.50 cm were achieved in this medium after culture of 60 days. Regenerated shoots rooted well when they were transferred into half strength of MS + 2.50 mg/l NAA, in which 90% shoots rooted within 30 days of culture. The average number of root produced per shoot was 18.0 ± 2.25 and the average root length of 7.50 ± 1.20 cm were observed in this medium. Ninety percent of the in vitro raised plantlets were survived in the natural environment.

Developing hybrid systems to address oxygen uncoupling in multi-component Rieske oxygenases

Rieske non-heme iron oxygenases (ROs) are redox enzymes essential for microbial biodegradation and natural product synthesis. These enzymes utilize molecular oxygen for oxygenation reactions, making them very useful biocatalysts due to their broad reaction scope and high selectivities. The mechanism of oxygen activation in ROs involves electron transfers between redox centers of associated protein components, forming an electron transfer chain (ETC). Although the ETC is essential for electron replenishment, it carries the risk of reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation due to electron loss during oxygen activation. Our previous study linked ROS formation to O2 uncoupling in the flavin-dependent reductase of the three-component cumene dioxygenase (CDO). In the present study, we extend this finding by investigating the effects of ROS formation on the multi-component CDO system in a cell-free environment. In particular, we focus on the effects of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) formation in the presence of a NADH cofactor regeneration system on the catalytic efficiency of CDO in vitro. Based on this, we propose the implementation of hybrid systems with alternative (non-native) redox partners for CDO, which are highly advantageous in terms of reduced H2O2 formation and increased product formation. The hybrid system consisting of the RO-reductase from phthalate dioxygenase (PDR) and CDO proved to be the most promising for the oxyfunctionalization of indene, showing a 4-fold increase in product formation (20 mM) over 24 h (TTN of 1515) at a 3-fold increase in production rate.

Comparative transcriptome and functional analyses provide insights into the key factors regulating shoot regeneration in highbush blueberry.

Establishing an efficient plant regeneration system is a crucial prerequisite for genetic engineering technology in plants. However, the regeneration rate exhibits considerable variability among genotypes, and the key factors underlying shoot regeneration capacity remain largely elusive. Blueberry leaf explants cultured on a medium rich in cytokinins exhibit direct shoot organogenesis without prominent callus formation, which holds promise for expediting genetic transformation while minimizing somatic mutations during culture. The objective of this study is to unravel the molecular and genetic determinants that govern cultivar-specific shoot regeneration potential in highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.). We conducted comparative transcriptome analysis using two highbush blueberry genotypes: 'Blue Muffin' ('BM') displaying a high regeneration rate (>80%) and 'O'Neal' ('ON') exhibiting a low regeneration rate (<10%). The findings revealed differential expression of numerous auxin-related genes; notably, 'BM' exhibited higher expression of auxin signaling genes compared to 'ON'. Among blueberry orthologs of transcription factors involved in meristem formation in Arabidopsis, expression of VcENHANCER OF SHOOT REGENERATION (VcESR), VcWUSCHEL (VcWUS), and VcCUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON 2.1 were significantly higher in 'BM' relative to 'ON'. Exogenous application of auxin promoted regeneration, as well as VcESR and VcWUS expression, whereas inhibition of auxin biosynthesis yielded the opposite effects. Overexpression of VcESR in 'BM' promoted shoot regeneration under phytohormone-free conditions by activating the expression of cytokinin- and auxin-related genes. These findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying blueberry regeneration and have practical implications for enhancing plant regeneration and transformation techniques.

