Synthetic Salts Research Articles

Improving the Solubility, Stability, and Bioavailability of Albendazole through Synthetic Salts.

Albendazole (ABZ) is a highly effective yet poorly water-soluble antiparasitic drug known to form salts (ABZ-FMA, ABZ-DTA, and ABZ-HCl) with fumaric acid (FMA), D-tartaric acid (DTA), and hydrochloric acid (HCl). This research utilized a range of analytical techniques, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), nuclear magnetic resonance hydrogen spectroscopy (1H NMR), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), dynamic vapor sorption (DVS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), to validate and characterize the solid-state properties of these drug salts. This study also assessed the solubility and intrinsic dissolution rate (IDR) of these salts under different pH conditions compared to the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and conducted stability studies. Moreover, the in vivo pharmacokinetic performance of ABZ salt was evaluated. The results of this study reveal that the new solid form of ABZ is primarily associated with amino acid esters and benzimidazole groups, forming intermolecular interactions. All three ABZ salts significantly improved the solubility and dissolution rate of ABZ, with ABZ-HCl demonstrating the optimal performance. Importantly, the drug salt exhibited robust physical stability when exposed to adverse conditions, including strong light irradiation (4500 ± 500 lux), high humidity (92.5 ± 5% relative humidity), elevated temperatures (50 ± 2 °C), and accelerated test conditions (40 °C/75 ± 5% relative humidity). Lastly, the in vivo pharmacokinetic analysis demonstrated that ABZ salt led to a substantial increase in AUC(0-24) and Cmax compared to ABZ. This elevation in solubility in aqueous solvents signifies that ABZ salt exhibits characteristics that can enhance oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetics. These findings provide potential solutions for the development of more effective and innovative drug formulations.

Physicochemical properties and biological activities of new berberine-based salts with syringic acid as well as 3,5-dimethoxybenzoic acid as anions: Effect of temperature, concentration and anion

Two novel berberine-based salts (berberine syringate ([BBR][SA]) and berberine 3,5-dimethoxybenzote ([BBR][DA])) were prepared and characterized. Their thermal stability, solubility and octanol–water partition coefficient in aqueous solution and simulated physiological fluids (simulated gastric, simulated body, simulated intestinal fluids) were determined. Self-aggregation and association behaviors of two salts in aqueous solution have been investigated by conductimetric method at different temperatures and limiting molar conductivity, critical aggregation concentration, etc for [BBR][SA] and [BBR][DA] were calculated. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of two salts were assessed to evaluate their antibacterial effects on four strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Candida albicans, and Streptococcus mutans). The effect of two synthetic salts on the esterase-like activity of BSA and their cytotoxicity evaluation against B16-F10 cancer cell line were also carried out. The obtained results were evaluated with regard to the influence of such parameters as temperature, concentration and the nature of the anion.

Development and testing of environment friendly nanohybrid coatings for sustainable agriculture technologies

Less than 50% of the applied urea fertilizer is taken up by plants due to poor nitrogen (N) use efficiency which affects overall agricultural productivity and leads to serious environmental and economic problems. Additionally, soils with high salinity might limit zinc (Zn) availability. Low Zn use efficiency (<30%) when applied as synthetic salts, e.g., zinc sulfate has therefore minimized their applicability. Within the past two decades, nanotechnology has gained a lot of interest in the development of effective nano fertilizers with high nutrient use efficiency (NUE). In this perspective, the approach of coating conventional fertilizers with nano materials especially, the ones which are essential nutrients has researched because of their high use efficiency and reduced losses. In this work, a novel and innovative formulation of hybrid nano fertilizer has been prepared for the sustainable release of nutrients. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs <50 nm) were incorporated into the biodegradable polymer (gelatin) and coated on urea using a fluidized bed coater. Among all the formulations, GZnSNPs (1.5% gelatin+0.5% elemental Zn as ZnO-NPs) showed a significant delay in urea release (<80 %) after 120 min). The sand column experiment showed sustainable Zn release for GZnSNPs i.e., 2.7 ppm vs. 3.5 ppm (GZnS) after the 6th day. Moreover, a substantial increase in wheat grain yield (6500 kg/ha), N uptake (46.5 kg/ha) and Zn uptake (21.64 g/ha) were observed for fields amended with GZnSNPs. The composition of GZnSNPs was valuable since this attracted the highest return relative to the other treatments. Gelatin supplied small N-containing molecules, resulting in extra value addition with ZnO-NPs thus increasing yield and fertilizer properties more relative to the same amount of elemental Zn given via bulk salt. Therefore, the findings of the current study recommend the use of ZnO-NPs in the agricultural sector without any negative effects on yield and NUE.

