Syntype Material Research Articles

Sertularella mutsuensis Stechow, 1931 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Sertulariidae) from Japanese tsunami debris: systematics and evidence for transoceanic dispersal

The leptothecate hydroid Sertularella mutsuensis Stechow, 1931 is reported on debris from the 2011 Japanese tsunami that came ashore on 5 June 2012 at Agate Beach north of Newport, Oregon. Its discovery on a barnacle (Semibalanus cariosus) from a derelict floating dock originating at Misawa, Honshu, confirms the capability of successful transoceanic dispersal for this species. We compare our specimens to Stechow’s syntype material of S. mutsuensis in collections at the Zoologische Staatssammlung Munchen, and designate a lectotype and paralectotype of the species.

Survival of the thinnest: rediscovery of Bauer’s (1898) ichthyosaur tooth sections from Upper Jurassic lithographic limestone quarries, south Germany

The re-discovery of nine petrographic slides from the late 19th century at the palaeontological collections of the University of Zurich, showing thin-sectioned ichthyosaur teeth, revealed these slides be the only preserved remains of the historical collection of Upper Jurassic ichthyosaurs from the Bavarian State Collection for Palaeontology and Geology; fossil material which, up to now, was thought to have been completely destroyed during World War II. Here the history of these slides, from their origin in Munich as part of the doctoral thesis of Franz Bauer (1898) to their rediscovery in Zurich in 2010 is presented. Furthermore, a complete overview of all slides is given to elucidate their scientific value with the background of up-to-date knowledge of ichthyosaur dentition and tooth histology, including aspects of tissue and growth mark identification. As such, the sectioned teeth show an exposed layer of acellular cementum at the tooth neck, and sets of short and long period growth lines in the orthodentine. The slides of one tooth are part of the original syntype material of Aegirosaurus leptospondylus (Wagner). They reveal an oval rather than a rectangular shape of the root, as well as the presence of peculiar vascular canals, interpreted as secondary osteodentine deposition, in the peri-pulpal orthodentine.

A new dolphin species, the Burrunan Dolphin Tursiops australis sp. nov., endemic to southern Australian coastal waters.

Small coastal dolphins endemic to south-eastern Australia have variously been assigned to described species Tursiops truncatus, T. aduncus or T. maugeanus; however the specific affinities of these animals is controversial and have recently been questioned. Historically ‘the southern Australian Tursiops’ was identified as unique and was formally named Tursiops maugeanus but was later synonymised with T. truncatus. Morphologically, these coastal dolphins share some characters with both aforementioned recognised Tursiops species, but they also possess unique characters not found in either. Recent mtDNA and microsatellite genetic evidence indicates deep evolutionary divergence between this dolphin and the two currently recognised Tursiops species. However, in accordance with the recommendations of the Workshop on Cetacean Systematics, and the Unified Species Concept the use of molecular evidence alone is inadequate for describing new species. Here we describe the macro-morphological, colouration and cranial characters of these animals, assess the available and new genetic data, and conclude that multiple lines of evidence clearly indicate a new species of dolphin. We demonstrate that the syntype material of T. maugeanus comprises two different species, one of which is the historical ‘southern form of Tursiops’ most similar to T. truncatus, and the other is representative of the new species and requires formal classification. These dolphins are here described as Tursiops australis sp. nov., with the common name of ‘Burrunan Dolphin’ following Australian aboriginal narrative. The recognition of T. australis sp. nov. is particularly significant given the endemism of this new species to a small geographic region of southern and south-eastern Australia, where only two small resident populations in close proximity to a major urban and agricultural centre are known, giving them a high conservation value and making them susceptible to numerous anthropogenic threats.

A redescription of Arostrilepis horrida (Linstow, 1901) and descriptions of two new species from Palaearctic microtine rodents, Arostrilepis macrocirrosa sp. n. and A. tenuicirrosa sp. n. (Cestoda: Hymenolepididae)

