Fluid System Research Articles

Equation of State of a Fluid H2O-CO2 at Temperatures 50–350 °C and Pressures 0.2–3.5 kbar

An equation of state (EOS) was obtained that accurately describes the thermodynamics of the system H2O–CO2 at temperatures of 50-350°C and pressures of 0.2-3.5 kbar. The equation is based on experimental data on the compositions of the coexisting liquid and gas phases and the Van Laar model, within which the values of the Van Laar parameters A12 and A21 were found for each experimental P-T point. For the resulting sets A12(P,T), A21(P,T), approximation formulas describing the dependences of these quantities on temperature and pressure were found and the parameters contained in the formulas were fitted. This two-stage approach made it possible to obtain an adequate thermodynamic description of the system, which allows, in addition to determining the phase state of the system (homogeneous or heterogeneous), to calculate the excess free energy of mixing of H2O and CO2, the activities of H2O and CO2, and other thermodynamic characteristics of the system. The possibility of such calculations creates the basis for using the obtained EOS in thermodynamic models of more complicated fluid systems in P-T conditions of the middle and upper crust. These fluids play an important role in many geological processes including the transport of ore matter and forming hydrothermal ore deposits, in particular, the most of the world's gold deposits. The knowledge of thermodynamics of these fluids is important in the technology of drilling oil and gas wells. In particular, this concerns the prevention of precipitation of solid salts in the well.

Global Mild Solution for a Fractional Chemotaxis–Fluid System Modeling Coral Fertilization With Tensor‐Valued Sensitivity

Global Mild Solution for a Fractional Chemotaxis–Fluid System Modeling Coral Fertilization With Tensor‐Valued Sensitivity

Oxaliplatin-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles Decorated with Cetuximab Single-Chain Variable Fragment for Human Colorectal Cancer Treatment.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Engineered biomolecules can be used as a targeted tool to deliver drugs directly to tumors that reduce the adverse effects of conventional treatments. We aimed to prepare non-targeted oxaliplatin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (OXPT-CS NPs) and targeted OXPT-CS NPs decorated with cetuximab single-chain variable fragment (scFv) to send both NPs to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) overexpressing HCT 116 cells, a human colorectal carcinoma cell line, for comparing their cytotoxicity. In this experimental study, OXPT-CS NPs were synthesized using a fluid system. Encapsulation efficiency percentage (EE%) and oxaliplatin release rate were evaluated. Western blot and cell-based ELISA confirmed scFv production and its binding ability to EGFR, respectively. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) determined the conjugation of scFv to OXPT-CS NPs. The NPs were characterized, and their toxicity against the HCT 116 cells was evaluated using 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and flow cytometry assays. The EE% of OXPT-CS NPs was 93%, and the average diameters were 75.85 ± 8.81 nm and 92.48 ± 9.51 before and after scFv conjugation, respectively. The scFv was purified via affinity chromatography. The western blot method and cell-based ELISA revealed successful purification of scFv and its attachment to EGFR on HCT 116 cells. The FTIR analysis determined the interactions between the scFv and OXPT-CS NPs. According to MTT and flow cytometry results, the targeted delivery system significantly reduced HCT 116 cancer cell viability and increased apoptosis induction up to 99.8%. The scFv-OXPT-CS NPs demonstrated an increased cytotoxic function due to the presence of scFv in its formulation. This delivery system offers a promising method for delivering chemotherapy drugs to cancer cells. More research is needed on the best strategies for improving treatment efficacy by targeting cancer cells.

Hydrodynamic modes in nano-channels

This paper investigates the local hydrodynamics of a dense fluid confined in nanoscale slit-pores with different heights. Using non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations of the fluid system, we induce a steady-state sinusoidal velocity profile across the channel having a characteristic wavelength, thus, probing the fluid response to a specific Fourier mode. As expected, for sufficiently large channel heights and wavelengths there is an excellent agreement between the hydrodynamic predictions and simulation data. As the wavelength decreases to around 5 molecular diameters, the classical hydrodynamics fails to predict the steady-state velocity profile; we attribute this to the non-local nature of the fluid response and the presence of density gradients in the wall–fluid interfacial region. Using generalized hydrodynamics and the Fourier spectrum of the density profile, we derive the strain rate amplitude and shear pressure corrections due to these two effects. The local relaxation from the steady-state to the zero flow situation is tracked for different channel heights and wavelengths. The relaxation is in general visco-elastic in the wall–fluid region, and we argue that this phenomenon is the mechanism behind the “enhanced viscosity” used in the literature. We also report a surprising dynamics for the fluid located between the wall–fluid region and bulk region, which cannot be explained by classical hydrodynamics; here, an initial exponential relaxation abruptly transitions into a linear relaxation. The work highlights the many different physical mechanisms present in nano-confined fluids, and that the fluid response is in general position and wavelength dependent.

