Synthetic Medium Research Articles

Theoretical and Experimental Study of the Adsorption of Natural Red 4 Dye from Synthetic Aqueous Media Using a Low-cost Silica-smectite Composite

Purpose: A study of the removal of dye Natural red 4 (NR4) by a low-cost silica-smectite clay labeled SSC was carried out.
 Methodology: Batch tests were carried on with some processing parameters namely initial dye concentration (10 - 50 mg/L), temperature (25 – 65 °C), adsorbent dose (1 – 5 g/L), initial pH (4 – 8) and contact time (0 - 120 min).
 Findings: The Energy of adsorption was less than 20 kJ/mol showing a physisorption process. Also, thermodynamics parameters such as enthalpy of activation ∆H* (19.0 kJ/mol), entropy of activation ∆S* (- 024 kJ/mol/K) and Gibbs free energy of activation ∆G* (90.57 - 100.17 kJ/mol) revealed that the adsorption of NR4 molecules onto SSC was endothermic and with no significant changes in the internal structure of the adsorbent. The pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order had a good correlation with experimental data with R2 = 0.99 and R2 = 0.98 respectively. Langmuir isotherm model matched well the equilibrium data with a maximum adsorption capacity Qm of 25.55 mg/g. and a correlation value of 0.98.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy and Practice: The newly synthesized and characterized low-cost silica-smectite composite is effective in the adsorptive removal of natural red 4 dye from water wastes.

Monilinia fructicola Response to White Light.

Light represents a powerful signal for the regulation of virulence in many microbial pathogens. Monilinia fructicola is the most virulent species causing brown rot in stone fruit crops. To understand the influence of light on M. fructicola, we measured the effect of white light and photoperiods on the colonial growth and sporulation of the model M. fructicola strain 38C on solid cultures. Searches in the M. fructicola 38C genome predicted a complete set of genes coding for photoreceptors possibly involved in the perception of all ranges of wavelengths. Since white light had an obvious negative effect on vegetative growth and the asexual development of M. fructicola 38C on potato dextrose agar, we studied how light influences photoresponse genes in M. fructicola during early peach infection and in liquid culture. The transcriptomes were analyzed in "Red Jim" nectarines infected by M. fructicola 38C and subjected to light pulses for 5 min and 14 h after 24 h of incubation in darkness. Specific light-induced genes were identified. Among these, we confirmed in samples from infected fruit or synthetic media that blue light photoreceptor vvd1 was among the highest expressed genes. An unknown gene, far1, coding for a small protein conserved in many families of Ascomycota phylum, was also highly induced by light. In contrast, a range of well-known photoreceptors displayed a low transcriptional response to light in M. fructicola from nectarines but not on the pathogen mycelium growing in liquid culture media for 6 days.

Survey On “Deepvision’s Human Eye Blink Pattern Analysis for Deepfake Detection”

Deepfake technology has rapidly evolved, enabling the creation of highly convincing synthetic media, including images, videos, and audio recordings. These maliciously manipulated digital artifacts can have severe consequences for privacy, security, and trust in digital content. Therefore, the development of effective deepfake detection methods is of paramount importance. This paper proposes a novel approach for deepfake detection based on the analysis of human eye blinking patterns. The human eye blink is a unique and subtle behavioral trait that is challenging to replicate accurately in deepfake videos. We leverage this inherent biometric feature to identify anomalies in video content and distinguish between genuine and synthetic videos. Key Words: Eye Blink to Speech, Machine Learning.

Aromatic secondary metabolite production from glycerol was enhanced by amino acid addition in Pichia pastoris