Abstract: The type species of the cestode genus Arostrilepis Mas-Coma et Tenora, 1997, Arostrilepis horrida (Linstow, 1901), is redescribed on the basis of the syntype material from the brown rat.(Rattus norvegicus) deposited in the collection of the Museum fir Naturkunde, Berlin. Arostrilepis horrida (sensu lato), reported from a wide range of rodents throughout the Holarctic Region, is shown to be a species complex. The proposed host range and geographical distribution ofA. horrida (sensu stricto) are limited to the data reported in the original description. The previously proposed synonymy ofA. horrida is examined and the following species are excluded from the list of its synonyms: Hymenolepisprocera Janicki, 1904, H. arvicolina Cholodkowsky, 1913, H. sciurina Cholodkowsky, 1913 and H. mathevossianae Akhumyan, 1946; these are considered species inquirendae. Specimens previously identified as A. horrida from voles from the Asian part of Russia are revised and newly collected materials are worked out. Two new species, A. macrocirrosa sp. n. and A. tenuicirrosa sp. n., are described. The main differentiating characters used to distinguish Arostrilepis spp. are the form and size of cirrus and its armature as well as the type of arrangement for the testes. The new species can also be distinguished from one another on the basis of sequences of the ITS2 rRNA gene. The generic diagnosis of Arostrilepis is emended. Hymenolepis neurotrichi Rausch, 1962, which had been placed in Arostrilepis by Mas-Coma and Tenora (1997), does not correspond to the generic diagnosis and is considered a species incertae sedis.

Taxonomic review of the genus Tachardiella Cockerell (Hemiptera: Kerriidae), with a key to species of lac insects recorded from the new world

The lac insect genus Tachardiella Cockerell is reviewed and 17 species are recognized, including one new species. The adult female of Tachardiella palobrea Kondo & Gullan sp. n. is described and illustrated based on material collected in Argentina on 'brea', Parkinsonia praecox (Fabaceae). The adult female of Tachardiella argentina (Dominguez) is redescribed and a lectotype is designated based on newly discovered syntype material in the Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, Davis (BME). Diagnoses and notes are provided for the other species of Tachardiella studied and a lectotype is designated for Tachardiella ferrisi Chamberlin. A taxonomic key to separate all known species of lac insects in the New World is provided.

Caloplaca aequata is a synonym of C. cinnabarina (Teloschistaceae)

AbstractIn 1915 Hue described Lecanora (sect. Placodium) aequata growing over quartzite rocks from Busan and the Kangwon Provinces of South Korea. Later Zahlbruckner (1931) transferred it to the genus Caloplaca. Careful examination of syntype material of L. aequata lodged at The Natural History Museum, UK (BM) demonstrates that the species is conspecific with C. cinnabarina (Ach.) Zahlbr. and we henceforth synonymize it with that species.

Two new species of the subterranean amphipod genus Stygobromus (Amphipoda: Crangonyctidae) from Siberia, with new data on Stygobromus pusillus (Martynov) and remarks on morphology and biogeographic relationships

Two new species of the subterranean amphipod genus Stygobromus are described from groundwater habitats in Siberia: Stygobromus mikhaili n. sp. from a spring in the Central Altay Mountains and Stygobromus anastasiae n. sp. from two non-freezing springs in South Pribaikalye in the Irkutsk area. Additional taxonomic details of the previously described S. pusillus (Martynov) from Teletskoye Lake, also in Central Altay, are illustrated based on syntype material. Utilization of SEM has revealed a tiny structure on antenna 2 that appears to be a new character, and may prove useful in future analyses. Descriptions of the two new species raise the total number of described species in the genus Stygobromus to 134, but four or possibly five have been found in the Palearctic region outside North America. However, it is likely that continued exploration of subterranean groundwater habitats in Siberia and other parts of the Palearctic will reveal additional new species of Stygobromus and provide more insight into the origin and geographic distribution of this large, northern hemisphere, subterranean freshwater amphipod genus. Careful evaluation of taxonomic affinities of the new species and comparison with previously described congeners should provide further insight into the biogeographic history of Stygobromus.

The osteology of Magnosaurus nethercombensis (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Bajocian (Middle Jurassic) of the United Kingdom and a re-examination of the oldest records of tetanurans

