Battery System Research Articles

Enhancing multi-type fault diagnosis in lithium-ion battery systems: Vision transformer-based transfer learning approach

Ensuring the accurate diagnosis of internal short circuit (ISC) faults and consistency anomalies is crucial for maintaining the high safety and longevity of battery systems. The challenge lies in the high similarity between the features of ISC faults and consistency anomalies, which can complicate accurate fault diagnosis. This study introduces a multi-fault diagnostic model that leverages the Vision Transformer (ViT) and employs simulated data to accurately pinpoint ISC faults and intricate consistency anomalies, such as capacity and state of charge anomalies, achieving an impressive accuracy rate of up to 100 %. The process begins with an in-depth analysis of fault mechanisms to extract and differentiate multi-fault features using a mean difference model. Subsequently, the ViT's exceptional ability to capture temporal information, which aids in the accurate identification of fault features. The integration of transfer learning with experimental data further refines the real-world diagnosis accuracy. The results confirm the robustness of the proposed method, highlighting its potential to substantially mitigate safety hazards in battery systems and enhance operational reliability.

Entropy Increase in Electrolytes for Practical Anode‐Free Lithium Metal Batteries with High‐Loading Cathodes and Lean Electrolyte

AbstractAn effective concept of using entropy increase to regulate the nanoscale solvation structure has been proposed to enhance the cycle performance of anode‐free lithium metal batteries (AFLMBs). It includes two mainstream types: entropy increase driven by multiple salts or solvents. However, most current research is based on low‐loading cathodes and mAh‐level battery systems. The relationship between the increase in entropy and practical battery with different high‐loading cathodes and Ah‐levels is seldom reported. In this paper, two mainstream methods of entropy increase are compared, and the relationship of their kinetics parameters, solid electrolyte interphase formation, and cycling performances are studied. It is found that the entropy increases driven by multiple‐solvents are more favorable to the pouch cell with high‐loading cathode and lean electrolytes. The coin cell consists of a copper current collector and a high‐loading cathode (10.5 mg cm−2) performs 40 cycles at discharge rates of 0.5 C, while the cell with a conventional ester electrolyte only last 10 cycles. A large‐capacity pouch cell (4 Ah), with a high‐loading cathode (7.6 mAh cm−2, single side) and lean electrolyte of 1.3 g Ah−1, achieves 500 Wh kg−1 and 20 cycles.

A strategy of consistent X-ray and neutron double-difference pair distribution function analysis of nanoparticle dispersions

AbstractIt has been demonstrated that the X-ray pair distribution function (PDF) formalism allows for the identification of very small signal contributions in multi-component systems by the difference and double-difference PDF (dd-PDF) approach. Due to their stronger interaction with light elements compared to X-rays, neutrons are often beneficial or complementary for the characterization of modern materials. Here, it is demonstrated that the dd-PDF strategy previously developed for X-ray PDF data can successfully be applied to neutron PDF data despite much lower count rates compared to X-rays. The dd-PDF strategy was employed for the investigation of aqueous iron oxide nanoparticle (IONP) dispersions. At the Near and InterMediate Range Order Diffractometer (NIMROD) at ISIS, the IONPs could even be investigated in pure water, whereas at the Nanoscale Ordered Materials Diffractometer (NOMAD) at SNS, heavy water had to be used, but additional information could be retrieved from modelling the data of IONP powder in the dry state and with adsorbed (heavy) water. The simple and robust approach can easily be adapted for the use in other multicomponent systems, like heterogenous catalysts or battery systems. Graphical Abstract

Predicting temperature of a Li-ion battery under dynamic current using long short-term memory

The growing energy demands of modern society have led to an increased reliance on secondary batteries, particularly lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries, due to their superior energy density and power output. These batteries perform most effectively and safely within a specific temperature range, making it essential to develop accurate models for predicting temperature variations under diverse operational and environmental conditions. In particular, it is crucial to forecast temperature changes resulting from random and dynamic current fluctuations, reflecting real-world usage scenarios while considering the surrounding battery system environment. In this study, we employed a long short-term memory (LSTM) network to develop a surrogate model capable of predicting the battery’s core temperature over time, given varying current loads and heat transfer coefficients. The LSTM model demonstrated remarkable accuracy, achieving an average prediction accuracy of 99% in simulating temperature changes induced by arbitrary currents.