Aromatic secondary metabolites are widely used in various industries, including the nutraceutical, dietary supplement, and pharmaceutical industries. Their production currently relies on plant extraction. Microbe-based processes have recently attracted attention as sustainable alternatives to plant-based processes. We previously showed that the yeast Pichia pastoris (Komagataella phaffii) is an optimal host for producing aromatic secondary metabolites. Additionally, titers of resveratrol, an aromatic secondary metabolite, increased by 156 % when glycerol was used as a carbon source instead of glucose. However, the mechanisms by which glycerol resulted in higher production has remained unclear. In this study, we aimed to elucidate how P. pastoris produces higher levels of aromatic secondary metabolites from glycerol than from glucose. Titers of p-coumarate, naringenin, and resveratrol increased by 103 %, 118 %, and 157 %, respectively, in natural complex media containing glycerol compared with that in media containing glucose. However, the titers decreased in minimal synthetic medium without amino acids, indicating that P. pastoris cells used the amino acids only when glycerol was the carbon source. Fermentation with the addition of single amino acids showed that resveratrol titers from glycerol varied depending on the amino acid supplemented. In particular, addition of aspartate or tryptophan into the medium improved resveratrol titers by 146 % and 156 %, respectively. These results suggest that P. pastoris could produce high levels of aromatic secondary metabolites from glycerol with enhanced utilization of specific amino acids. This study provides a basis for achieving high-level production of aromatic secondary metabolites by P. pastoris.Key points•P. pastoris can produce high levels of aromatic metabolites from glycerol•P. pastoris cells use amino acids only when glycerol is the carbon source•Aromatic metabolite titers from glycerol increase with amino acids utilization

Inhibitory impact of the anticancer drug doxorubicin on anaerobic microbial community

The inhibitory effect of the anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) on biogas production was evaluated in short-term and long-term exposure assays. The short-term assays reached the DOX IC50 value on 648 ± 50 µg·L−1. In addition, it was found that inhibition caused by the exposure of 10×103 µg·L−1 was reversible after removing DOX from the feeding synthetic medium. Furthermore, DOX can be rapidly sorbed by the biomass (despite the low Kow), which might contribute to the inhibitory effect. The results of long-term exposure assays, when the DOX volumetric loading rate was increased from 100 µgDOX·L−1·day−1 to 200 µgDOX·L−1·day−1, showed that biogas production and COD removal decreased rapidly. However, the methanogenic Archaeas could recover from this exposure, corroborating the results on short-term exposure assays. In conclusion, DOX can play a key role in inhibiting biological wastewater treatment processes if its concentration in hospital wastewater treatment plants increases abruptly.

Recovery of fine particles of activated carbon with gold by the electrocoagulation process using a Taguchi experimental design

The high efficiency of gold recovery via the industrial metallurgical process is increasingly relevant because gold is present at low concentrations in mineral bodies and is difficult to extract. In the mining–metallurgical industry, gold adsorption on activated carbon (AC) includes stages that compromise the structural integrity of the particle. In particular, carbon is an organic material that tends to wear and break down in recovery systems, causing fine particles losses of up to 41% of the average consumption (40 g/t of AC). Carbon-in-columns (CIC) for gold recovery systems lacks on a measure to prevent losses of particles <0.040 mm. Electrocoagulation (EC) technology is an option to improve AC particles recovery from CIC systems, thus increasing the recovery efficiency of ultra-fine particles of AC without requiring additional chemicals. To find the optimal working parameters of gold recovery by EC, the present study conducts laboratory-scale, batch-type EC experiments on AC particles of different sizes (0.106 and 0.053 mm) using different electrodes (iron and aluminum). The EC process was performed in synthetic aqueous medium with an AC particle concentration of 0.80 g/L. The experimental design and results were carried on using the Taguchi statistical method. Scanning electron microscopy images of the filtered and recovered elecrocoagulated product revealed partially coated AC and aggregates of various AC particles with gold. The EC process with the aluminum electrode more effectively recovered the 0.106-mm-sized AC particles, with a more uniform coating, than EC with the iron electrode. Small particles tended to aggregate into larger particles with aluminum hydroxide species, enabling extremely fine AC particle recovery by EC. When used with the aluminum and iron electrodes, the gold–AC recoveries of the EC process exceeded 96% and 88%, respectively.

Protein Restriction Effects on Healthspan and Lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster Are Additive With a Longevity-Promoting Diet.