Magnosaurus nethercombensis from the Lower Bajocian (Middle Jurassic) of Dorset, UK is a valid species, possessing a single autapomorphy: the presence of anteroposteriorly elongate foramina, inclined anterodorsally and located ventrally on the lateral surface of the dentary. It is the oldest known definite tetanuran dinosaur and shows two tetanuran features: a reduced ischial peduncle of the ilium and the presence of a marked femoral extensor groove. Other records of putative early tetanurans are reviewed: ‘Zanclodon cambrensis’ from the Rhaetian of Wales; remains from the Norian–Hettangian of Switzerland; Shuvosaurus and Protoavis from the Norian of Texas; Eshanosaurus from the Hettangian of China; theropod remains originally included in the syntype series of Scelidosaurus from the Hettangian–Sinemurian of England; a fragmentary skeleton from the Sinemurian of Italy; Cryolophosaurus from the Sinemurian–Pliensbachian of Antarctica; the partial skeleton of a small theropod from the Toarcian of Morocco; and the lost syntype material of ‘Streptospondylus cuvieri’ from the Toarcian of Whitby. None of these records can be confidently considered to be the earliest tetanuran record. An early Middle Jurassic age for the earliest-known tetanuran is more consistent with a restricted content of Ceratosauria, comprising Ceratosaurus, Elaphrosaurus, and abelisauroids, than with a wider content including coelophysoids, due to reduction in the length of phylogenetic ghost lineages.

Typification of myosotis hortensia decne., the basionym of myosotidium hortensium (decne.) baill., and its synonym cynoglossum nobile hook.f. (Boraginaceae)

Holotype material of Myosotis hortensia Decne., the basionym of Myosotidium hortensium (Decne.) Baill. is located at P and the collection of this by J. B. Cecille in 1838 from the Chatham Islands, New Zealand, is described. For Cynoglossum nobile Hook.f., an illustration of a cultivated plant accompanying the description of the genus Myosotidium is designated as the neotype, as syntype material has not been located. Cynoglossum nobile is the basionym of Myosotidium nobile (Hook.f.) Hook.; this latter name is the type species of the genus Myosotidium Hook, and is treated as a synonym of Myosotidium hortensium. To be in agreement with the neuter gender of Myosotidium, the specific epithet is corrected to hortensium.

Catalogue of type specimens of molluscs in the collection of The Manchester Museum, The University of Manchester, UK

Th is paper presents the fi rst published listing of the holdings of type specimens of mollusc in Th e Manchester Museum (University of Manchester, UK), the fourth largest mollusc collection in Britain. Type material relating to 480 taxa, including holotypes, paratypes and syntypes, are included in the present catalogue, mainly coming from the collections of A Abercrombie (India), RD Darbishire, Prof. AC Haddon (Torres Straits), Rev. J Hadfi eld (Lifu, Loyalty Islands), LJ Shackleford (especially Marginella), GC Spence (especially African land snails and Urocoptis and many specimens from M Connolly and HB Preston), FW Townsend (Persian Gulf ), syntype material from the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition (1902-1904) and that received from the Smithsonian Institution in 1973 in exchange. Th ere is undoubtedly more type material within the collection which is not identifi ed as such as yet.

<i>Ankumia</i> van Veen, 1932: a valid name, but a flawed generic concept (Ostracoda, Platycopina, Cytherelloidea)

Abstract. Recent study of the syntype material of the type species of the monotypic genus Ankumia van Veen, 1932 (A. bosqueti van Veen, 1932) confirmed a pathological retention of moults, expressed by multilayered ridge-like structures, used for the original diagnosis of the genus (Jones, 2003). For this reason, it was proposed that the genus Ankumia should be abandoned as a nomen dubium in favour of Platella Coryell & Fields, 1937. This interpretation was challenged by Malz & Lord (2004), who saw no reason to treat Ankumia as nomen dubium and, acknowledging the unequivocal cytherellid nature of the species, posed and addressed two taxonomical questions: (1) do pathological individuals of cytherellids justify specific and/or generic ranking?; (2) why should Ankumia be abandoned in favour of Platella?In addressing their first question, Malz & Lord (2004) correctly answered in the negative. However, they claimed that ‘... demonstration of a corresponding “normal” species (including “pathological individuals”) among the associated cytherellids is wanting’. The author disagrees with this statement because he described and illustrated two morphological shell-types among the specimens assigned as syntypes of Ankumia bosqueti in the van Veen/Bonnema collection. They are the ‘Cytherella shell-type’ (Jones, 2003, pl. 1, figs 2–8) and the ‘Ankumia shell-type’ (Jones, 2003, pl. 1, fig. 1; pl. 2 figs 1–14), which correspond to the ‘normal’ species, and to the pathological individuals of that species, respectively. The Ankumia shell-type possesses concentric ribs that become progressively thinner from the adult to the juvenile stages. Of the 22 syntypes studied, 13 . . .