Synthesis and physicochemical inverstigation of hydroxyapatite and wollastonite composite granules

Creation of osteoinductive materials based on biocompatible synthetic salts, with a sufficiently high strength and porosity, with the shape which allow filling bone defects with various shapes and sizes is an actual task of modern biomaterial science. In this work, a series of granular materials were obtained from synthetic powders with various proportions of hydroxyapatite and wollastonite using a suspension technology based on the principle of immiscible liquids. Ceramic particles have a spherical shape, microhardness at least 17 HV and open porosity about 50 %. These materials can be used for reparation of bone defects of various locations, shapes and sizes in surgical dentistry, traumatology and orthopaedics.

Perspective: Time to Resolve Confusion on Folate Amounts, Units, and Forms in Prenatal Supplements

Folate-containing prenatal supplements are commonly consumed in the United States, but inconsistencies in units of measure and chemical forms pose challenges for providing authoritative advice on recommended amounts. New regulations require folate to be declared as micrograms of dietary folate equivalents (DFE) on product labels, whereas intake recommendations for reducing the risk of neural tube defects (NTDs) and the Tolerable Upper Intake Level are expressed as micrograms of folic acid. Today, >25% of prenatal supplements contain folate as synthetic salts of L-5-methyltetrahydrofolate (L-5-MTHF), but recommendations do not include this form of the vitamin. Harmonizing units of measure and addressing newer forms of folate salts in intake recommendations and in the prevention of NTDs would resolve the confusion.

Evaluating the Feasibility of Forward Osmosis in Diluting RO Concentrate Using Pretreatment Backwash Water.

Forward osmosis (FO) is an excellent membrane process to dilute seawater (SW) reverse osmosis (RO) concentrate for either to increase the water recovery or for safe disposal. However, the low fluxes through FO membranes as well the biofouling/scaling of FO membranes are bottlenecks of this process requiring larger membrane area and membranes with anti-fouling properties. This study evaluates the performance of hollow fibre and flat sheet membranes with respect to flux and biofouling. Ferric hydroxide sludge was used as impaired water mimicking the backwash water of a filter that is generally employed as pretreatment in a SWRO plant and RO concentrate was used as draw solution for the studies. Synthetic salts are also used as draw solutions to compare the flux produced. The study found that cellulose triacetate (CTA) flat sheet FO membrane produced higher flux (3–6 L m−2 h−1) compared to that produced by polyamide (PA) hollow fibre FO membrane (less than 2.5 L m−2 h−1) under the same experimental conditions. Therefore, long-term studies conducted on the flat sheet FO membranes showed that fouling due to ferric hydroxide sludge did not allow the water flux to increase more than 3.15 L m−2 h−1.

A microstructural investigation into the accelerated corrosion of P91 steel during biomass co-firing

This work presents results of an in-depth experimental microstructural characterisation of P91 steel, following exposure to salts representative of ash produced during biomass co-firing. The ash produced during co-firing contains high levels of harmful elements such as potassium, sodium and chlorine, which result in the accelerated corrosion of heat exchanger tubes in fluidized bed power plants. Synthetic salts representative of 70:30 peat-biomass and 40:60 peat-willow mixtures have been produced and applied to samples at 600°C in air for up to 28days. Samples have been etched to reveal the steel microstructure, allowing for a comprehensive evaluation of microstructural degradation of the samples. Cracks associated with the delamination of scales have been identified at the oxide-metal interface, with multiple layers of oxides forming as a result. A number of pits have been identified in the samples, which are associated with inclusions located close to the sample surface. Finite element analysis of the effect of differential thermal expansion coefficients between the inclusions and base metal shows the detrimental effect of such inclusions, leading to stress concentrations at the inclusion-metal interface.

Conservative liquids based on synthetic petroleum acids salts and aliphatic nitro-compounds

Synthetic oil acids (SOA) salts and nitroderivatives of high olefins C14 as oil-soluble corrosion inhibitors for mild steel in various mediums was synthesized. On the bases of turbine oil T-30 was prepared composition of conservative liquid and investigated their properties. The best result for the conservation liquids were obtained with Co-salt of SOA and nitroderivatives of α-olefins of C14. Protection period in sea water was 103 days, in hydrocamber was 206 days.