Aging of the organism is associated diminished response to external stimuli including weakened immune function, resulting in diseases that impair health and lifespan. Several dietary restriction modalities have been reported to improve health and lifespan in different animal models, but it is unknown whether any of the lifespan-extending dietary treatments could be combined to achieve an additive effect. Here, we investigated the effects of halving amino acids components in the HUNTaa diet, a synthetic medium known to extend lifespan in Drosophila. We found that dietary restriction by halving the entire amino acid components (DR group) could further extend lifespan and improve resistance to oxidative stress, desiccation stress, and starvation than flies on HUNTaa diet alone (wt group). Transcriptome analysis of Drosophila at 40, 60, and 80 days of age revealed that genes related to cell proliferation and metabolism decreased with age in the wt group, whereas background stimulus response and amino acid metabolism increased with age. However, these trends differed in the DR group, that is, the DR flies had downregulated stress response genes, including reduced background immune activation. Infection experiments demonstrated that these flies survived longer after feeding infection with Serratia marcescens and Enterococcus faecalis, suggesting that these flies had stronger immune function, and therefore reduced immune senescence. These results demonstrated that halving the entire amino acid components in the HUNTaa diet further extended health and lifespan and suggested that lifespan-extending diet and dietary restriction treatment could be combined to achieve additive beneficial results.

A novel endo-type chitinase possessing chitobiase activity derived from the chitinolytic bacterium, Chitiniphilus shinanonensis SAY3T.

One of the chitinases (ChiG) derived from the chitinolytic bacterium Chitiniphilus shinanonensis SAY3T exhibited chitobiase activity cleaving dimers of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) into monomers, which is not detected in typical endo-type chitinases. Analysis of the reaction products for GlcNAc hexamers revealed that all the five internal glycosidic bonds were cleaved at the initial stage. The overall reaction catalyzed by chitobiases toward GlcNAc dimers was similar to that catalyzed by N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidases (NAGs). SAY3 possesses two NAGs (ChiI and ChiT) that are thought to be important in chitin catabolism. Unexpectedly, a triple gene-disrupted mutant (ΔchiIΔchiTΔchiG) was still able to grow on synthetic medium containing GlcNAc dimers or powdered chitin, similar to the wild-type SAY3, although it exhibited only 3% of total cellular NAG activity compared to the wild-type. This indicates the presence of unidentified enzyme(s) capable of supporting normal bacterial growth on the chitin medium by NAG activity compensation.

Characterization of synthetic porous media images by using fractal and multifractal analysis

Fractal and multifractal analysis of porous images allow the description of porous media through a scale-invariant understanding. There have been numerous works that have used these analysis techniques for the description of a great variety of real porous media. However, these studies are usually comparative, being difficult to discern the role played by the pore size and pore distribution in the results of fractal and multifractal analysis. This works develops an in-depth study of different synthetic porous media from a fractal and multifractal approach, in which both the pore size and its distribution in the medium are parameterized. Thus, a set of synthetic binary images have been generated obtaining deterministic and random structures with different fixed pore sizes and also with different rates of pore sizes. Lacunarity is also calculated in order to complete the aforementioned analysis. Results evinces that fractal dimension increases with pore size and that it is higher when the pore distribution obeys a random distribution versus a deterministic one. However, when the pore size is very large, fractal dimension is similar regardless of the pore distribution. From a multifractal approach, pore size is negatively correlated with the degree of multifractality. In fact, in images with mixtures of different pore sizes it is also found that the greater the ratio of small pores, the greater degree of multifractality. By contrast, when the ratio of large pores is relevant, the degree of multifractality also increases due to the merging of macro-pores.

Evidence of polyamines mediated 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline biosynthesis in aromatic rice rhizospheric fungal species Aspergillus niger.

Rhizosphere soil of aromatic rice inhabits different fungal species that produce many bioactive metabolites including 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP). The mechanism for the biosynthesis of 2AP in the fungal system is still elusive. Hence, the present study investigates the role of possible nitrogen (N) precursors such as some amino acids and polyamines as well as the enzymes involved in 2AP synthesis in the fungal species isolated from the rhizosphere of aromatic rice varieties. Three fungal isolates were found to synthesize 2AP (0.32-1.07ppm) and maximum 2AP was synthesized by Aspergillus niger (1.07ppm) isolated from rhizosphere of Dehradun Basmati (DB). To determine the N source for 2AP synthesis, various N sources such as proline, glutamate, ornithine putrescine, spermine, and spermidine were used in place of putrescine in the synthetic medium (Syn18). The results showed that maximum 2AP synthesis was found with putrescine (1.07ppm) followed by spermidine (0.89ppm) and spermine (0.84ppm). Further, LC-QTOF-MS analysis revealed the mobilization of spermine and spermidine into the putrescine, indicating that putrescine is the key N source for 2AP synthesis. Moreover, higher enzyme activity of DAO, PAO, and ODC as well as higher content of methylglyoxal metabolite in the A. niger NFCCI 5060 as compared to A. niger NFCCI 4064 (control) suggests the prominent role of these enzymes in the synthesis of 2AP. In conclusion, this study showed evidence of the polyamines mediated 2AP biosynthesis in A. niger NFCCI 5060.