Li2MoO4 tailored Anion‐enhanced Solvation Sheath Layer Promotes Solution‐phase Mediated Li‐O2 Batteries

The high overpotential of Li‐O2 batteries (LOBs) is primarily triggered by sluggish charge transfer kinetics at the reaction interfaces. A typical LiBr redox mediator (RM) catalyst can effectively reduce the battery’s overpotential. However, it is prone to shuttling and corroding the Li anode, leading to RM loss and reduced energy efficiency. To address these challenges, we introduced Li2MoO4 into the LiBr‐containing electrolyte to promote the solution‐phase mediated LOBs. This addition tailors the anion‐enhanced Li+ solvation sheath layer and forms a robust anion‐derived solid electrolyte interphases (SEI) on the Li anode. The robust SEI effectively mitigates the corrosion of soluble Br3‐/Br2 and attacks by highly reactive oxygen species. Additionally, the dispersed and high‐density Li2MoO4 exhibits strong adsorption capabilities for O2/LiO2 and Br‐related species during the discharge/charge process, thereby promoting the growth and decomposition of Li2O2 in the solution phase and inhibiting the shuttle effect of Br‐related species in LOBs. Consequently, the LOBs demonstrate exceptional cycling stability (415 cycles) and high energy efficiency (86.2%), paving the way for the sustainable development and practical application of these battery systems.

Li2MoO4 tailored Anion-enhancedSolvation Sheath Layer Promotes Solution-phase Mediated Li-O2 Batteries.

The high overpotential of Li-O2 batteries (LOBs) is primarily triggered by sluggish charge transfer kinetics at the reaction interfaces. A typical LiBr redox mediator (RM) catalyst can effectively reduce the battery's overpotential. However, it is prone to shuttling and corroding the Li anode, leading to RM loss and reduced energy efficiency. To address these challenges, we introduced Li2MoO4 into the LiBr-containing electrolyte to promote the solution-phase mediated LOBs. This addition tailors the anion-enhanced Li+ solvation sheath layer and forms a robust anion-derived solid electrolyte interphases (SEI) on the Li anode. The robust SEI effectively mitigates the corrosion of soluble Br3-/Br2 and attacks by highly reactive oxygen species. Additionally, the dispersed and high-density Li2MoO4 exhibits strong adsorption capabilities for O2/LiO2 and Br-related species during the discharge/charge process, thereby promoting the growth and decomposition of Li2O2 in the solution phase and inhibiting the shuttle effect of Br-related species in LOBs. Consequently, the LOBs demonstrate exceptional cycling stability (415 cycles) and high energy efficiency (86.2%), paving the way for the sustainable development and practical application of these battery systems.

Unraveling the Electrochemical Insights of Cobalt Oxide/Conducting Polymer Hybrid Materials for Supercapacitor, Battery, and Supercapattery Applications.

This review article focuses on the potential of cobalt oxide composites with conducting polymers, particularly polypyrrole (PPy) and polyaniline (PANI), as advanced electrode materials for supercapacitors, batteries, and supercapatteries. Cobalt oxide, known for its high theoretical capacitance, is limited by poor conductivity and structural degradation during cycling. However, the integration of PPy and PANI has been proven to enhance the electrochemical performance through improved conductivity, increased pseudocapacitive effects, and enhanced structural integrity. This synergistic combination facilitates efficient charge transport and ion diffusion, resulting in improved cycling stability and energy storage capacity. Despite significant progress in synthesis techniques and composite design, challenges such as maintaining structural stability during prolonged cycling and scalability for mass production remain. This review highlights the synthesis methods, latest advancements, and electrochemical performance in cobalt oxide/PPy and cobalt oxide/PANI composites, emphasizing their potential to contribute to the development of next-generation energy storage devices. Further exploration into their application, especially in battery systems, is necessary to fully harness their capabilities and meet the increasing demands of energy storage technologies.