Efficient production of l-glutathione by whole-cell catalysis with ATP regeneration from adenosine.

l-glutathione (GSH) is an important tripeptide compound with extensive applications in medicine, food additives, and cosmetics industries. In this work, an innovative whole-cell catalytic strategy was developed to enhance GSH production by combining metabolic engineering of GSH biosynthetic pathways with an adenosine-based adenosine triphosphate(ATP) regeneration system inEscherichia coli. Concretely, to enhance GSH production in E. coli, several genes associated with GSH and l-cysteine degradation, as well as the branched metabolic flow, were deleted. Additionally, the GSH bifunctional synthase (GshFSA) and GSH ATP-binding cassetteexporter (CydDC) were overexpressed. Moreover, an adenosine-based ATP regeneration system was first introduced into E. coli to enhance GSH biosynthesis without exogenous ATP additions. Through the optimization of whole-cell catalytic conditions, the engineered strain GSH17-FDC achieved an impressive GSH titer of 24.19 g/L only after 2 h reaction, with a nearly 100% (98.39%) conversion rate from the added l-Cys. This work not only unveils a new platform for GSH production but also provides valuable insights for the production of other high-value metabolites that rely on ATP consumption.

Towards achieving the sustainable development goals: a collaborative action plan leveraging the circular economy potentials

This contribution to the journal “Gruppe. Interaktion. Organisation. (GIO)” delves into the critical role of Sustainable Development Goal 17 (SDG 17), “Partnership for the Goals,” in fostering interdisciplinary collaboration to further circular economy objectives. Aiming to address the existing research focus on isolated technical aspects within the circular economy, this study uses an expertise- and interaction-based foresight process to integrate perspectives from business, engineering, social sciences, and work and organizational psychology to unearth broader, interconnected challenges and solutions for the implementation of circular economy practices. Based on the pooled experience of experts within the foresight process, this contribution elucidates major challenges, ongoing issues, and prospective hurdles to be tackled by 2030 in circular economy, presenting an action plan centered on interdisciplinary cooperation and stakeholder engagement to advance labor conditions and continuous learning, sustainable and regenerative systems, minimize waste, and optimize resource efficiency. The collaborative action plan serves as a pivotal resource for the transformation task for researchers and practitioners, offers insights and strategic directions for implementing circular economy practices, and emphasizes collective responsibility and action in achieving global sustainability, all while aligning with the principles of SDG 17. The presented collaborative approach propels the discourse on sustainability forward, highlighting the potential of the circular economy in realizing a more sustainable world by 2030.

Development of indirect somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration system with immature embryos of the cultivated traditional Chinese medicinal herb Polygonatum cyrtonema

The dried rhizome of Polygonatum cyrtonema represents a highly valued traditional Chinese medicine. With a growing demand, the imperative arises for the establishment of an efficient tissue culture system for large-scale propagation. Here, we successfully developed a tissue culture system capable of yielding P. cyrtonema seedlings through somatic embryogenesis using immature embryos as explants within a 120-day timeframe. An optimum callus induction rate was achieved through a combination of 1.0 mg/L 6-BA and 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D in MS medium, resulting in the formation of numerous highly active callus. Subsequent transfer of primary callus to a medium containing 1.0 mg/L 6-BA and 1.0 mg/L 2,4-D in MS medium for 30 days yielded induction rates of 97.78%, 89.62%, 73.33%, and 66.67% for globular, heart, torpedo, and cotyledonary embryos, respectively. The highest rate of somatic embryo normal germination (73.33%) was observed in the MS+6-BA 2.0 mg/L+NAA 1.0 mg/L medium. Subsequent transfer of germinated somatic embryos to MS+IAA 0.5 mg/L+IBA 1.0 mg/L medium for 20 days resulted in robust tissue culture seedlings, with a survival rate of 93.33% when transplanted into a seedling substrate consisting of soil: perlite (3:1, v/v). This study not only marks the inaugural instance of somatic embryogenesis in Polygonatum species but also paves a foundation for the advent of breeding traditional Chinese medicinal herb P. cyrtonema via recent advanced biotechnological strategies.