Overcoming extended lag phase on optically pure lactic acid production from pretreated softwood solids.

Optically pure lactic acid (LA) is needed in PLA (poly-lactic acid) production to build a crystalline structure with a higher melting point of the biopolymer than that of the racemic mixture. Lignocellulosic biomass can be used as raw material for LA production, in a non-food biorefinery concept. In the present study, genetically engineered P. acidilactici ZP26 was cultivated in a simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process using steam pretreated softwood solids as a carbon source to produce optically pure D-LA. Given the low concentrations of identifiable inhibitory compounds from sugar and lignin degradation, the fermentation rate was expected to follow the rate of enzymatic hydrolysis. However, added pretreated solids (7% on weight (w/w) of water-insoluble solids [WIS]) significantly and immediately affected the process performance, which resulted in a long lag phase (more than 40h) before the onset of the exponential phase of the fermentation. This unexpected delay was also observed without the addition of enzymes in the SSF and in a model fermentation with glucose and pretreated solids without added enzymes. Experiments showed that it was possible to overcome the extended lag phase in the presence of pretreated softwood solids by allowing the microorganism to initiate its exponential phase in synthetic medium, and subsequently adding the softwood solids and enzymatic blend to proceed to an SSF with D-LA production.

A Darcy–Cahn–Hilliard model of multiphase fluid-driven fracture

A Darcy–Cahn–Hilliard model coupled with damage is developed to describe multiphase-flow and fluid-driven fracturing in porous media. The model is motivated by recent experimental observations in Hele–Shaw cells of the fluid-driven fracturing of a synthetic porous medium with tunable fracture resistance. The model is derived from continuum thermodynamics and employs several simplifying assumptions, such as linear poroelasticity and viscous-dominated flow. Two distinct phase fields are used to regularize the interface between an invading and a defending fluid, as well as the ensuing damage. The damage model is a cohesive version of a phase-field model for fracture, in which model parameters allow for control over both nucleation and crack growth. Simulations with finite elements are then performed to calibrate the model against recent experimental results. In particular, an experimentally-inferred phase diagram differentiating two flow regimes of porous invasion and fracturing is recovered. Finally, the model is employed to explore the parameter space beyond experimental capabilities, giving rise to the construction of an expanded phase diagram that suggests a new flow regime.

Fortify the Truth: How to Defend Human Rights in an Age of Deepfakes and Generative AI

Abstract Audiovisual digital media and tools are critical elements in contemporary human rights documentation and advocacy. Generative AI, deepfakes and synthetic media compound questions of what to trust in an existing situation of government suppression, difficulty proving witness accounts and broader societal challenges to trust. There is a need to ‘fortify the truth’ by fostering resilient witnessing practices that can ensure trustworthy videos and strengthen narratives of vulnerable communities. The author identifies and speculates on actions at tactical, strategic, tools, technology, and policy levels, drawing upon human rights organization WITNESS’s work on proactive preparation for emerging technologies and technical infrastructures. Practical steps occur across a trajectory of using images and video in human rights advocacy and activism including filming, storytelling, watching, analysing, sharing, advocacy, and preservation. Guidance on filming must evolve to address deepfakes and opportunities and challenges in ‘authenticity infrastructure’. Narrative video advocacy and formal legal and policy processes must adapt to new technologies including text-to-image and text-to-video, new disinformation threats such as ‘floods of falsehood’ and new presentation opportunities. The evolution of watching, scrutinizing, and sharing videos accountability amid increasing volume and normalized image manipulation includes positive dimensions of the ‘media forensic turn’, including collaborative ‘open-source intelligence’ verification, and negative aspects involving excessive scrutiny. Finally, preserving audiovisual media is critical, and emerging socio-technical infrastructure should be shaped for community control. Underlying principles for ‘fortifying the truth’ include taking a proactive approach, centring voices and needs of people facing human rights abuses, and working with and challenging technologists and technology companies.