Charge Separation Induced by Asymmetric Surface Charge Effects in Quasi‐Solid State Electrolyte for Sustainable Anion Storage

AbstractCompared with conventional lithium‐ion battery systems, anion‐intercalation in graphite cathodes opens avenues for the development of batteries with groundbreaking power density. This study explores the enhancement of dual‐ion batteries (DIBs) by gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) enhanced with surface‐charged nanoclays, focusing on overcoming traditional challenges such as electrolyte decomposition, anion‐solvent co‐intercalation, and interfacial instability at the graphite cathode. Three nanoclays including montmorillonite, kaolinite, and halloysite are compared by incorporating them into GPE and evaluating their effect on the electrochemical properties, ion conduction, and mechanical integrity of DIBs. Particular attention is paid to the halloysite because of its differential internal and external surface charges, which generate charge separation, facilitate optimal lithium‐ion transport, and mitigate undesirable anion‐solvent interactions. These results indicate that halloysite‐incorporated GPE (HS‐G) significantly improves DIB performance, as demonstrated by extended cycle life, robust capacity retention at fast charge/discharge rates of 20 C, and operational stability over a wide temperature range (0–60 °C). These improvements are attributed to the unique structural advantages of HS‐G, including effective charge separation, enhanced anion diffusion, and reduced solvent co‐intercalation, which provide an environmentally friendly and cost‐effective approach to advanced DIB applications.

A Decoupled Modulation Strategy for Constant Voltage/Current Wireless Charging System Under High Coils Misalignment

ABSTRACTOutput fluctuation and lower transmission efficiency under load and mutual inductance variation are hot concerned in the wireless charging system for power batteries. In this paper, a decoupled tracking strategy is proposed to realize constant voltage (CV) or current (CC) output and high transmission efficiency. The circuit model of series–series compensation network is built, and corresponding transmission characteristics can be derived. First, the load and mutual inductance value can be estimated by measuring the primary electrical information, including the inverter output voltage, current, and the phase error between them. Then load‐independent voltage or current output characteristics under coils misalignment can be maintained by tracking the optimal switching frequency of inverter part. In addition, the value of output voltage or current can be adjusted flexibly for different operation occasions by the employment of pulse‐width modulation. As a result, the load‐independent output characteristics realization and output adjustment can be decoupled. Based on only the primary measuring information, the CV/CC output can be maintained via the proposed hybrid control strategy when the coils misalignment and load variation happen, increasing the robustness of whole wireless power transfer (WPT) system. Furthermore, the soft switching of all power switches in the inverter part can be realized to reduce the switching loss. Compared with previous research, the proposed wireless charging system has a higher power density and a simplified control strategy. Finally, an experimental platform with 60‐V charging voltage and 3.6‐A charging current is built to verify the feasibility of the proposed sys‐tem and control method.

Regional Electron Delocalization Regulation Internalizes the Reduced‐Order‐Transformation of Polysulfides