Agroecological innovation to scale livestock agriculture for positive economic, environmental, and social outcomes

Livestock agriculture must change to meet demand for food production while building soil, reducing flooding, retaining nutrients, enhancing biodiversity, and supporting thriving communities. Technological innovations, including those in digital and precision agriculture, are unlikely by themselves to create the magnitude and directionality of transformation of livestock production systems that are needed. We begin by comparing technological, ecological and social innovations in feedlot-finished and pasture-finished cattle production and propose that what is required is a more integrative ‘agroecological innovation’ process that intentionally weaves these three forms of innovation to transition livestock agriculture to be genuinely regenerative and multifunctional. This integrated system emphasizes social innovations as essential components of the innovation system because of their capacity to address and influence the social context into which technological and ecological innovations occur. In particular, regional place-making can be especially useful as an interactive process of designing regional identities as people engage with one another and their environments to define landscape futures and the related social standards that normalize particular land management practices. Intentionally developing innovations can help communities engage in relational place-making processes to define desired outcomes for agricultural landscapes and develop ways to collaborate towards achieving them, including the creation of novel supply chains that support regenerative livestock systems. As social norms evolve through place-making they influence individual behaviors and agricultural practices on the ground and offer a pathway for more rapid scaling of regenerative practices in livestock agriculture. Regional place-making also can influence the ‘meta’ context of agricultural systems by engaging with public and private institutions responsible for management of natural resources, food systems, and the public good, further accelerating the scaling process. Emerging agroecological innovation systems for livestock agriculture must be designed and governed in ways that ensure responsible and diverse outcomes compatible with their social and ecological contexts, and with management approaches and technologies consistent with the values and goals of communities in a region.

“A lactose-modified chitosan accelerates chondrogenic differentiation in mesenchymal stem cells spheroids”

Spheroids derived from human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are of limited use for cartilage regeneration, as the viability of the cells progressively decreases during the period required for chondrogenic differentiation (21 days). In this work, spheroids based on hMSCs and a lactose-modified chitosan (CTL) were formed by seeding cells onto an air-dried coating of CTL. The polymer coating can inhibit cell adhesion and it is simultaneously incorporated into spheroid structure. CTL-spheroids were characterized from a morphological and biological perspective, and their properties were compared with those of spheroids obtained by seeding the cells onto a non-adherent surface (agar gel). Compared to the latter, smaller and more viable spheroids form in the presence of CTL as early as 4 days of culture. At this time point, analysis of stem cells differentiation in spheroids showed a remarkable increase in collagen type-2 (COL2A1) gene expression (~700-fold compared to day 0), whereas only a 2-fold increase was observed in the control spheroids at day 21. These results were confirmed by histological and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses, which showed that in CTL-spheroids an early deposition of collagen with a banding structure already occurred at day 7. Overall, these results support the use of CTL-spheroids as a novel system for cartilage regeneration, characterized by increased cell viability and differentiation capacity within a short time-frame. This will pave the way for approaches aimed at increasing the success rate of procedures and reducing the time required for tissue regeneration.

The Development of the Regenerable Catalytic System in Selective Catalytic Oxidation of Ammonia with High N2 Selectivity.

Supported particulate noble-metal catalysts are widely used in industrial catalytic reactions. However, these metal species, whether in the form of nanoparticles or highly dispersed entities, tend to aggregate during reactions, leading to a reduced activity or selectivity. Addressing the frequent necessity for the replacement of industrial catalysts remains a significant challenge. Herein, we demonstrate the feasibility of the 'regenerable catalytic system' exemplified by selective catalytic oxidation of ammonia (NH3-SCO) employing Ag/Al2O3 catalysts. Results demonstrate that our highly dispersed Ag catalyst (Ag HD) maintains >90% N2 selectivity at 80% NH3 conversion and >80% N2 selectivity at 100% NH3 conversion after enduring 5 cycles of reducible aggregation and oxidative dispersion. Moreover, it consistently upholds over 98% N2 selectivity at 100% NH3 conversion after 10 cycles of Ar treatment. During the aggregation-dispersion process, the Ag HD catalyst intentionally aggregated into Ag nanoparticles (Ag NP) after H2 reduction and exhibited remarkable regenerable capabilities, returning to the Ag HD state after calcination in the air. This structural evolution was characterized through in situ transmission electron microscopy, atomically resolved high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy, revealing the on-site oxidative dispersion of Ag NP. Additionally, in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy provided insights into the exceptional N2 selectivity on Ag HD catalysts, elucidating the critical role of NO+ intermediates. Our findings suggest a sustainable and cost-effective solution for various industry applications.