Life Cycle Assessment of a Power Tower Concentrating Solar Plant and the Impacts of Key Design Alternatives

A hybrid life cycle assessment (LCA) is used to evaluate four sustainability metrics over the life cycle of a power tower concentrating solar power (CSP) facility: greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, water consumption, cumulative energy demand (CED), and energy payback time (EPBT). The reference design is for a dry-cooled, 106 MW(net) power tower facility located near Tucson, AZ that uses a mixture of mined nitrate salts as the heat transfer fluid and storage medium, a two-tank thermal energy storage system designed for six hours of full load-equivalent storage, and receives auxiliary power from the local electric grid. A thermocline-based storage system, synthetically derived salts, and natural gas auxiliary power are evaluated as design alternatives. Over its life cycle, the reference plant is estimated to have GHG emissions of 37 g CO2eq/kWh, consume 1.4 L/kWh of water and 0.49 MJ/kWh of energy, and have an EPBT of 15 months. Using synthetic salts is estimated to increase GHG emissions by 12%, CED by 7%, and water consumption by 4% compared to mined salts. Natural gas auxiliary power results in greater than 10% decreases in GHG emissions, water consumption, and CED. The thermocline design is most advantageous when coupled with the use of synthetic salts.

Degradation of lead-based pigments by salt solutions

Abstract Interactions of lead-based pigments with a number of inorganic salts, one of the most dangerous degradation agents of wall paintings, were studied under laboratory conditions. The results were used to interpret colour changes observed in 11th century frescoes from the church of Saint George in Kostoľany pod Tribecom, the oldest preserved wall paintings in Slovakia. Interactions of selected pigments (lead white, massicot, red lead) with different salt solutions were performed within long-term laboratory experiments. We used a selection of naturally occurring salts (Na2SO4, MgSO4, CaSO4, NaCl, NaNO3, Ca(NO3)2, Na2CO3, K2CO3 and urea) and, additionally, a range of synthetic salts that are often applied to the wall paintings during their cleaning and conservation (NaHCO3, KHCO3, (NH4)2CO3, NH4HCO3). The reaction products were identified by X-ray powder diffraction. Red lead (Pb3O4) has a tendency to darken in all salt solutions containing dissolved atmospheric CO2 due to disproportionation to plattnerite (PbO2) and cerussite (PbCO3). Massicot (PbO) in a wet state reacts with atmospheric CO2 to form hydrocerussite and finally cerussite. Lead white (PbCO3 and Pb2CO3(OH)2) reacts with sulphates, carbonates and chlorides to form their respective salts in high yield and, sometimes, without any apparent colour change. Samples taken from the dark brown parts of the wall paintings in Saint George's church were analysed using laboratory X-ray powder microdiffraction. The presence of hydrocerussite, cerussite, plattnerite and lead magnesium carbonate was revealed. According to the results of laboratory experiments, the original lead-based pigment of the now darkened parts was red lead.

Influence of the salinity adjustment methods, salts and brine, on the toxicity of wastewater samples to mussel embryos

One of the main problems of the Whole Effluent Toxicity is related to the use of bioindicator species representative of the target environment. Most wastewater discharges are of fresh water, so their salinity has to be adjusted when they are discharged to transitional and marine coastal waters, in order to perform toxicity bioassays with reliable organisms. At the moment, there is no optimum technique to allow sample salinity to be adjusted and no specific information regarding salinity adjustment when bivalves are being considered for toxicity test performance. This paper provides information on the potential use of different methods to adjust the salinity of hotel/domestic wastewater samples with different brands of natural and synthetic Dry Salts (DS) and HyperSaline Brine (HSB) for use in the embryo larval development bioassay with the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. HyperSaline Brine derived from reconstructed artificial seawater proved to be more viable for wastewater salinity adjustment than DS.

