System Design Concept Research Articles

Conceptual design of multichannel fast electron bremsstrahlung detection system to study fast electron dynamics during lower hybrid current drive in ADITYA-U tokamak

To drive plasma current non inductively, a Lower Hybrid Current Drive (LHCD) system with a passive-active multijunction (PAM) antenna for injecting lower hybrid wave (LHWs) has been designed, fabricated and to be integrated with ADITYA-U Tokamak. A fast electron population in the energy range of a few keV to several hundreds of keV is generated with the injection of the LHWs. These fast electrons interacting mainly with ions and electrons result in Hard X-Ray (HXR) emission called Fast Electron Bremsstrahlung acronym as FEB emission. A single channel FEB detection system is being used in the earlier experiment of LHCD in ADITYA-U tokamak. However, the single channel detection system can't provide a radial emissivity profile of HXR intensity distribution. In order to determine a radial emissivity profile, for the first time, a multichannel FEB detection system is designed for ADITYA-U tokamak. This paper describes the detailed conceptual design for the selection of suitable detectors, optimization of the collimators, shielding geometry, and low energy filtering cut-off. In the present design analysis, the soller collimator concept is considered over a simple pinhole camera system due to its several advantages. In order to optimize the multichannel FEB system parameters for the best possible performance, a forwarded modelling code has been used. The signal to background ratio at each detector location has been estimated for a few system parameters and reported herein.

Measuring and Architecting System Resilience Through Trade Study Analysis

Resilience is a dimension of trade study analysis that must be accounted for in early conceptual system design because it can influence cost, reliability, performance, and overall lifecycle cost. Traditional trade studies, which focus on risk, safety, and costs aspects analysis are no longer sufficient because they only account for predicted and known disruptions. This article proposes a practical and implementable methodology for measuring, predicting, and architecting system resilience during conceptual design that considers both known and unknown disruptions. This article extends the current literature by motivating the resilience curve using a Markov process, verifying resilience with empirical data, and incorporating the interaction between subsystems using common cause failure with the binomial failure rate. A verified simulation model is used as a predictive analysis tool and applied to an unmanned surface vehicle case study.

Modelling activity in support of MITICA high voltage system protections

MITICA, the full-scale prototype of ITER Heating Neutral Beam (HNBs), has challenging requirements on its power supplies. In particular its unconventional high voltage system is designed to operate at high power and voltage (up to -1 MV dc and about 54 MW), with many interfaces and high voltage insulation technologies co-existing in a single plant. Moreover, the electrical system must manage frequent breakdowns between the accelerator grids during the operation, creating electrical fast transients characterized by extremely high voltage and current peaks. In the conceptual design phase suitable design provisions were conceived to limit the energy in the grids and to limit the overvoltage on specific components in the case of grids-breakdown. The integration tests of the power supplies showed the capability of the system to generate and sustain voltage as high as 700 kV; at higher voltage the voltage withstanding capability was not confirmed as some breakdowns occurred in the plant. Although the location of the breakdowns has not been identified yet, an impact of such breakdowns was highlighted as a couple of the components of the plant suffered a damage. This paper is focused on the analyses performed for the understanding of the fault occurred on the secondary bushing of the 1 MV insulating transformer dedicated to the supply of the Ion Source and Extraction Power Supply system (ISEPS). An extensive activity of modelling and simulation has been developed for explaining the dynamic occurred. The model is based on the stray parameters of the components, which were not easy to be estimated in the design phase, but which turn out to have relevant effects in local fast transient phenomena. After reaching a full understanding of the phenomena, the models have been used to support the conceptual design of an additional protection system for the transformer, for MITICA but also in view of the ITER installation.

Conceptual design and evaluation of a hybrid energy system based on a tri-level waste heat recovery: an approach to achieve a low-carbon cogeneration system

Abstract The exhaust waste heat of the fossil-fired power plants and some power generation technologies (such as fuel cells) is a rich source of recoverable thermal energy. Meanwhile, the effective use of the fuel cell's exhaust waste heat in the downstream processes and units can improve the thermodynamic superiority, reduce the environmental impacts caused by the release of waste heat in the environment and enhance the attractiveness and sustainability of the energy process. Here, the multi-variable analysis (thermodynamic, economic and environmental assessments)/optimization of a low-carbon cogeneration process (power and cooling capacity production system) are proposed and investigated. The proposed cogeneration process works under waste heat from the exhaust of a fuel cell, an ejector refrigeration cycle and an organic Rankine cycle (ORC)-driven tri-stage waste heat recovery system. A bi-objective optimization is based on identifying the maximum value of exergy efficiency and the minimum value of the total cost of the system. To highlight the advantages, the behavior of the considered cogeneration process is compared with a system that works under a compressor refrigeration cycle and a single-stage waste heat recovery system (as a reference process). According to the results, the considered process can provide approximately 10% higher exergy efficiency compared to the reference process. Moreover, the overall cost of the considered process can be about 20% lower compared to the reference process. The amount of emitted CO2 from the proposed process can be mitigated by nearly 11 thousand tons compared to the reference process.