Establishment of somatic embryogenesis regeneration system and transcriptome analysis of early somatic embryogenesis in Litchi chinensis

Litchi chinensis Sonn. is an important economic fruit tree in tropical and subtropical regions. Regrettably, the efficiency of plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis in litchi is typically low due to the poor conversion of embryos to plants. The purpose of this study was to establish a regeneration system via somatic embryogenesis from immature embryos explants in ‘Heiye’ cultivar of litchi. Our results demonstrated that MS medium supplemented with 2.0mg L−1 2,4-D was optimal for callus induction. For somatic embryo (SE) induction, MS medium containing 0.5 g L−1 activated charcoal (AC) was the most effective, while the use of zeatin (ZT) and thidiazuron (TDZ) resulted in abnormal somatic embryos. The rooting and regeneration rate of 2.15% and 17.5%, respectively, were achieved using MS medium supplemented with 0.5 g L−1 AC. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis was performed on embryogenic callus (EC), globular embryo (GE), and heart embryo (HE) to explore the molecular mechanisms of early somatic embryogenesis. 2,587 common DEGs between EC_vs_GE and EC_vs_HE were identified, and the expression patterns of these common DEGs were separated into twelve major clusters. GO annotation and KEGG pathway analysis revealed that these common DEGs were implicated in plant hormone signal transduction, auxin-activated signaling pathway, and other biological processes. Additionally, differentially expression transcription factors were identified, and the function of LcBBM2 which is specifically highly expressed during early somatic embryogenesis was verified. Overexpression of LcBBM2 in tomato promotes callus and shoot formation. Therefore, this study can provide a theoretical basis and technical support for genetic breeding improvement of litchi.

Optimizing alkaline solvent regeneration through bipolar membrane electrodialysis for carbon capture

This work demonstrates and characterizes the use of a bipolar membrane electrodialysis for pH-driven CO2 capture and solvent regeneration using potassium hydroxide solutions. The impact of potassium concentration, current density and load ratio on the CO2 desorption efficiency was analyzed and substantiated with an equilibrium model. The system was tested with partially saturated solutions that mimic the expected carbon content of alkaline solvents that have been in contact with flue gas (carbon loading of 0.6 and K+ concentration from 0.5 M to 2 M). Among the tested current densities, 1000 A/m2 demonstrated the highest CO2 desorption efficiency but also the highest energy consumption, whereas 250 A/m2 exhibited the lowest energy consumption (8.8 GJ/ton CO2) but lower CO2 desorption. Efficiency losses were associated with H+ transport across the membranes at high load ratios and decrease of the bipolar membranes water dissociation efficiency at low current densities. This work establishes key performance indicators and describes fundamental characteristics of continuous bipolar membrane electrodialysis systems for regeneration of alkaline solvents used in post-combustion CO2 capture.

Plants as a cost-effective source for customizable photosynthetic wound dressings: A proof of concept study.

Oxygen is essential for tissue regeneration, playing a crucial role in several processes, including cell metabolism and immune response. Therefore, the delivery of oxygen to wounds is an active field of research, and recent studies have highlighted the potential use of photosynthetic biomaterials as alternative oxygenation approach. However, while plants have traditionally been used to enhance tissue regeneration, their potential to produce and deliver local oxygen to wounds has not yet been explored. Hence, in this work we studied the oxygen-releasing capacity of Marchantia polymorpha explants, showing their capacity to release oxygen under different illumination settings and temperatures. Moreover, co-culture experiments revealed that the presence of these explants had no adverse effects on the viability and morphology of fibroblasts in vitro, nor on the viability of zebrafish larvae in vivo. Furthermore, oxygraphy assays demonstrate that these explants could fulfill the oxygen metabolic requirements of zebrafish larvae and freshly isolated skin biopsies ex vivo. Finally, the biocompatibility of explants was confirmed through a human skin irritation test conducted in healthy volunteers following the ISO-10993-10-2010. This proof-of-concept study provides valuable scientific insights, proposing the potential use of freshly isolated plants as biocompatible low-cost oxygen delivery systems for wound healing and tissue regeneration.