AbstractThe step‐order or disproportionation conversion of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) is still a blind box in LiS batteries (LSBs) system. The cation‐doped electrocatalyst (Fe‐CoS2@HCNF) is designed through modulating electron‐surrounding situation of the central atomic d‐band to promote regional electron‐directed LiPSs reduced‐order‐transformation (especially, Li2S4Li2S). Fe‐CoS2@HCNF satisfies the requirement of mass (electron/ion) transfer reaction, quantizing as multi‐osmosis‐connected transportation channels and an all‐encompassing interior space for sulfur reduction occurring. Based on experiments and DFT calculations, the introduced Fe presents a local electron deficiency state toward regulating regional electron delocalization between Fe and Co matrix, which induces the d‐band state of the metal site, strengthening the metal 3d orbital coupling interaction with S2−of LiPSs, further guiding the order‐transformation of intermediate LiPSs. Consequently, the Fe‐CoS2@HCNF electrode has excellent electrochemical properties, performing at 3.0 C with 0.064 % capacity decay per cycle, and even maintaining super cycle stability at a high sulfur loadings. In addition, the pouch cell assembled can also reach an initial specific capacity of 1070.3 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C, which can still show good long‐term cycle stability. This work provides a valuable prospect for analyzing SRR intermediate state by regional electron flow regulation of electrocatalyst in practical LSBs.

Sustainable Logistics: Synergizing Passive Design and PV–Battery Systems for Carbon Footprint Reduction

As more companies strive for net-zero emissions, mitigating indirect greenhouse gas emissions embedded in value chains—especially in logistics activities—has become a critical priority. In the European logistics sector, sustainability and energy efficiency are receiving growing attention, given the sector’s intersectional role in both transportation and construction. This transition toward low-carbon logistics design not only reduces carbon emissions but also yields financial benefits, including operational cost savings and new market opportunities. This study examines the impact of passive design strategies and low-carbon technologies in a Swedish logistics center, assessed using the low-carbon design criteria from the BREEAM International standard, version 6. The findings show that passive energy-efficient measures, such as the installation of 47 skylights for natural daylighting, reduced light power density in accordance with AHSHARE 90.1-2019 and the integration of free night flushing, contribute to a 23% reduction in total energy consumption. In addition, the integration of 600 PV panels and 480 batteries with a capacity of 268 ampere-hours and 13.5 kWh storage, operating at 50 volts, delivers a further 56% reduction in carbon emissions. By optimizing the interaction between passive design and active low-carbon technologies, this research presents a comprehensive feasibility analysis that promotes sustainable logistics practices while ensuring a future-proof, low-carbon operational model.

Enhancing performance and sustainability of lithium manganese oxide cathodes with a poly(ionic liquid) binder and ionic liquid electrolyte

Current battery production involves various energy intensive processes and the use of volatile, flammable and/or toxic chemicals. This study explores the potential for using a water-soluble and functional binder, poly(diallyldimethylammonium) (PDADMA) with diethyl phosphate (DEP) as a counter anion, for lithium manganese oxide (LMO) cathodes. By replacing the traditional polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) binder and its associated toxic N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) solvent, PDADMA-DEP offers a more sustainable and cost-effective solution. Notably, PDADMA-DEP electrodes do not require high-temperature calendaring to achieve high performance unlike PVDF electrodes. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) indicated significant interactions between the binder and LMO that enhance stability and ion conduction. The PDADMA-DEP binder demonstrated excellent electrochemical rate capability up to 10C with the conventional organic liquid electrolyte (LP30), outperforming PVDF electrodes. The performance of both binders using a safer and non-volatile ionic liquid electrolyte, specifically 50 mol% LiFSI in N-trimethyl-N-propylammonium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide, was also investigated to enhance the overall safety and environmental impact of the battery system. IL-based cells utilizing a PDADMA-DEP cathode binder demonstrated a 58 % capacity retention over 500 cycles at 0.5C when cycled at room temperature.