Conceptual design modeling by the novel aircraft conceptual design and analysis system (ACDAS)

PurposeThroughout an aircraft development process, the conceptual design phase is an extremely important milestone; hence, the quality and success of this step directly affect the overall cost and lead time of the project. Because of this fact, the purpose of this study is to provide outputs and suggestions to the designing engineer regarding the requirements for reducing overall design time as well as costs and creating an ideal design at the early phases of the project by optimizing the aircraft development process.Design methodology approachThe system has been prepared parametrically and presents some performance specifications for the aircraft in the early phases of the design, for example, coefficients for lift CL as well as drag CD and weight as well as fuel estimations. The software uses a combination of well-known design techniques within just one platform in contrast to many other applications. Because of this feature, it is not needed to use different sub-platforms which would require an appropriate environment and even though would lead to complications with regard to the connectivity. The system also presents relevant information about the aircraft performance like velocity versus load factor (V-n) diagrams, maximum turn rate of climb, turn rate and climb angle graphs in contrast to many other open-source conceptual design platforms.FindingsIn this study, authentic General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon and McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle data were used as input to the system, and advanced geometric and/or performance graphs were obtained and compared to the literature where a good agreement of the results was observed. These results with regard to the aircraft performance are typically product specific and quite rare in the literature. These data obtained by use of the software during the aircraft design are, thus, of major interest, especially for the design of new aerospace platforms. In this study, all of these graphs (especially the remarkable V-n diagram) are obtained on one platform.Originality valueThe aircraft conceptual design and analysis system software provides information and suggestions regarding the requirements for reducing the overall design time, reducing the design costs and creating an optimized design at the early phases of a project by optimizing the aircraft development process within just one convenient, that is, user friendly, platform, where it uses a combination of varying methodologies. Besides presenting one interface, which is quite typical for conceptual design tools, it allows applications of methods like vortex lattices and finite differences for obtaining aerodynamic performance parameters.

Biopolymer - A sustainable and efficacious material system for effluent removal.

Undesired discharge of various effluents directly into the aquatic ecosystem can adversely affect water quality, endangering aquatic and terrestrial flora and fauna. Therefore, the conceptual design and fabrication of a sustainable system for alleviating the harmful toxins that are discharged into the atmosphere and water bodies using a green sustainable approach is a fundamental standpoint. Adsorptive removal of toxins (∼99% removal efficacy) is one of the most attractive and facile approaches for cleaner technologies that remediate the environmental impacts and provide a safe operating space. Recently, the introduction of biopolymers for the adsorptive abstraction of toxins from water has received considerable attention due to their eclectic accessibility, biodegradability, biocompatibility, non-toxicity, and enhanced removal efficacy (∼ 80-90% for electrospun fibers). This review summarizes the recent literature on the biosorption of various toxins by biopolymers and the possible interaction between the adsorbent and adsorbate, providing an in-depth perspective of the adsorption mechanism. Most of the observed results are explained in terms of (1) biopolymers classification and application, (2) toxicity of various effluents, (3) biopolymers in wastewater treatment and their removal mechanism, and (4) regeneration, reuse, and biodegradation of the adsorbent biopolymer.

Design process and simulations for the rotor system of a high-efficiency 22 kW micro-gas-turbine range extender for electric vehicles

This paper proposes a design process for a high-efficiency micro-gas-turbine (MGT)-based range extender(RE). The study includes a conceptual system design and a detailed design of an MGT RE. This design adopts a two-spool intercooled and recuperated high-speed MGT. The study focuses on the design of a low-pressure (LP) rotor system integrated with an electric generator, where a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) with a round transversally polarized bar permanent magnet (PM) is selected as a generator type. The turbine and compressor sides of the rotor are supported by dual back-to-back angular contact ball bearings modeled using a detailed five degrees of freedom contact model. The bearing cartridge is supported by squeeze film dampers (SFDs). The SFD that supports the bearings is modeled with a linear spring and an oil-film damper. Simulation results dictate that stresses in the magnet and sleeve vary due to several design parameters, thus time-efficient simulation is strongly required for effective design optimization. Also, the results indicate that the SFD design optimization range leading to acceptable rotordynamics requirements is narrow.