Preserving positivity in density-explicit field-theoretic simulations.

Field-theoretic simulations are numerical methods for polymer field theory, which include fluctuation corrections beyond the mean-field level, successfully capturing various mesoscopic phenomena. Most field-theoretic simulations of polymeric fluids use the auxiliary field (AF) theory framework, which employs Hubbard-Stratonovich transformations for the particle-to-field conversion. Nonetheless, the Hubbard-Stratonovich transformation imposes significant limitations on the functional form of the non-bonded potentials. Removing this restriction on the non-bonded potentials will enable studies of a wide range of systems that require multi-body or more complex potentials. An alternative representation is the hybrid density-explicit auxiliary field theory (DE-AF), which retains both a density field and a conjugate auxiliary field for each species. While the DE-AF representation is not new, density-explicit field-theoretic simulations have yet to be developed. A major challenge is preserving the real and non-negative nature of the density field during stochastic evolution. To address this, we introduce positivity-preserving schemes that enable the first stable and efficient density-explicit field-theoretic simulations (DE-AF FTS). By applying the new method to a simple fluid, we find thermodynamically correct results at high densities, but the algorithm fails in the dilute regime. Nonetheless, DE-AF FTS is shown to be broadly applicable to dense fluid systems including a simple fluid with a three-body non-bonded potential, a homopolymer solution, and a diblock copolymer melt.

Design and Manufacture of Intelligent Filter Processing System of Modular Cutting Fluid

For the needs of ecological protection and high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin, the project plans to design and produce the intelligent filtration treatment system of modular cutting fluid, which is caused by the massive application of cutting wastewater and the improper treatment will cause serious damage to the environment. Through the study of the action mechanism of semiconductor inorganic film on cutting liquid, the development and application verification of cutting liquid filtration system and the development of cutting liquid online monitoring system, a complete set of semiconductor inorganic film high strength toughness steel cutting liquid filtration technology and equipment is formed, providing technical support for green, high efficiency, energy saving and environmental protection cutting fluid treatment. To solve the problem of improper treatment of cutting waste liquid after the processing process of deep hole parts of high strength and toughness steel. Keywords: modularization, online detection, semiconductor inorganic film.

Effects of Newtonian Heating on MHD Jeffrey Hybrid Nanofluid Flow via Porous Medium

In recent years, hybrid nanoparticles have gained significant attention for their ability to enhance thermal conductivity in various fluid systems, making them effective heat transport catalysts. Despite advancements in thermal fluid technology, a gap remains in understanding how hybrid nanoparticles interact within non-Newtonian Jeffrey fluid systems, particularly under complex boundary conditions like Newtonian heating. The present study aims to shed light on the effect of hybrid nanoparticles (alumina and copper) incorporated into a Jeffrey fluid model on flow and heat transport, considering them as heat transport catalyst and subject to Newtonian heating to optimize thermal efficiency. An exponentially accelerated plate is used to induce the fluid flow, taking into account the effects of porosity, MHD, and thermal radiation. The examined fluid exhibits an unsteady one-dimensional flow, formulated by deriving partial differential equations, which are subsequently transformed into ordinary differential equations using suitable non-dimensional variables and the Laplace transformation. This research distinguishes itself by presenting a novel mathematical model for MHD Jeffrey hybrid nanofluid, accounting for porosity and Newtonian heating effects. The inverse of Laplace is used to generate the exact solutions for velocity and temperature profiles, which is not explored in existing literature. Graphical representations are generated using Mathcad, depicting the velocity and temperature distributions. A comparison with prior study from the literature demonstrates strong agreement between our findings and theirs. The findings indicate that the velocity and temperature profiles of the hybrid nanofluid are higher with Newtonian heating than without it. Additionally, an increase in the Grashof number, radiation, acceleration, and porosity parameters also leads to an enhanced velocity profile.

Research and Performance Evaluation of Environmentally Friendly Shale Inhibitor TIL-NH2 for Shale Gas Horizontal Wells.