Synergistic Dual Electrolyte System of LATP and In‐ Situ Solod‐State PDOL System and its Improvement on the Performance of NCM811 Batteries

Abstract1,3‐Dioxolane (DOL) can undergo in‐situ polymerization in batteries to form solid‐state organic electrolyte PDOL. When applied to NCM811||Li battery system, PDOL electrolyte helps optimize the contact and interface stability between electrolyte and electrodes. This study explores the effects of PDOL with PE separators coated with Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3(LATP) on the performance of NCM811||Li batteries. 2,2,2‐trifluoroethyl phosphite (DETFPi), was mixed with DOL at a 1 : 35 mass ratio. Then, LiBF4 was used to initiate in‐situ polymerization and thereby obtained DETFPi‐PDOL electrolyte after 24 h at room temperature. The composite electrolyte exhibits enhanced ion conductivity (1.59×10−4 S cm−1), high lithium ion transference number (0.78), wide electrochemical stability window (4.53 V), and high critical current density (2.2 mA cm−2). Li||PDOL@LATP||Li battery shows extremely low overpotential (35 mV) after a constant current stable cycle of 500 h at 1.0 mA cm−2. After 500 cycles at 1 C, the remaining capacity is 153.9 mAh g−1 with a capacity retention of 82.1 % in NCM811||PDOL@LATP||Li batteries. This indicates that the LATP coating on the surface of the PE separator plays an important role in optimizing the performance of DETFPI‐PDOL electrolyte batteries. LATP and DETFPI‐PDOL are effective in improving the cycling stability, rate performance, and interface state of NCM811 batteries.

Mitigating Intraphase Catalytic-Domain Transfer via CO2 Laser for Enhanced Nitrate-to-Ammonia Electroconversion and Zn-Nitrate Battery Behavior.

Developing sustainable energy solutions is critical for addressing the dual challenges of energy demand and environmental impact. In this study, a zinc-nitrate (Zn-NO3 -) battery system was designed for the simultaneous production of ammonia (NH3) via the electrocatalytic NO3 - reduction reaction (NO3RR) and electricity generation. Continuous wave CO2 laser irradiation yielded precisely controlled CoFe2O4@nitrogen-doped carbon (CoFe2O4@NC) hollow nanocubes from CoFe Prussian blue analogs (CoFe-PBA) as the integral electrocatalyst for NO3RR in 1.0 M KOH, achieving a remarkable NH4 + production rate of 10.9 mg h-1 cm-2 at -0.47 V versus Reversible Hydrogen Electrode with exceptional stability. In situ and ex situ methods revealed that the CoFe2O4@NC surface transformed into high-valent Fe/CoOOH active species, optimizing the adsorption energy of NO3RR (*NO2 and *NO species) intermediates. Furthermore, density functional theory calculations validated the possible NO3RR pathway on CoFe2O4@NC starting with NO3 - conversion to *NO2 intermediates, followed by reduction to *NO. Subsequent protonation forms the *NH and *NH2 species, leading to NH3 formation via final protonation. The Zn-NO3 - battery utilizing the CoFe2O4@NC cathode exhibits dual functionality by generating electricity with a stable open-circuit voltage of 1.38 V versus Zn/Zn2+ and producing NH3. This study highlights the innovative use of CO2 laser irradiation to transform Prussian blue analogs into cost-effective catalysts with hierarchical structures for NO3RR-to-NH3 conversion, positioning the Zn-NO3 - battery as a promising technology for industrial applications.

Mitigating Intraphase Catalytic‐Domain Transfer via CO2 Laser for Enhanced Nitrate‐to‐Ammonia Electroconversion and Zn‐Nitrate Battery Behavior