Morphological stasis in an old and widespread group of species: Contribution to the taxonomy and biogeography of the genus Girardia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Paludicola)

Material is described that contributes to our understanding of the anatomy of 11 species of the genus GirardiaBall, 1974 and the taxonomy of one species of RomankenkiusBall, 1974. Apart from recently collected specimens, the study for the first time details old syntype material that was recovered for the species G. anceps and G. andina, resulting in the first modern description of the last-mentioned species. Relatively recently collected specimens from new sampling sites are described for G. chilla, G. dorotocephala, G. festae, G. paramensis, and G. tigrina. The new records for G. festae considerably enlarge the known geographic range of this species in South America, particularly east of the Andes. It is shown that contrary to the opinion of earlier workers there is some slight, but invariable, anatomical difference between North and South American specimens of G. tigrina, with the Neotropical animals having a much more muscled bursal canal. This slight anatomical difference suggests that the North and South American forms are actually sibling species. Four new Girardia species are described, three for the South American continent (G. avertiginis, G. capacivasa, G. jugosa) and one from Jamaica (G. bursalacertosa). The study confirms earlier conclusions that generally species of Girardia are anatomically very similar and that therefore species recognition can be difficult. It is striking that taxonomic diversity in the Neotropical Region is low, in that the majority of the freshwater planarians belongs to a single genus, viz. Girardia. It is concluded that Romankenkius michaelseni (Böhmig, 1902) is a junior synonym of R. patagonicus (Borelli, 1901).

New and little-known melitid amphipods from Australian waters (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Melitidae)

During a recent review of Australian melitid amphipods (Lowry, Berents & Springthorpe, 2001), a number of problems and undescribed species were revealed. These problems and others uncovered during the course of this study are addressed here. The Melitidae, as currently conceived, is considered to contain at least five natural groups: the Ceradocopsis group; the Ceradocus group; the Eriopisa group; the Nuuana group and the Melita group. In the Ceradocus group Austromaera n.gen. is established for Maera mastersii Haswell, 1879a, that is redescribed based on syntype material and new collections from Port Jackson. Ceradocus circe n.sp. is described based on specimens from Tasmania, originally reported by Chilton (1921b) as C. rubromaculatus (Stimpson, 1856). Maera boecki Haswell, 1879 and Maera hamigera Haswell, 1879 (sensu stricto), both originally described from Port Jackson, are redescribed and these species as well as Maera octodens Sivaprakasam, 1968 are transferred to the genus Linguimaera Pirlot, 1934, recently re-established by Krapp-Schickel (2003). Linguimaera schickelae n.sp. is described from the Sydney area. Maera griffini Berents, 1983, is tentatively placed in the genus Maeropsis Chevreux, 1919. Mallacoota subcarinata is redescribed based on syntypes and new collections and four new Australian species (M. chandaniae n.sp., M. euroka n.sp., M. kameruka n.sp. and M. malua n.sp.) are described, two of which have previously been mis-identified as M. subcarinata. Mallacoota nananui Myers, 1985, is reported from Australia for the first time. Miramaera thetis n.gen., n.sp. is established for the specimens mis-identified by Stebbing, 1910a as Maera inaequipes. We describe a new species of Parelasmopus, P. sowpigensis n.sp., from Port Jackson, New South Wales. Quadrivisio sarina n.sp. is described from near McKay, Queensland, the first record of Quadrivisio Stebbing, 1907 in Australian waters. In the Eriopisa group Victoriopisa australiensis (Chilton, 1923) is redescribed and illustrated. A second species, Victoriopisa marina n.sp., is described from estuarine and marine habitats in New South Wales and Victoria. In the Melita group Dulichiella australis (Haswell, 1879a) is redescribed based on syntype material and D. pacifica n.sp. is described based on collections from the Great Barrier Reef, the southwestern Pacific Ocean and the South China Sea. Melita ophiocola n.sp. is described from Port Jackson, living in association with the brittlestar Ophionereis schayeri.

Morphology and taxonomy of Adenocystis longissima (Skottsberg) stat. nov. (Phaeophyceae) from subantarctic South America

Adenocystis utricularis f. longissima, described by Skottsberg (1921), is a little-known brown alga with a restricted austral distribution (South American regions of Patagonia, Tierra del Fuego, the Falkland Islands and South Georgia). It has not been re-examined after its description. We have studied field thalli and laboratory cultures of this alga from southernmost South America and compared them to those of the typical form of A. utricularis from the same region. Significant differences were found between the taxa in morphology of both adult field thalli and juvenile stages in culture. In nature, both taxa occurred in mixed populations without intermediates. Based on these results, we propose to elevate A. utricularis f. longissima to species rank. Syntype material of A. utricularis f. longissima from Uppasala University (UPS) was examined and a lectotype was designated. Adenocystis includes three species: A. longissima, A. rimosa and A. utricularis.