Wellbore instability caused by hydration during the development of shale gas reservoirs poses significant challenges to drilling engineering. In this study, a novel and environmentally friendly shale inhibitor, TIL-NH2, was synthesized via free radical polymerization using 1-vinylimidazole and N-(2-bromoethyl)-1,3-propanediamine dihydrobromide as the main raw materials. The molecular structure of TIL-NH2 was characterized by infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance. Incorporating imidazole cations and amino bifunctional groups, TIL-NH2 exhibits excellent inhibitory performance and environmental friendliness. Its performance was systematically evaluated through linear swelling tests, shale cuttings rolling recovery tests, permeability recovery experiments, and dynamic adsorption analyses. The results indicate the following: (1) At a concentration of 1.2 wt%, TIL-NH2 reduced the linear swelling height of shale by 65.69%, significantly outperforming traditional inhibitors like KCl and NW-1. (2) Under conditions of 140 °C, the cuttings rolling recovery rate of TIL-NH2 reached 88.12%, demonstrating excellent high-temperature resistance. (3) Permeability recovery experiments showed that at a concentration of 2.0 wt%, TIL-NH2 achieved a permeability recovery rate of 90.58%, effectively mitigating formation damage. (4) Dynamic adsorption experiments indicated that at a concentration of 2.5 wt%, the adsorption capacity tended toward saturation, reaching 26.00 mg/g, demonstrating stable adsorption capability. Additionally, environmental friendliness evaluations revealed that TIL-NH2 has a degradation rate exceeding 90% within 28 days, and its acute toxicity is significantly lower than that of traditional inhibitors like KCl (the LC50 of TIL-NH2 is 1080.3 mg/L, whereas KCl is only 385.4 mg/L). This research provides a high-efficiency and environmentally friendly new inhibitor for green drilling fluid systems in horizontal shale gas wells, offering important references for technological advancements in unconventional energy development.

“Lung-on-a-chip” as an instrument for studying the pathophysiology of human respiration

“Lung-on-a-chip” (LoC) is a microfluidic device, imitating the gas-fluid interface of the pulmonary alveole in the human lung and intended for pathophysiological, pharmacological and molecular-biological studies of the air-blood barrier in vitro. The LoC device itself contains a system of fluid and gas microchannels, separated with a semipermeable elastic membrane, containing a polymer base and the alveolar cell elements. Depending on the type of LoC (single-, double- and three-channel), the membrane may contain only alveolocytes or alveolocytes combined with other cells — endotheliocytes, fibroblasts, alveolar macrophages or tumor cells. Some LoC models also include proteinic or hydrogel stroma, imitating the pulmonary interstitium. The first double-channel LoC variant, in which one side of the membrane contained an alveolocytic monolayer and the other side — a monolayer of endotheliocytes, was developed in 2010 by a group of scientists from the Harvard University for maximally precise in vitro reproduction of the micro-environment and biomechanics operations of the alveoli. Modern LoC modifications include the same elements and differ only by the construction of the microfluidic system, by the biomaterial of semipermeable membrane, by the composition of cellular and stromal elements and by specific tasks to be solved. Besides the LoC imitating the hematoalveolar barrier, there are modifications for studying the specific pathophysiological processes, for the screening of medicinal products, for modeling specific diseases, for example, lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma. In the present review, we have analyzed the existing types of LoC, the biomaterials used, the methods of detecting molecular processes within the microfluidic devices and the main directions of research to be conducted using the “lung-on-a-chip”.

A rapid identification system for vaginal fluid stains based on nested recombinant polymerase amplification and lateral flow dipstick.

In forensic practice, identifying the species of unknown bodily fluid stains can provide assistance in the qualitative analysis and investigation of cases, and vaginal fluid stains, as one of the common bodily fluid stains, are most commonly seen at the scene of sexual assault. At present, the commonly used vaginal peptidase or microscopic detection methods currently have drawbacks such as high false negative rates, poor sensitivity, and high requirements for sample integrity and background color. However, in forensic investigations, the test materials have specificity and scarcity, making it difficult to ensure their quantity and quality. Thus, in order to achieve rapid and sensitive detection of vaginal fluid stains, in this study, we combined nested PCR and isothermal amplification technology to construct a rapid detection system for suspicious vaginal fluid stains using lateral flow dipstick. This system achieves detection by detecting the specific marker microbial community Lactobacillus crispatus in vaginal fluid, and has a high sensitivity and accuracy, which can achieve detection at template quantities as low as 2.31 copies. More importantly, the system can achieve detection at a constant temperature of 37°C without the need for complex instruments. It can provide rapid and sensitive identification results, providing assistance for subsequent forensic material extraction and individual identification.