AbstractDeveloping sustainable energy solutions is critical for addressing the dual challenges of energy demand and environmental impact. In this study, a zinc‐nitrate (Zn−NO3−) battery system was designed for the simultaneous production of ammonia (NH3) via the electrocatalytic NO3− reduction reaction (NO3RR) and electricity generation. Continuous wave CO2 laser irradiation yielded precisely controlled CoFe2O4@nitrogen‐doped carbon (CoFe2O4@NC) hollow nanocubes from CoFe Prussian blue analogs (CoFe‐PBA) as the integral electrocatalyst for NO3RR in 1.0 M KOH, achieving a remarkable NH4+ production rate of 10.9 mg h−1 cm−2 at −0.47 V versus Reversible Hydrogen Electrode with exceptional stability. In situ and ex situ methods revealed that the CoFe2O4@NC surface transformed into high‐valent Fe/CoOOH active species, optimizing the adsorption energy of NO3RR (*NO2 and *NO species) intermediates. Furthermore, density functional theory calculations validated the possible NO3RR pathway on CoFe2O4@NC starting with NO3− conversion to *NO2 intermediates, followed by reduction to *NO. Subsequent protonation forms the *NH and *NH2 species, leading to NH3 formation via final protonation. The Zn−NO3− battery utilizing the CoFe2O4@NC cathode exhibits dual functionality by generating electricity with a stable open‐circuit voltage of 1.38 V versus Zn/Zn2+ and producing NH3. This study highlights the innovative use of CO2 laser irradiation to transform Prussian blue analogs into cost‐effective catalysts with hierarchical structures for NO3RR‐to‐NH3 conversion, positioning the Zn−NO3− battery as a promising technology for industrial applications.

Advancing sustainable mobility: Dynamic predictive modeling of charging cycles in electric vehicles using machine learning techniques and predictive application development

The main goal in this research is to train various machine learning models to predict charging cycles in EV Electric Vehicles) battery systems. The considered models are gradient boosting, random forests, decision trees, and linear regression. Each of these was assessed based on its R-squared score, which is an important statistical measure in indicating the variance proportion yielded by the model. In contrast, the Random Forest model significantly improved, with an R-squared value of 0.83, thereby doing an excellent job in capturing nuances of the data. Only surpassed by the Gradient Boosting model at an astonishing R-squared score of 0.87, it is this excellent score that underlines its capability to predict the outcome quite accurately by modeling complex interrelations. In other words, gradient boosting outran the rest and provided the most robust results concerning drivers of students' performance. It also underlines how important choosing a good model is in educational analytics in order to increase the accuracy of the predictions. The use of these models in the proposed EV Battery Charging Cycle Predictor App results in accurate predictions to aid schedule maintenance and energy-related decisions. This research brings light to the future of advanced machine learning methods in enhancing the battery efficiencies of EVs and the development of electric mobility technologies. It is possible that the future work will imply the additional inclusion of real data and the integration of the application to general energy systems.

SWOT Analysis of Future Trends in BEV-related Technologies: Xiaomi Automobile Co., Ltd's Latest Product as a Case Study

The new energy vehicle sector has benefited from numerous subsidies in response to the World Environmental Protection Organization's and governments' calls for a reduction in carbon emissions. Battery-electric vehicles (BEVs), the kind of EV with the lowest carbon emissions, have gained popularity in the automotive industry. Using a battery system as a power system not only improves efficiency but also ensures that it does not pollute the environment. Along with other technological advancements like the incorporation of cutting-edge chips in the central controls of the vehicle and latest AI systems, the convenience of BEVs for consumers keeps increasing. This paper introduces the new technology systems included in the latest products launched by Xiaomi, such as the new battery system, smart driving system, and all-round AI system. Then more analyses of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of BEVs in the future with the impact of new technology. The analysis not only raises some of the technical issues that need to be addressed in BEVs today but also points to the crisis that will exist in the BEV market in the future. After analyzing the situation, some recommendations and directions for in-depth research were given. And take Xiaomi's latest BEV product as an example to further do a SWOT analysis of Xiaomi's strategic development into the BEV market.