Biohydrogen Gas/Acetone-Butanol-Ethanol Production from Agave Guishe Juice as a Low-Cost Growing Medium

Different strategies have been assessed for the revalorization of guishe to obtain biomolecules. The juice obtained after the mechanical extraction of guishe is rich in phytochemicals and sugars which can be converted to other products. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the production of hydrogen and butanol at different guishe juice concentrations (and therefore, different sugar concentrations) via fermentation in batch mode using Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824. Fermentation assays were performed in triplicate under anaerobic conditions at 35 °C for 142 h. Guishe juice was supplemented with all components of synthetic medium (salts, vitamins and reducing agents), except glucose, and diluted at different concentrations: 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%. For comparison purposes, a control was carried out in a synthetic medium using glucose as carbon source. Results showed a maximum butanol concentration of 5.39 g/L using 80% guishe juice, corresponding to a productivity and yield of 0.04 g/L h−1 and 0.24 g/g, respectively. Meanwhile, the highest productivity (1.16 L H2/L d−1; 1.99 mmol H2/L h−1) and yield (18.4 L/kg) of hydrogen were obtained with 40% guishe juice. This study demonstrates the potential of guishe juice to be used as a low-cost substrate for hydrogen and butanol production.

Exploring the potential of multiple lignocellulosic biomass as a feedstock for biobutanol production

To improve the cost-effectiveness of biobutanol production, lignocellulosic biomass is used as a cheap and sustainable feedstock. It provides fermentable sugars for microbial fermentation but lacks nitrogen resources and other nutrients. This study investigated the effects of combining multiple types of lignocellulosic biomass with nitrogen-rich wheat bran on ABE fermentation. Depending on the composition and fermentation effects, the optimal mixing ratio of wheat bran added with sugarcane bagasse, corncob and pine was 1:1, 1:4 and 2:3, respectively. The addition of corn steep powder as a nutritional source significantly enhanced sugar consumption and solvent concentration. Integration of pervaporation with ABE fermentation facilitated timely removal of butanol and alleviated product inhibition, resulting in a final total solvents concentration of 14.51 g/L, comparable to fermentation with TYA synthetic medium. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using combined lignocellulosic biomass to reduce feedstock costs and enhance the application of biobutanol production.

Biotechnological investigation of Pediastrum boryanum and Desmodesmus subspicatus microalgae species for a potential application in bioenergy

The production of photosynthetic microalgae is a promising ecological advantage for obtaining carbon credits. This paper addresses cultivation and preparation, growth analysis, physicochemical characterization (X-ray diffraction-XRD, Fourier transform infrared-FTIR, scanning electron microscopy-SEM, and energy dispersive spectroscopy-EDS), and thermal behavior (thermogravimetry-TG, derivative thermogravimetry-DTG, and differential scanning calorimetry-DSC) of two microalgae, namely Pediastrum boryanum-PB (CH007) and Desmodesmus subspicatus-DS (AEE431E) for a potential application as an energy resource. Regarding the former, the literature reports no specific study on the species, which shows high lipid productivity and fast growth. A synthetic culture medium (Walter culture-WC) was subjected to variations in pH, luminosity, and maximum growth reached in 12 and 13 days for PB and DS, respectively. TG/DTG curves identified the main thermal degradation stages, i.e., dehydration (DS (24.68–158.68 °C) and PB (20.06–116.18 °C)), devolatilization (DS (166.34–543.00 °C) and PB (128.22–493.93 °C)), and gasification or carbonization (DS (>550 °C) and PB (>500 °C)), and DSC curves revealed two endothermic events, an exothermic one for DS, and only one endothermic event and an exothermic one for PB. XRD patterns showed a cellulose crystallinity index (CI) for DS (22.54 %) and PB (28.82 %), confirming the predominance of amorphous regions. SEM images detected external epidermis for DS and some interconnected pores for PB. The FTIR spectra identified functional groups (lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates) and CO, CO, OH, CH, and C-O-C linkages, and EDS and ICP-OES identified the main organic, inorganic, and metallic elements. The microalgae species displayed characteristics similar to those of the other biomasses in the bioenergy industry, enabling their use in thermoconversion processes for biofuel production and considering some socioenvironmental aspects.