Conceptual design of the LHCD system on CFETR

With the capability of saving flux consumption in the current ramp up phase, controlling the safety factor (q) profile, providing the required off-axis current drive (CD), a lower hybrid current drive (LHCD) system was eventually determined to be used on the China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor (CFETR). In this paper, a 20 MW/4.6 GHz system composed of 40 units of 500 kW continuous wave (CW) klystron amplifier is preliminarily designed. The feasibility of the frequency choice of 4.6 GHz in the physical aspect is discussed. In order to minimize the transmission loss, a TE01 over-mode of circular waveguide will be used in the transmission system. Although previous calculations indicates that high field side (HFS) launcher location results in waves damping at inner region than low field side (LFS) launcher, which is favorable for plasma stability, HFS launcher will be extremely difficult in engineering due to the limited space. Calculations show that the tritium breeding ratio (TBR) will be decreased by ∼ 1.5% with HFS launcher, while it will be decreased by ∼ 0.22% only with LFS launcher. As a result, the LH power will be coupled to plasma from the top port at LFS. The designed passive active multi-junction (PAM) launcher is arranged in an array of 5 rows and 8 columns with the height of 1181 mm and the width of 794 mm. A shielding block with a thickness of 20 cm will be equipped around the feeding waveguides to protect the feeding waveguides and to prevent neutron leakage. A preliminary scheme of the remote maintenance for the LFS launcher is given. The modeling results shows that the density for optimum coupling is ∼ 1.8 × 1017/m³, lower than the 4.6 GHz cut-off density ne_co = 2.6 × 1017/m³. Around this density, the power directivity (Dp) can be high as 71%.

Bridging technical, ecological and social–economic knowledge in engineering design

Sustainable engineering design requires the joint consideration of technical, ecological, economic and social aspects in the provision of societal demands, such as water and energy supply. A growing number of concepts and methods for integrated assessment and sustainable design have been developed in recent decades and pose new challenges to the engineering profession. This paper proposes the use of system design concepts and methods to link engineering design to ecological and social–economic knowledge. This study expands the conventional functional analysis approach from systems engineering with a technical focus towards a more integrated perspective that allows for the joint consideration of technical, ecological and social–economic solutions in engineering design. Participatory systems thinking and system dynamics modelling are used for conceptual and preliminary system design by analysing the hierarchy and flows of functions to meet system requirements. The methodology consists of three steps: requirement analysis (step 1), functional organisation analysis (step 2) and functional flow analysis (step 3). An application of the methodology is provided using sustainable water management in Cyprus as an example. The results demonstrate the synergies and trade-offs between technical, ecological and social solutions in water management that provide important information for the subsequent detailed system design phase.

Data-centric UML profile for agroecology applications: Agricultural autonomous robots monitoring case study

The conceptual design of information systems is mandatory in several application domains. The advent of the Internet of Things (IoT) technologies pushes conceptual design tools and methodologies to consider the complexity of IoT data, architectures, and communication networks. In agroecology applications, the usage of IoT is quite promising, but it raises several methodological and technical issues. These issues are related to the complexity and heterogeneity of data (social, economic, environmental, and agricultural) needed by agroecology practices. Motivated by the lack of a conceptual model for IoT data, in this work, we present a UML profile taking into account different kinds of data (e.g., sensors, stream, or transactional) and non-functional Requirements. We show how the UML profile integrates with classical UML diagrams to support the design of complex systems. Moreover, We prove the feasibility of our conceptual framework through a theoretical quality assessment and its implementation in the agroecology case study concerning the monitoring of autonomous agricultural robots.

Conceptual design of a user-centric smart product-service system using self-organizing map

As an emerging IT-driven business paradigm, smart product-service system (Smart PSS), which offers not only the smart, connected product (SCP) but also its generated service as a solution bundle, has become a vital research topic. Many research efforts have been devoted to constructing the conceptual design framework by considering SCPs and services simultaneously. However, the following critical issues in Smart PSS conceptual design have not been well addressed: how to improve the solution of Smart PSS in the conceptual design stage to meet user emotional requirements. Aiming to fill the gap, this work proposes a conceptual design method for Smart PSS from the perspective of analyzing user-generated emotions/feelings. Specifically, the relevant traditional products are identified, and their public review data is used to analyze user emotions/feelings in user-product interaction. Interactive emotion board as a new design tool is presented to organize the user-generated emotions/feelings, associated design elements, and the potential design points of the initial solution. And the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is utilized to evaluate the improved solution. To ensure the efficiency of the analysis process, the self-organizing map (SOM) algorithm is utilized in the process of clustering product samples and Kansei words. A case study of smart electric bicycle service system (SEBSS) design is used to demonstrate the performance of the proposed method. Based on the case study, the proposed approach appears effective in helping with Smart PSS conceptual design.