The mesoparasitic genera of the Ergasilidae (Copepoda): with descriptions of new species of Paeonodes Wilson and Therodamas Krøyer.

One species of each of the three mesoparasitic ergasilid genera, Therodamas Krøyer, Mugilicola Tripathi and Paeonodes Wilson, is described in detail. The descriptions of P. subviridis n. sp. and Mugilicola bulbosus Tripathi are based on new material collected from Liza subviridis (Valenciennes) from Guam and India, respectively. The description of Therodamas frontalis n. sp. is based on material from Mugil cephalus L. in Brazil and the redescription of Therodamas serrani Krøyer is based on examination of syntype material. The geographical distributions of all three genera are summarised. Analysis of the phylogenetic relationships between species of these three genera indicates that Paeonodes and Mugilicola form a single clade and that Paeonodes, as currently constituted, is paraphyletic.

On the Status ofMetzgeria angusta, a Poorly Known Neotropical Taxon

Metzgeria angusta Steph., a species recorded from numerous localities in the New World, is lectotypified and redescribed. The syntype material is heterogeneous and includes seven different species. As lectotypified here, Metzgeria angusta is similar to M. albinea Spruce and is reduced to varietal status under the latter, as Metzgeria albinea var angusta (Steph.) Costa & Gradst. stat. nov. (= Metzgeria angusta var pectinata Schiffn., syn. nov.). The variety occurs in Mexico, Trinidad, and southeastern Brazil.

On the Identity of Typhis Rapax H. Milne Edwards, 1830 (Amphipoda, Hyperiidea)

[The status of Typhis rapax H. Milne Edwards, 1830, has been uncertain due to the brief original description and lack of illustrations. Stephensen (1925) having examined a specimen labeled T. rapax, presumably from the collection of Milne Edwards, determined that it was the same as Hemityphis tenuimanus Claus, 1879. This synonymy has been accepted by most subsequent authors who have used the older specific name of T. rapax for the species described by Claus. However, I have recently examined syntype material of T. rapax in the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, and it is clearly the same as Parapronoe crustulum Claus, 1879. The true identity of Typhis rapax Milne Edwards, 1830, is therefore quite different from what was previously thought., The status of Typhis rapax H. Milne Edwards, 1830, has been uncertain due to the brief original description and lack of illustrations. Stephensen (1925) having examined a specimen labeled T. rapax, presumably from the collection of Milne Edwards, determined that it was the same as Hemityphis tenuimanus Claus, 1879. This synonymy has been accepted by most subsequent authors who have used the older specific name of T. rapax for the species described by Claus. However, I have recently examined syntype material of T. rapax in the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, and it is clearly the same as Parapronoe crustulum Claus, 1879. The true identity of Typhis rapax Milne Edwards, 1830, is therefore quite different from what was previously thought.]