Dynamic Wireless Charging of Electric Vehicles Using PV Units in Highways

Transitioning from petrol or gas vehicles to electric vehicles (EVs) poses significant challenges in reducing emissions, lowering operational costs, and improving energy storage. Wireless charging EVs offer promising solutions to wired charging limitations such as restricted travel range and lengthy charging times. This paper presents a comprehensive approach to address the challenges of wireless power transfer (WPT) for EVs by optimizing coupling frequency and coil design to enhance efficiency while minimizing electromagnetic interference (EMI) and heat generation. A novel coil design and adaptive hardware are proposed to improve power transfer efficiency (PTE) by defining the optimal magnetic resonant coupling WPT and mitigating coil misalignment, which is considered a significant barrier to the widespread adoption of WPT for EVs. A new methodology for designing and arranging roadside lanes and facilities for dynamic wireless charging (DWC) of EVs is introduced. This includes the optimization of transmitter coils (TCs), receiving coils (RCs), compensation circuits, and high-frequency inverters/converters using the partial differential equation toolbox (pdetool). The integration of wireless charging systems with smart grid technology is explored to enhance energy distribution and reduce peak load issues. The paper proposes a DWC system with multiple segmented transmitters integrated with adaptive renewable photovoltaic (PV) units and a battery system using the utility main grid as a backup. The design process includes the determination of the required PV array capacity, station battery sizing, and inverters/converters to ensure maximum power point tracking (MPPT). To validate the proposed system, it was tested in two scenarios: charging a single EV at different speeds and simultaneously charging two EVs over a 1 km stretch with a 50 kW system, achieving a total range of 500 km. Experimental validation was performed through real-time simulation and hardware tests using an OPAL-RT platform, demonstrating a power transfer efficiency of 90.7%, thus confirming the scalability and feasibility of the system for future EV infrastructure.

Recyclability study for the next generation of cobalt-free lithium-ion battery systems with C-LNMO, Si/C- LRLO and TiNbO-LNMO active materials via hydrometallurgical route

The scarcity and uncertain supply of cobalt poses significant challenges for the lithium-ion battery industry. To address this issue, alternative chemistries excluding cobalt have been developed. Despite solving supply issues, these developments raise concerns about recyclability and their impact on current recycling trends.This study presents a recycling strategy and evaluates its performance for next-generation cobalt-free lithium-ion batteries. It focuses on three prototypes that use innovative cathode materials (titanium niobium oxide, carbon, and silicon/carbon) and electrolyte systems (ionic liquid and gelified). The proposed recycling process includes pyrolysis, mechanical separation, neutral and acid leaching, cementation, and neutralisation for selective metal separation.The results indicate that gelified electrolytes exhibit greater thermal stability than their liquid counterparts, indicating an effect on the degradation temperature and gas emissions, which are crucial for metal recovery. This study highlights the reduced toxicity of ionic liquid electrolytes and emphasises the need for strict pyrolysis gas handling due to hazardous emissions. High recovery rates (65–90 %) were achieved for nickel, manganese, lithium, and anode components.With potential for process optimisation to improve the quality of products, this study shows that cobalt-free battery systems can be integrated into existing recycling frameworks with adjustments, supporting progress towards sustainable battery practices.

Fluorinated functional groups enhanced composite in-situ gel electrolytes for high voltage cathode of quasi solid-state lithium battery

Gel electrolyte is an ideal system for improving the cycling stability and safety of lithium metal battery. However, traditional gel system with acrylic ester system is still not suitable for high-voltage battery system limited by its intrinsic structure and unstable interface. The polymer structures with -CF3 modified acrylic ester are proposed to improve the stability of both structure and interface in high-voltage battery systems. The LiF-rich anode-electrolyte interface assisted by fluorine contained in-situ gel electrolyte ensures stable cycling of lithium anode. The quasi-solid state lithium battery assembled with the LiFePO4 can still achieve a capacity retention rate of 81.2 % after 900 cycles at a rate of 1 C. Furthermore, the uniform organic cathode-electrolyte interface constructed by crosslinked -CF3 modified polymer effectively inhibits the corrosion of HF on the cathode material. The interaction between the anion and solvent molecules prevents the continuous decomposition reaction of the electrolyte on the surface of the LiCoO2 cathode at high voltage, which guarantees LiCoO2 battery can still achieve a capacity retention rate of 82.1 % after 500 cycles at a voltage of 4.45V. Design of fluorine contained in-situ polymer gel electrolyte could promote the development of quasi solid-state battery in practical industrial application.