Design Optimization of a Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger Based on Variable Baffle Cuts and Sizing

Abstract This article investigates the optimization of a shell-and-tube heat exchanger design through the optimization of baffle spacing and cut. This study focuses on the impact of baffle spacing (20–35%) and baffle cut percentage (20–35%) on heat transfer performance while considering the effect of the presence or the absence of seals. This study aims to optimize the heat exchanger design by using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to reduce the pressure drop and increase the heat transfer. Studying the flow in heat exchangers is challenging due to its complex physics, especially in nonstandard geometries or novel fluid systems, which makes traditional methods relatively less accurate compared to modern approaches. The following fluid is so far uninvestigated for CFD analysis of heat exchangers: a mixture of 80% ethanol and 20% water is used as the tube-side fluid and water is used as the shell-side fluid. The Bell–Delaware method is employed for initial thermal analysis, followed by CFD simulations using ansys fluent to assess the influence of design modifications on heat transfer efficiency and pressure drop. The presence of seals is shown to improve the heat transfer efficiency by about 10.9% compared to the case when seals are absent, while optimal baffle spacing and baffle cuts are able to increase the efficiency of the heat exchanger by about 110% not inclusive of the effect of seals. Our findings show that the performance of a shell-and-tube heat exchanger is improved dramatically by the addition of seals and optimal selection of baffle cut and spacing.

Magneto Hydrodynamic and Bio-Convection Effects on Hybrid Nanofluid Dynamics Over an Inverted Rotating Cone with Different Base Fluids

This study explores the combined effects of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) and bio-convection on the flow dynamics of hybrid Nanofluids over an inverted rotating cone with different base fluids. The hybrid Nanofluids, composed of nanoparticles suspended in various base fluids, exhibit unique thermal and flow characteristics due to the interplay between magnetic fields and bio-convection phenomena. The governing equations, incorporating the principles of MHD and bio-convection, are derived and solved using numerical methods. The analysis considers the impact of key parameters such as magnetic field strength, the rotation rate of the cone, nanoparticle volume fraction, and types of base fluids on the flow behaviour, heat transfer, and system stability. Results indicate that the MHD significantly influences the velocity and temperature profiles of the hybrid Nanofluids, while bio-convection contributes to enhanced mixing and heat transfer rates. Additionally, the choice of base fluid plays a critical role in determining the overall performance of the hybrid Nano fluid system. This study provides valuable insights into optimizing the design and operation of systems utilizing hybrid Nanofluids in applications where MHD and bio-convection effects are prominent.

Preparation and Performance Evaluation of CO2 Foam Gel Fracturing Fluid.

The utilization of CO2 foam gel fracturing fluid offers several significant advantages, including minimal reservoir damage, reduced water consumption during application, enhanced cleaning efficiency, and additional beneficial properties. However, several current CO2 foam gel fracturing fluid systems face challenges, such as complex preparation processes and insufficient viscosity, which limit their proppant transport capacity. To address these issues, this work develops a novel CO2 foam gel fracturing fluid system characterized by simple preparation and robust foam stability. This system was optimized by incorporating a thickening agent CZJ-1 in conjunction with a foaming agent YFP-1. The results of static sand-carrying experiments indicate that under varying temperatures and sand-fluid ratio conditions, the proppant settling velocity is significantly low. Furthermore, the static sand-carrying capacity of the CO2 foam gel fracturing fluid exceeds that of the base fluid. The stable and dense foam gel effectively encapsulates the proppant, thereby improving sand-carrying capacity. In high-temperature shear tests, conducted at a shear rate of 170 s-1 and a temperature of 110 °C for 90 min, the apparent viscosity of the CO2 foam gel fracturing fluid remained above 20 mPa·s after shear, demonstrating excellent high-temperature shear resistance. This work introduces a novel CO2 foam gel fracturing fluid system that is specifically tailored for low-permeability reservoir fracturing and extraction. The system shows significant promise for the efficient development of low-pressure, low-permeability, and water-sensitive reservoirs, as well as for the effective utilization and sequestration of CO2.