Development of Heterologous Expression System and Optimization of the Method of Cholera Toxin β-Subunit Production in E. coli.

Cholera is a deadly infection disease, which is usually associated with low hygiene levels and limited access to high-quality drinking water. An effective way to prevent cholera is the use of vaccines. Among active vaccine components there is the CtxB protein (cholera toxin β-subunit). In the current work, we have developed a genetic system for production of the recombinant CtxB in E. coli cells and studied conditions for synthesis and purification of the target product at the laboratory scale. It has been found that the optimal algorithm for isolation of the recombinant protein is to grow E. coli culture in the synthetic M9 medium with glycerol, followed by CtxB purification out of the spent culture medium using Ni2+-chelate affinity chromatography techniques. Forty-eight hours after induction of CtxB expression, concentration of the target product could be up to 50 mg/liter in the culture medium. The CtxB protein retains its pentameric structure during expression and through purification. The latter makes it possible to consider the developed system as a promising tool for the industrial-level production of recombinant CtxB for medical and research purposes.

Deepfake Satire and the Possibilities of Synthetic Media

This article explores the rise of deepfake satire as one of the most vibrant subgenres of experimentation within the expanding field of AI art. A combination of “deep learning” and the word “fake,” deepfake videos depict people doing or saying things that they never did or said. While deepfakes have been used to deceive and harm individuals as well as a mass audience, they have also been used toward alternative ends. Deepfake satire offers artful social critique, interrogating the individuals and institutions it portrays as much as the technology used to create it and the platforms on which it circulates. Videos range from snarky jabs at entertainment industry personalities to hard-hitting takedowns of tech entrepreneurs and authoritarian leaders. This speculative form of social imagining makes threatening and seemingly untouchable figures appear weak, vulnerable, and exposed, which can help envision a more equitable and just future. Close examination of specific projects within a broader media ecology leads to a nuanced understanding of both the menace and progressive possibilities of synthetic media—beyond simple “utopia”/“dystopia” binaries—in addition to expanding the grammar of computational art.

Evidence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis binding to albumin: technical and biological implications.

Albumin binding ability is a well-characterized feature of many bacteria. To the best of our knowledge, there are no previous reports about this ability among mycobacteria, even when bovine serum albumin (BSA) is a common component of supplements used for the enrichment of synthetic media for mycobacterial growth in vitro and also of buffers used in laboratory techniques. In this work we explored the albumin binding ability of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), a pathogenic bacterium causing a known and relevant ruminant disease worldwide, by immunizing rabbits with MAP (grown in media containing or not BSA) or BSA and conducting ELISA and immunoblot experiments with the obtained sera. As a result, we found that MAP can bind BSA when cultured in a conventional BSA-containing medium and when incubated for a short time in the presence of the protein. We also evaluated the host specificity of MAP interaction with albumin and found a preference for the protein of bovine origin when compared with its horse and rabbit homologs. Considerations about its technical and biological implications are discussed.

Influence of Nutrients in Microalgae Cultivation by SEM and EDX Evaluation

Microalgae have recently attracted a lot of attention on a global level because of their numerous application possibilities in the renewable energy, biopharmaceutical, and nutraceutical industries. Microalgae can be exploited to make biofuels, bioactive medicines and food additives at a low cost and with no environmental harmful impact. The media’s nutritional content affects the development of microalgae. The role that macro- and micro-nutrients play in the cultivation of microalgae is also significant. For microalgae cultivation, a sample of river water was collected, BG11 and Bold Basal Media (BBM) synthetic media were prepared. Observations of microalgae growth were made after 15 days. On samples of raw water and microalgae grown in a lab, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy-Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) were conducted. Raw water and microalgae sample structures were detailed by SEM results, and both samples’ chemical compositions were shown by EDX results. The cultivation of microalgae depends heavily on macro and micro nutrients. The growth of microalgae was accelerated in the presence of nutrients.