Design and simulation of a low-energy single ion irradiation system for micro/nano-biosample investigation

A low-energy single ion irradiation system is developed in its initiation in Thailand to follow one of the trends in novel ion beam technology exploitation. Single ion irradiation of materials is a highly technological development of ion beam technology. The developed single ion irradiation systems worldwide are primarily in the MeV-energy range and for single cell studies, and recently the trend has been extended to the low-energy range (< 100 keV) but focused on microelectronic applications. Based on our previous research on low-energy ion beam irradiation of biological cells and DNA, we design and simulate a low-energy single ion implantation system, aiming at eventual construction of such a novel ion beam apparatus for applications to the biological studies. In the system, the ion energy is decreased to orders < 1 keV by the existing deceleration lens, then the low-energy ion beam passes through µm slits, and finally, low-energy single ions are obtained by beam scanning with appropriate frequencies from scanner plates and detected by a single ion detection device. Conceptual design, calculation and simulation of this single ion system are presented.

Conceptual Design and Control Schedule Optimization for Parallel Hybrid Propulsion System of Regional Turboprop Aircraft

Current environmental policies for the aviation industry motivate the use of cleaner propulsion systems to reduce its CO2 and noise footprint in the coming years. In this context, hybrid propulsion systems have emerged as a potential solution as they have demonstrated a good trade-off between performance and low pollutant emissions. In the present work, the conceptual design and control schedule optimisation of a parallel hybrid propulsion system for the De Havilland Dash 8 regional turboprop aircraft is carried out. A parametric study of the turboprop engine with different degrees of hybridisation at design point and off-design performance analysis of the parallel hybrid propulsion system with different control schedules for an aircraft typical mission has been carried out. Overall aircraft performance parameters are used to evaluate hybrid propulsion systems with different degrees of hybridisation and control schedules. From the results, it was found that a control schedule with 10-15% hybridisation during the cruise phase is the most promising when considering the aircraft mission blocked fuel and fuel efficiency.

A coupled reinforcement learning and IDAES process modeling framework for automated conceptual design of energy and chemical systems

This study introduces an advanced automated system for designing diverse chemical or electrochemical systems, requiring minimal user expertise, and enabling designing and optimization from scratch.

Identification of a Maneuvering Vessel based on Regular Operation

We present an approach for the identification of maneuvering vessels which is based on data collected during regular operations. In conjunction with previous work by the authors, this paper completes a comprehensive approach to estimating all parameters of a maneuvering model that fits exactly into the control system design concept developed as well. In this paper, the diagonal elements of the mass matrix are determined by evaluating acceleration periods of the vessel in the considered degrees of freedom. The contribution of the presented approach is the method of detecting and weighting all the available acceleration periods from a large database in order to automatically determine the parameters. Using a full-scale tugboat, the approach was tested and verified. In a real-time control loop application, dynamic positioning and a special tug maneuver were performed based on the estimation results from regular operation at fairly strong wind and current. The experiments indicate that the identification approach is extremely robust to disturbances from wind and current. This demonstrates the excellent performance of the entire system and validates the approach presented.

An integrated approach for selecting design parameters in smart product-service system conceptual design

Nowadays, with the rapid development of cyber physical systems, IoT, and artificial intelligence, more and more attention has been paid to adapting the combination of smart, connected products and their generated services. Among these, smart product-service system (SPSS) with the unique features of smartness, connection, value co-creation, and data-driven has been widely concerned. Therefore, based on axiomatic design theory, the mapping from function domain to physical domain is a critical process in SPSS's conceptual design and the selecting of design parameters in physical domain has great impact on meeting multi-stakeholders’ benefits. Nevertheless, despite a few works on requirement conversion, it is not clear about the mapping mechanism under the target of value co-creation. Aiming to fill this gap, an integrated SPSS conceptual design method is proposed to solve the cross-domain mapping problem. It decomposes and reorganizes SPSS's function requirements with requirement development laws in TRIZ and divides the physical domain into product-related domain and service-related domain. Design parameters would be selected and evaluated by domain experts based on fuzzy comprehensive evaluation from different dimensions, which could represent the benefit of multi-stakeholders. Next, a binary integer programming (BIP) model with restrictions from different stakeholders would be constructed, which could be regarded as a multi-objective optimization problem. To solve the BIP model, the genetic algorithm is used and the optimal design parameters combination could be generated as the output of this process. Finally, a case study is carried out to demonstrate the feasibility and advantages of the integrated approach for cross-domain mapping in SPSS conceptual design.