The Noctuoidea (Lepidoptera) described by Linnaeus

Abstract Linnacus described 166 nominal species of Noctuoidea, of which 144 (86.7%) are currently used as valid names, 18 are synonyms, one is a homonym and three taxa remain unknown. Seven taxa were described solely from illustrations in contemporary literature. Lectotypes are designated for 139 (87.4%) of the 159 remaining taxa, 122 of them from the Linnaean collection in London, 13 from the Queen Ludovica Ulrica's collection in Uppsala, Sweden, and four from other contemporary collections. Two Linnaean senior synonyms are introduced: Hada plebejacomb. nov. (Linnaeus, 1761) for the current H. nana (Hufnagel, 1766) and Oeonistis altica (Linnaeus, 1768) comb. nov. for Oe. entella (Cramer, 1779). Erebus occiduus (Linnaeus, 1758) syn. nov. is a junior subjective synonym of E. crepuscularis (Linnaeus, 1758); L. marmorides (Cramer, 1775) stat. rev. should be reinstated for Letis occidua auct. In two species pairs the Linnaean names have been interpreted incorrectly. The lectotype designation of Phalaena prasinana Linnaeus, 1758, by Lempke (1947) is invalid because the specimen is not syntypic. According to the new lectotype, Pseudoips prasinanus (Linnaeus, 1758) comb. nov. replaces P. faganus (Fabricius, 1781), and Bena bicolorana (Fuessly, 1775) comb. nov. is available for the other species. Abrostola triplasia (Linnaeus, 1758) stat. rev. replaces A. trigemina (Werneburg, 1864), and for the other species A. tripartita (Hufnagel, 1766) should be reinstated. One neotype designation [Eilema complanum (Linnaeus, 1758)], one lectotype designation [Xylena exsoleta (Linnaeus, 1758)], and precedence of a junior synonym [Ophideres fullonia (Clerck, 1764)] over its unused senior synonym are to be referred to the ICZN; until their decision the current usage must be followed. The identity of Mesapamea secalis (Linnaeus, 1758) stat. rev. corresponds to current usage, but, under presence of syntypic material, the recent neotype designation by Lempke (1988) will be referred to the ICZN. The revision is mainly based on the discovery that the insect pins and the way specimens are prepared give evidence of the authenticity of the material. Contrary to the views of earlier authors, Linnaeus had his labels with the specific name pinned against the bottom of the drawers by the specimen pin. Because the labels have been moved twice during subsequent curations, their present position is less indicative of the authenticity than has been previously suggested. The origin of the so-called n-labels is discussed.

The Noctuoidea (Lepidoptera) described by Linnaeus

Linnacus described 166 nominal species of Noctuoidea, of which 144 (86.7%) are currently used as valid names, 18 are synonyms, one is a homonym and three taxa remain unknown. Seven taxa were described solely from illustrations in contemporary literature. Lectotypes are designated for 139 (87.4%) of the 159 remaining taxa, 122 of them from the Linnaean collection in London, 13 from the Queen Ludovica Ulrica's collection in Uppsala, Sweden, and four from other contemporary collections. Two Linnaean senior synonyms are introduced: Hada plebeja comb. nov. (Linnaeus, 1761) for the current H. nana (Hufnagel, 1766) and Oeonistis altica (Linnaeus, 1768) comb. nov. for Oe. entella (Cramer, 1779). Erebus occiduus (Linnaeus, 1758) syn. nov. is a junior subjective synonym of E. crepuscularis (Linnaeus, 1758); L. marmorides (Cramer, 1775) stat. rev. should be reinstated for Letis occidua auct. In two species pairs the Linnaean names have been interpreted incorrectly. The lectotype designation of Phalaena prasinana Linnaeus, 1758, by Lempke (1947) is invalid because the specimen is not syntypic. According to the new lectotype, Pseudoips prasinanus (Linnaeus, 1758) comb. nov. replaces P. faganus (Fabricius, 1781), and Bena bicolorana (Fuessly, 1775) comb. nov. is available for the other species. Abrostola triplasia (Linnaeus, 1758) stat. rev. replaces A. trigemina (Werneburg, 1864), and for the other species A. tripartita (Hufnagel, 1766) should be reinstated. One neotype designation [ Eilema complanum (Linnaeus, 1758)], one lectotype designation [ Xylena exsoleta (Linnaeus, 1758)], and precedence of a junior synonym [ Ophideres fullonia (Clerck, 1764)] over its unused senior synonym are to be referred to the ICZN; until their decision the current usage must be followed. The identity of Mesapamea secalis (Linnaeus, 1758) stat. rev. corresponds to current usage, but, under presence of syntypic material, the recent neotype designation by Lempke (1988) will be referred to the ICZN. The revision is mainly based on the discovery that the insect pins and the way specimens are prepared give evidence of the authenticity of the material. Contrary to the views of earlier authors, Linnaeus had his labels with the specific name pinned against the bottom of the drawers by the specimen pin. Because the labels have been moved twice during subsequent curations, their present position is less indicative of the authenticity than has been previously suggested. The origin of the so-called n-labels is discussed.

An Undescribed Hortus Siccus of Eighteenth Century Swedish herbarium material in the Museo Botanico, Università di Firenze

Summary The Botanical Museum of the University of Florence contains a volume of eighteenth century herbarium specimens which were presented to Filippo Parlatore when he visited Sweden in 1851. It contains nine sheets of specimens from the herbaria of Linnaeus, Linnaeus filius, Swartz, Thunberg and Acharius. Each of the sheets is described and illustrated, and its type status discussed. Probable syntype material is present for Leucojum vernum L., Thunbergia capensis Retzius and Chrysocoma cemua Thunb., non L.