The Effect of Polymer Amendment on the Colloidal Properties of a Waste K<sup>+</sup>- Rich Bentonite for Water-Based Drilling Fluid Applications

This research is concerned with the investigation of waste bentonite produced from a quarry in Cyprus, after being polymer-amended for use as a low-density solid additive in water-based drilling fluid systems (WBFS). According to API procedures, the waste bentonite samples are mechanically processed to a size < 63 μm and then activated with soda ash under “wet & thermal” conditions. The activated material is then used in the blending of actual WBF drilling fluid systems amended with polymers to obtain the desired colloidal properties because bentonite alone was not sufficient. For this procedure, three anionic polymers, Xanthan gum, CMC, and PAC-R were considered because they are very common as drilling fluid additives and under certain concentrations can help reach the desired colloidal properties of the WBFS. Results from this work show that minor polymer addition of all three polymers assists the waste material in reaching excellent filtration control qualifying the waste material according to API. Repurposing local waste clay material for drilling applications serves as a cost-effective solution leading to the management of local resources and aligning with environmental sustainability thus contributing to the circular economy principle.

The Lymphatic Vascular System in Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Tumor Progression.

Tumor growth and progression require molecular interactions between malignant and host cells. In recent years, extracellular vesicles (EVs) emerged as an important pillar of such interactions, carrying molecular information from their donor cells to distant recipient cells. Thereby, the phenotype and function of the recipient cells are altered, which may facilitate tumor immune escape and tumor metastasis to other organs through the formation of pre-metastatic niches. A prerequisite for these effects of tumor cell-derived EVs is an efficient transport system from the site of origin to the body periphery. Here, we highlight the role of the lymphatic vascular system in the distribution and progression-promoting functions of tumor cell-derived EVs. Importantly, the lymphatic vascular system is the primary drainage system for interstitial fluid and its soluble, particulate, and cellular contents, and therefore represents the principal route for regional (i.e., to tumor-draining lymph nodes) and systemic distribution of EVs derived from solid tumors. Furthermore, recent studies highlighted the tumor-draining lymph node as a crucial site where tumor-derived EVs exert their effects. A deeper mechanistic understanding of how EVs gain access to the lymphatic vasculature, how they interact with their recipient cells in tumor-draining lymph nodes and beyond, and how they induce phenotypic and functional maladaptation will be instrumental to identify new molecular targets and conceive innovative approaches for cancer therapy.

Mechanisms of Low Temperature Thickening of Different Materials for Deepwater Water-Based Drilling Fluids.

During deepwater drilling, the low mudline temperatures and narrow safe density window pose serious challenges to the safe and efficient performance of deepwater water-based drilling fluids. Low temperatures can lead to physical and chemical changes in the components of water-based drilling fluids and the behavior of low temperature gelation. As a coarse dispersion system, water-based drilling fluid has a complex composition of dispersed phase and dispersing medium. Further clarification of low temperature gelation would be helpful in developing technical approaches to enhance the flat rheology performance of deepwater water-based drilling fluids. In this paper, different components are separated in order to comprehensively analyze the gelation behavior of different materials in water-based drilling fluids at low temperatures. In the first place, the rheological and hydrodynamic radius alterations of inorganic salts, bentonite, and additives in aqueous solutions were examined at low temperatures. The effects of inorganic salts, bentonite, and additives on the purified water system were investigated at low (4 °C)-normal (25 °C)-high (75 °C) temperatures. The low temperature gelation of different materials in pure water systems are fully clarified. The mud containing 4% bentonite with weak low temperature gelation commonly used in deepwater water-based drilling fluids was selected as the basic test system. Inorganic salts, additives, and solid-phase materials were added to the mud containing 4% bentonite. The effects of the interactions between different materials and bentonite particles on the low temperature gelation behavior of mud were analyzed. The higher the bentonite dosage, the stronger the low temperature gelation behavior of mud. The higher the addition of inorganic salts, the more serious the low temperature gelation behavior of mud. Inorganic salts should be avoided as much as possible to add too much. The low temperature gelation behavior of mud with low-viscosity additives is weak. However, the viscosity of mud with high-viscosity additives has a small change in viscosity with increasing temperature. The low temperature gelation of mud with the addition of solid-phase particulate materials with reactive groups on the surface is strong, and the low temperature gelation with the addition of inert particles is weak. This paper elucidates the low temperature gelation mechanism of bentonite, inorganic salts, additives, and solid-phase materials in deepwater water-based drilling fluids. The conclusion can also be used to guide the construction of a drilling fluid system, which is of great significance for the research and development of deepwater water-based drilling fluid additives and the safe and efficient performance of deepwater drilling fluids.