Lead and bromide precipitation from aqueous acidic solutions. Potential exploitation in industrial applications

Precipitation of lead and bromide, followed by careful crystallization, is usually discussed when the productionor synthesis of lead bromide is involved. However, there are numerous issues, especially concerning the precipitationof lead bromide hydroxide (Pb(OH)Br) and its derivatives in the neutral pH range (6.5–8), that has not beendiscussed in detail. The importance of the additional research needed for this issue can be justified by the fact thatsimilar pH values can be observed in natural waters. The obtained data suggest that lead bromide hydroxide wouldbe the major solid phase of the resulting precipitate when lead and bromide exist in an aqueous solution in a properstoichiometry and in the pH range 4.5–8 irrelevantly from the background solution (i.e. acetates or nitrates) or themethodology of precipitation (i.e. mixture of the respective synthetic salts or titration of a concentrated industrialacidic solution containing lead and bromide). The latter was additionally supported by the fact that lead bromidehydroxide was recorded as the end product of a titration which included also ions other than lead and bromidesuggesting that, even in the presence of inhibitors in low concentrations, lead bromide hydroxide would bequantitatively precipitated. Additionally, in terms of application, direct precipitation can be certainly examined asa potential treatment option for small scale hydrometallurgical procedures, although the appropriate purificationstage cannot be avoided. The obtained results also verified that when the methodology of limited acid demand would be initially applied for the selective leaching of constituents (lead and bromide here) from industrial hazardoussolid wastes, then the precipitation of the resulting aqueous solution (leachate) would be possible and feasible.Furthermore, dissolution experiments of synthetic lead bromide hydroxide proved that although the nature of thechemical bonds limits its dissolution in water, its solubility is high enough to be characterized as a toxic pollutant,whereas in acidic environments all the respective compounds of the Pb(OH)X where X the respective halogen,would be highly soluble. Also, certain other characterization data, such as SEM, FT-IR and XRD as well as solubilityissues of the synthetic Pb(OH)Br are presented.

Inhibitory effects of some synthetic monoethanolamine salts of para-substituted benzoic acids and corresponding benzoic acids on cucumber seed germination

Benzoates and particularly, benzoic acids are known biologically for their effects in the regulation of seed germination. A series of monoethanolamine salts of para-substituted benzoic acids (MEASPBAs), the corresponding acids (BAs) and monoethanolamine (MEA) were tested at different concentrations, on Cucumis sativus L. germination in order to assess their biological activity. The correlation between the effects of different substituents of these salts and the corresponding acids with germination rate, root and shoot length, fresh and dry biomass, soluble protein content, isocitrate lyase (ICL, EC 4.1.3.1) and catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6.) activity, was evaluated. Data showed that p-OH and p-CH3 substituents had a lower inhibitory effect compared to the halogenated substituents. Moreover, the inhibition of root and shoot lengths and the dramatic decrease of fresh biomass for halogenated (p-Cl, p-Br, p-I) MEASPBAs and BAs followed the increase of the atomic size of the substituent.

Effect of Organic Matrix on Calcification of Biocomposite Materials.

The characteristics of calcification in biocomposite are studied by adopting the molecular-level approaches such as X-ray, NMR, Zeta potential and analysis of secondary structure of organic matrix. The compositional and conformational features of organic matrix have a great influence on the structural properties (crystallite size, surface charge, stability, binding state, and polymorphic change). On the other hand, in synthetic calcium salts, the noticeable properties are not shown. From these results, the organic matrix by controlling specific peptide blocks is another key point for understanding of manifold morphology and superior biocomposite properties.

FT-Raman-Spectroscopic Study on the Luminescence of Synthetic and Mineral Apatites

Strong luminescence bands can be present in NIR-excited FT-Raman spectra of certain inorganic materials like hydroxyapatite. Since the origin of these emissions exclusively occurring on NIR-excitation is still unclear, a variety of synthetic and mineral apatites and related calcium salts was studied by means of Stokes and anti-Stokes FT-Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and geochemical analyses. The results indicate that the occurrence of the luminescence is in some way related to foreign ion contents. However, a direct correlation to a specific ion could not be found on the basis of available data.

Effect of Some Inorganic Salts and Hydrogen Ion Concentration on Indirect Germination of the Sporangia of Phytophthora infestclns.