Rapid multiplication of Zingiber cassumunar using axillary bud explant

An in vitro regeneration system was standardized on a traditional medicinal plant of Zingiber cassumunar. The rhizome axillary buds upon transfer to MS basal medium with benzyl adenine (3mg/l) found optimum exhibiting maximum percent of shoot initiation as 92.5 ± 0.6, thereby maximum number of shoots as 6.8 ± 0.3 and maximum number of roots as 22.0 ± 0.4 were found in benzyl adenine (3mg/l) and indole acetic acid (0.5mg/l) combination. The micropropagated plants were transferred to field for successful establishment as 90% respectively. Furthermore, the morphological characteristic analysis was done between the conventional and micropropagated plants which showed very less significant variation. The present protocol reports the propagation of Z. cassumunar plantlets which could be used for commercial exploitation in future.

German-Ukrainian Efforts Towards Building Climate-Resilient Forests in Western Ukraine – First Results of Alternative Regeneration Systems

Due to the current changes in the socio-ecological system in Ukraine, forest adaptation is of high importance. Continuous-Cover Forestry (CCF) is seen to be promising for Ukraine to provide the Ukrainian society with various ecosystem services from forests and to increase the adaptive capacity of Ukrainian forests. First, basic features of Ukrainian forests and the forest sector are outlined, and the regeneration systems of the major tree species with economic value are described. Moreover, the need for forest conservation in order to safeguard the biodiversity of Ukrainian forests is highlighted. Based on a joint Ukrainian-German research project called 'Resilpine', the first scientific results on the regeneration of major tree species in Ukraine with alternative silvicultural systems to clearcut are illustrated. The data show that natural regeneration in group (or patch) selection systems is abundant and sufficient compared to clearcut. Especially Scots pine, but also intermediate species, are establishing. Group selection cutting can therefore be recommended as a promising alternative natural regeneration system to clearcutting in order to convert Ukrainian forests.

Managing PFAS exhausted Ion-exchange resins through effective regeneration/electrochemical process

This study proposes an integrated approach that combines ion-exchange (IX) and electrochemical technologies to tackle problems associated with PFAS contamination. Our investigation centers on evaluating the recovery and efficiency of IX/electrochemical systems in the presence of five different salts, spanning dosages from 0.1 % to 8 %. The outcomes reveal a slight superiority for NaCl within the regeneration system, with sulfate and bicarbonate also showing comparable efficacy. Notably, the introduction of chloride ion (Cl−) into the electrochemical system results in substantial generation of undesirable chlorate (ClO3−) and perchlorate (ClO4−) by-products, accounting for ∼18 % and ∼81 % of the consumed Cl−, respectively. Several agents, including H2O2, KI, and Na2S2O3, exhibited effective mitigation of ClO3− and ClO4− formation. However, only H2O2 demonstrated a favorable influence on the degradation and defluorination of PFOA. The addition of 0.8 M H2O2 resulted in the near-complete removal of ClO3− and ClO4−, accompanied by 1.3 and 2.2-fold enhancements in the degradation and defluorination of PFOA, respectively. Furthermore, a comparative analysis of different salts in the electrochemical system reveals that Cl− and OH− ions exhibit slower performance, possibly due to competitive interactions with PFOA on the anode's reactive sites. In contrast, sulfate and bicarbonate salts consistently demonstrate robust decomposition efficiencies. Despite the notable enhancement in IX regeneration efficacy facilitated by the presence of methanol, particularly for PFAS-specific resins, this enhancement comes at the cost of reduced electrochemical decomposition of all PFAS. The average decay rate ratio of all PFAS in the presence of 50 % methanol, compared to its absence, falls within the range of 0.11–0.39. In conclusion, the use of 1 % Na2SO4 salt stands out as a favorable option for the integrated IX/electrochemical process. This choice not only eliminates the need to introduce an additional chemical (e.g., H2O2) into the wastewater stream, but also ensures both satisfactory regeneration recovery and efficiency in the decomposition process through electrochemical treatment.