Study and evaluation of drilling fluid system for tight sandstone reservoir protection

Study and evaluation of drilling fluid system for tight sandstone reservoir protection

Identification of viscoelastic properties with fluid inertia in a parallel plate with effective mechanical system analyses

Measurement of viscoelastic properties in small amplitude oscillatory shear (SAOS) can be affected by fluid inertia, especially at high frequencies. In this study, we introduce an effective mechanical system approach to address the effects of fluid inertia on the viscoelastic measurement with a SAOS test, employing a parallel plate geometry. In the effective mechanical system approach, viscous, elastic, and inertial properties of a fluid system are modeled systematically by a rotational drag coefficient, a torsional spring constant, and a second moment of inertia, respectively. In this way, we established the analytic solution for the linear viscoelastic behavior of a fluid in the presence of fluid inertia. The shear modulus on the frequency, obtained by the effective mechanical system, reveals that fluid inertia only affects the storage modulus and not the loss modulus. We investigate the behavior of the storage modulus as a function of the gap size, the oscillation frequency, and the disk radius, demonstrating the dependence on the gap size and the frequency. Comparison was made for the shear modulus from the effective mechanical system with viscoelastic flow simulation, employing two viscoelastic (Oldroyd-B and Giesekus) fluid models to validate the accuracy of this approach. The maximum error was found less than 3.3% over the frequency range from 1 to 100 rad/s.

Preparation, Characterization, and in vivo Pharmacokinetics of Innovative Mixed Polymeric Nanomicelles Coated with Hyaluronic Acid as a Retinal Brimonidine-Carrier System

Background: Due to the limited ocular bioavailability, local ocular injections and systemic delivery were used instead of topical application. These alternative approaches were accompanied by numerous disadvantages. Objectives: Create and test mixed polymeric nanomicelles coated with hyaluronic acid as a topical drug carrier for targeted delivery to the vitreous fluid and retina, overcoming the limitations of eye drops. Methods: The thin-film hydration process was utilized to create nanomicelles, and their physical properties were studied. Colored, pigmented, healthy albino rabbits were employed in vivo experiment. Following anesthesia, 35µl of brimonidine nanomicelles and Alphagan® were administered topically. Samples from the vitreous and retina were collected for RP-HPLC analysis. Results: The nanomicelles' physical qualities made them appropriate as a carrier system for the vitreous fluid. They were spherical with a clear appearance and a pharmacological concentration of 97.11%. The particle size range was 134.2nm, with a PDI of 0.2824. The drug entrapment effectiveness was 62.69%, whereas the surface tension was 39.18 mN/m. Their vitreous pharmacokinetics Cmax, Tmax, and AUC0-t were 28.1ng/µl, 2.0min, and 1268.6ng/µl*min, respectively, compared to 5.0ng/µl, 8.0min, and 129.32ng/µl*min for Alphagan eye drops. The retinal pharmacokinetics were 64.9ng/µl, 17.0min, and 18688.04ng/µl*min, respectively, compared to 31.6ng/µl, 30min, and 6377.67ng/µl*min with Alphagan eye drops. Conclusions: Brimonidine nanomicelles coated with hyaluronic acid could be an effective topical drug-carrier method for delivering medications to the vitreous and retina, with higher bioavailability than eye drops.

Analyzing the effects of variable fluid properties on radiative dissipative hybrid nanofluid over moving wedge with MHD and Joule heating

Understanding and optimizing heat transfer processes in complex fluid systems is the driving force behind studying the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow of [Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text] nanofluid across a radiative moving wedge, taking into account the impacts of viscous dissipation and Joule heating. Nanofluids, such as [Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text], increase heat transmission and thermal efficiency. However, the complicated challenges caused by fluid characteristics and radiative heating need a thorough investigation. This study examines MHD hybrid nanofluid heat transfer via a permeable wedge using joule heating, mass suction, viscous dissipation, variable viscosity, thermal radiation, variable thermal conductivity, and variable Prandtl number. We use similarity transformation to solve the ordinary differential equations that follow from the governing partial differential equations. We then check the results for correctness and dependability. To ensure the reliability and validity of the outcomes, source parameters are crucial to the validation process. The consequence of changing these parameters on the heat transmission properties of the MHD hybrid nanofluid is studied for both the scenario without and with thermal radiation by methodically analyzing the percentage increase or reduction. The validation process also includes a comparison of the computed values, such as the heat transfer rate and skin friction factor, with established theoretical predictions. This examination guarantees that the numerical solution, executed using the bvp4c technique in MATLAB, corresponds to the anticipated physical behavior of the system being studied. In addition, the findings exist using both graphical and tabular forms, which allows for a clear and succinct illustration of how different physical limitations affect flow characteristics.