When the sporangia of Phytophthora infestans washed twice in distilled water were tested for indirect germination at 14°C, they did not germinate well (9% in 3hr) in distilled water, while in the tap water of Hokkaido Natl. Agric. Exp. Stn., they germinated well (78% in 3hr). Since some inorganic ions in the tap water appeared effective, various concentrations (0.01-10mM) of the salts, CaCl2, Ca(NO3)2, MgCl2, MgSO4, KCl, K2SO4, NaCl and Na2SO4, were evaluated for the effectiveness on indirect germination. Sporangial suspensions were preincubated for 22hr at 22°C for sporangial maturation and postincubated at 14°C for indirect germination. The most effective solution was 0.3mM CaCl2 (71% germination in 1hr), followed by 0.3mM MgSO4 (65%). Potassium and sodium salts were not very effective (<23%). At the cation concentration of 10mM all the salts except Na2SO4 inhibited indirect germination (0-5%). Hydrogen ion concentration markedly affected indirect germination, optimum at pH 8.0 (90% germination at 0.1mM CaCl2) but completely inhibitory at pH 4.5 (0%). Considering the results and the cations contained in the tap water, a synthetic salts solution favorable for indirect germination was devised: 0.2mM CaCl2, 0.05mM MgSO4, 0.05mM KH2PO4, 0.5mM NaHCO3, 0.01mM Fe-EDTA-Na. Using this solution the effect of sporangial concentration on indirect germination was also investigated. Sporangial suspensions below 2.5×104 sporangia/ml were favorable for indirect germination (≥97% in 2hr) but those above 105 were not.

Pentose-phosphate pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: analysis of deletion mutants for transketolase, transaldolase, and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase

Deletion mutants for the yeast transketolase gene TKL1 were constructed by gene replacement. Transketolase activity was below the level of detection in mutant crude extracts. Transketolase protein could be detected as a single protein band of the expected size by Western-blot analysis in wild-type strains but not in the deletion mutant. Deletion of TKL1 led to a reduced but distinct growth in synthetic medium without an aromatic amino-acid supplement. We also isolated double and triple mutants for transketolase (tkl1), transaldolase (tal1), and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (zwf1) by crossing the different mutants. A tal1 tkl1 double mutant grew nearly like wild-type in rich medium. Only the tkl1 zwf1 double and the tal1 tkl1 zwf1 triple mutant grew more slowly than the wild-type in rich medium. This growth defect could be partly alleviated by the addition of xylulose but not ribose. The triple mutant still grew slowly on a synthetic mineral salts medium without a supplement of aromatic amino acids. This suggests the existence of an alternative but limited source of pentose phosphates and erythrose 4-phosphate in the tkl1 zwf1 double mutants. Hybridization with low stringency showed the existence of a sequence with homology to transketolase, possibly a second gene.

Influence of Milk Proteins on the Thermostability of the Lipase from Pseudomonas fluorescens 33

The effects of some milk proteins on the thermostability of the lipase from Pseudomonas fluorescens 33 were investigated. All purified milk protein fractions except κ-casein that dissolved in phosphate buffer were effective for thermostabilization of the lipase. Thermal behavior of the lipase containing β-lactoglobulin was so specific that, after heating at 80 to 90°C, activity remained high and was comparable with that of unheated treatment. The thermostability of the lipase containing whey proteins in synthetic salts solution was extensively lowered, but that containing casein micelles retained 50% of original activity after heat treatment at 80°C for 10min. Low temperature inactivation of the lipase was influenced by concomitant milk proteins.

A theoretical study of flavylium salts

The aromatic stabilities of cationic and anhydrobase forms of 30 synthetic flavylium salts are predicted using the concepts of absolute hardness and relative hardness. These predictions are supported by other theoretical measures of aromaticity and reactivity, and are in good agreement with experimental findings. A flavylium salt model compound is also proposed, which is expected to exhibit high stability and low reactivity.

Aflatoxin-producing Strains ofAspergillus flavusIsolated from Feeds in Norway

Abstract The aflatoxigenic ability of 300 strains of Aspergillus flavus (Link) was examined employing thin layer chromatography (TLC) of plugs of cultures on agar media incubated for two weeks. The strains were isolated from 185 samples of various feeds and grains used in Norway. They were cultivated on yeast extract sucrose agar (YES) and a synthetic low salts agar medium containing 30 mM formic acid (SLA). The cultures on SLA were examined directly under UV-light (366 nm) for the occurrence of blue fluorescence. Aflatoxigenic strains were demonstrated in 81 samples and comprised in all 115 of the 300 strains examined. Twenty per cent of the 197 strains cultivated on SLA showed blue fluorescence under UV-light. Eighty-seven per cent of these fluorescent strains were aflatoxigenic as compared with 36% of the non-fluorescent strains. The present investigation indicates that aflatoxigenic strains occur frequently in populations of A. flavus demonstrated in various feeds and grains in Norway. It was conclude...