System Engineering-Based Conceptual Design of Indoor Navigation System of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have been become important day by day because of advantages in our life use cases; specially, they can play important role in the industry 4.0 concept such as automation in production plants. System engineering approach is planning the design and production phases. Every system, subsystem, component, or mission of the systems are investigated before project starts and each requirement is set. The investigation of compatibility between systems and products minimizes the risks during the production phases. This paper proposes the usage of system engineering approach to the conceptual design of an UAV navigation system which aims to be used in indoor environments. In order to provide autonomous indoor flight, system requirements are set by using system engineering approach. Then step by step, the basic functions that UAV needs to complete operation are specified. The required products are listed as a tree and the relation between products and functions are investigated. Thus, the conceptual design of the UAV indoor navigation system is demonstrated by using of the functional tree, the functions and product relation matrix, the product tree, and the use cases. Moreover, the system operational requirements are investigated, and the requirement operation phases, modes and use cases are also determined. Thanks to system engineering, all these complex systems are put together systematically, and the conceptual design is achieved.

Модель керування рухом космічних розподілених енергетичних систем

The goal of this article is to develop a generalized mathematical model for controlling the motion of the spacecraft of a space industrial platform’s distributed power system. Space industrialization is one of the promising lines of industrial development in the world. The development of space industrial technologies will allow one to solve a number of problems in the production of unique products unavailable under terrestrial conditions. The main types of these products include semiconductor materials, materials made by 3D printing in microgravity, space modules of sunshade systems, space metallurgy products, space debris processing products, and high-purity space biology substances. Taking this into account, a certain amount of electricity is required for the manufacture of one or another product. Given that some space industrial processes can consume a significant amount of electricity, a space industrial platform's own power generation may not be sufficient. Because of this, it was proposed to use additional energy resources through the development of a distributed power supply system for a space industrial platform. A group of power spacecraft is envisaged to collect and accumulate electric energy and transmit it in a contactless way to the receivers of the space industrial platform. The article presents mathematical models for the analysis of the orbital, angular, and relative motion of power spacecraft and receiver spacecraft. Algorithms are proposed for calculating the parameters of the power spacecraft orientation and stabilization system. A generalized model is constructed for determining the maximum distance and time interval of power spacecraft to platform electric power transmission using microwave radiation. The model developed allows one to choose the power spacecraft design parameters at the stage of conceptual design of space industrial platform power systems.

DEVELOPMENT OF SHARIA ACCOUNTING SYSTEM IN THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR (SITASI) WITH PILOT CONVERSION METHOD

This research was initiated because of a request from the Jaya Makmur Gapoktan, Tonjong District, Brebes Regency which needed an application for its business books. Currently, Gapoktan Tonjong is still doing the bookkeeping manually. Gapoktan Jaya Makmur runs its business in the field of savings and loans with an interest system. However, in practice, this business is more similar to financing with a profit-sharing system that is in accordance with sharia principles. This study develops a sharia accounting system in agriculture that can help Gapoktan Jaya Makmur in keeping its business books. System development includes the stages of system analysis, conceptual design, physical design and implementation. For the implementation phase, the researcher uses the pilot conversion method. The results of this study indicate that there are Gapoktan in Brebes Regency that is still running a business in the field of savings and loans with an interest system. However, there are also those who run a business in the financing sector, which is similar to the mudharabah principle, although it still needs further adjustments. This sharia accounting system in agriculture was developed by default for this type of business financing with the mudharabah system. For Gapoktan who wants to use this application, it is necessary to be given an understanding of the basic concepts of accounting, mudharabah principles, and assistance in the preparation of financial statements.

Conceptual Design of the Low-Cost Environmental Temperature Test Chamber System

Unmanned robots being remotely controlled or autonomous are spread worldwide and used in different purposes. Inhabited robots are brought very close to users and accessibility to these tools is very high, moreover, at very low costs. Regardless to emphasize the increasing popularity of these robots. However, any robot system being electrically driven and controlled has bottleneck in the amount of the electrical energy stored aboard in the battery packs. In other words, due to limited amount of the electrical energy available special issues related to use energy best way with maximum effectiveness are needed and considered. Additionally, the battery management system is needed to control the processes of the discharge and the charge ensuring technical data and parameters set by the manufacturer. This paper addresses robot applications in regions out of the calculated when special environmental testing is needed to confirm battery pack technical data. Among those of the environmental tests required the temperature test is in the focus of attention. The main idea and purpose of this paper is to set up new concept of the low-cost environmental temperature test chamber, to define its technical parameters and other properties needed for its preliminary design and prototype manufacturing.