Study on Preparation Technology and Heat Conduction Mechanism of High-Purity &amp; Ultra-Fine Alumina Powder from Scrap Aluminum Cans

In view of the increasing scarcity of bauxite resources in China, the high energy consumption and high pollution of electrolytic aluminum, and the requirements for energy conservation and environmental protection, aluminum recycling and high-value utilization of its derivatives have evolved into a crucial development requirement for the aluminum industry in the future. As an important part of the development of recycled aluminum resources, the high-value application of scrap aluminum cans has always been a hot research topic in various recycled aluminum processing enterprises and scientific research units. The traditional regeneration system of waste cans includes a series of complex technological processes such as pretreatment, paint removal, smelting system and casting system, which is difficult to control in the middle of the process. Most of the recycled scrap aluminum cans are cast and downgraded for later use, except for a part of them used as alloy materials for new cans. In this paper, combined with the research on the preparation of metal aluminum alkoxide, combined with recrystallization heat conduction to further study the effective dissolution or adsorption how to remove impurity elements to obtain high-purity aluminum alcohol salt mechanism research, and thermal effect of alcohols with different carbon chains on the synthesis of high-purity aluminum alkoxide was further investigated. Moreover, the changes in morphology and pore size distribution of hydrolyzed alumina precursor materials under different hydrothermal temperature conditions were discussed by means of the alkoxide hydrolysis-sol-gel process. Eventually, the aluminum alkoxide was obtained by the reaction of waste cans with isopropanol and heavy crystal thermal conductivity, and the high-purity aluminum alkoxide was purified by vacuum distillation. Under the hydrothermal condition of 160°C, the high-purity alumina material with a purity of 99.99% and an original crystal size of 200nm was prepared.

Response of Pasture Grasses to Organic Fertilizer Produced from Black Soldier Fly Frass.

Livestock and dairy farmers are increasingly required to maintain productivity and profitability while mitigating the environmental harm associated with high-input agriculture. Accordingly, to reduce reliance on synthetic fertilizers, a wide range of organically derived products are being evaluated for their effects on sward growth and forage quality. This study used glasshouse experiments to investigate the responses of four grass species to a novel organic fertilizer derived from the mass production of black soldier fly larvae [Hermetia illucens, HexaFrass™, Meath, Ireland]. Although there was some variability among trials, overall our results indicate that application of HexaFrass produced increased shoot growth of Perennial Ryegrass (PRG; Lolium perenne L.), Timothy (Phleum pratense L.), and Cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) compared with growth achieved in no-fertilizer control plants. In addition to increases in shoot fresh and dry weight, shoot chlorophyll content was also positively related to the HexaFrass application rate. At nitrogen-equivalent application rates, HexaFrass resulted in lower shoot growth compared with the application of urea, suggesting that the nitrogen contained in HexaFrass may not be immediately plant-available. Of relevance to grazing or silage systems, the addition of HexaFrass resulted in increased shoot regrowth of PRG and Timothy after shoots had been cut. Based on our results, insect-frass-based fertilizers may have a role in low input, organic, and/or regenerative pasture-based livestock systems, although issues may occur due to the relatively high costs and low availability compared with other organic soil amendments such as farmyard manure and slurry.

Dependability model of automated intelligent regenerative life support system for space missions

Long-duration human space missions require intelligent regenerative life support systems that can recycle resources and automatically manage failures. This paper explores using Petri nets to model the reliability and complex interactions of such closed-loop systems. An architecture consisting of primary systems, backups, and consumable reserves is outlined. The automation system that controls everything is described. Petri nets can capture concurrency, failure modes, redundancy, and dynamic behavior. A modular modeling methodology is presented to develop hierarchical Petri net models that scale in fidelity. Elementary fragments represent failures and redundancy. Subsystem modules can be substituted for more detailed models. Analysis and simulation assess system reliability and failure response. This supports designing ultra-reliable systems to safely sustain human life in space.