Synthetic Indicator Research Articles

Key factors in tourism management to improve competitiveness in Latin America

ObjetivosEste documento analiza la competitividad del turismo en América Latina, proporcionando un ranking a nivel país. El estudio también identifica en qué áreas de gestión deben enfocarse los esfuerzos para aumentar la competitividad en cada caso.Diseño/metodología/enfoqueLa investigación se basa en las variables propuestas por el Foro Económico Mundial (WEF) para medir la competitividad del turismo. El método de distancia DP2 se utiliza para crear un indicador sintético. Este método ayuda a identificar qué factores explican en mayor medida las diferencias de competitividad entre países.ResultadosLos países latinoamericanos más competitivos en cuanto a la actividad turística son Costa Rica, Chile, Panamá, México y Uruguay. Los factores que mejor explican las diferencias entre países se relacionan con los recursos culturales y naturales, la implementación de tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC), la apertura internacional y las infraestructuras de transporte. Por tanto, estas serían las áreas prioritarias de trabajo para los gestores turísticos.Implicaciones para la prácticaEste documento proporciona un análisis detallado de cada país. La situación individual se presenta mediante un análisis de las áreas clave destacadas como responsables en mayor medida de la competitividad. Este enfoque puede ayudar a las decisiones tomadas por los gestores de las empresas y los administradores públicos, mejorando así la competitividad del turismo. Esta mayor competitividad puede fortalecer el sector turístico, que es crucial en tiempos de incertidumbre.Originalidad/valorBasado en un indicador sintético, esta investigación ofrece el primer análisis a nivel país de la competitividad turística en América Latina. El estudio también es novedoso por su capacidad para detectar los ámbitos en los que se debe actuar para mejorar la competitividad turística. Este análisis ofrece una alternativa al Índice de Competitividad de Viajes y Turismo (TTCI) del Foro Económico Mundial (WEF), que tiene ciertas debilidades. Los resultados pueden ayudar a mejorar la competitividad del turismo en los países de América Latina a través de las recomendaciones específicas presentadas en este documento.

Soil Quality Restoration during the Natural Succession of Abandoned Cattle Pastures in Deforested Landscapes in the Colombian Amazon

Successional processes in abandoned pastures in the Amazon region have been well-documented for the floristic component; however, soil succession has been poorly studied. This study assessed the physical, chemical and biological responses of soils in the Amazon region during the natural succession process in two main landscapes of the Colombian Amazon. Soil data on soil physico–chemical (bulk density, macroaggregates, pH and minerals) and biological (soil macrofauna) composition were evaluated along chronosequence with four successional stages: (i) degraded pastures, (ii) young (10–20-year-old), (iii) middle-age (25–40-year-old) and (iv) mature forests, in two different landscapes (hill and mountain). Individual soil variables and a synthetic indicator of soil quality (GISQ) were evaluated as tools for natural succession monitoring. The results corroborated the negative impact that cattle ranching has on Amazon soils. After 10 years of natural succession, the physico–chemical and biological soil components were widely restored. Less soil compaction and organic carbon occurred in older successional stages. Soil macrofauna richness and density increased along the chronosequence, with an evident association between the macrofauna composition and the macroaggregates in the soil. None of the individual soil properties or the GISQ indicator discriminated among natural succession stages; therefore, new soil quality indicators should be developed to monitor soil quality restoration in natural successions.

A DEA MCDM Approach Applied to ESS8 Dataset for Measuring Immigration and Refugees Citizens’ Openness

The current refugees’ crisis is undermining the main government coalitions of many countries in the European Union (EU), and tolerant attitudes and open admission policies toward immigrants seem to be part of the recent past history. The dilemma is gaining a lot of media attention as the public and political debate on migration is now playing an important role in all the European elections. Thus, the aim of this paper twofold. First, an analytical tool is developed to measure two synthetic indicators: (1) the citizens’ openness towards immigration for 23 countries—18 EU Countries, plus Iceland, Israel, Norway, Switzerland, and Russia—included in the 2016 European Social Survey; and (2) the citizens’ openness towards immigrants and refugees for 22 countries (same set without Hungary). And second, the effects of political orientation of citizens over the last synthetic indicator (immigrants and refugees) are studied. The approach of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) will be adopted here, with the purpose of identifying which countries are more, or less, open to the phenomenon of immigration and refugees. The results show that the Nordic countries and leftist are those which show more openness to immigration and refugees.

The Study of Climatourism Management and the Determination of Climatourism Calendar in Ardabil Province of Iran with emphasis on GIS

Purpose The Climate is considered as one of the most important factors of tourism industry. Numerical indicators have been widely used in climatic studies that are related to tourism climatology or climate tourism. Among synthetic indicators of climate tourism, temperature-physiology depends on the balance of human body energy. In the current research, Ardabil province has been studied from Climatourism point of view. Methodology: We used a 26-year climatic data (1987-2013), and specified climatic factors including minimum temperature, the percentage of relative humidity, wind speed, cloudiness and pressure in Ardabil, Meshkin Shahr, Parsabad and Khalkhal Stations. Human individual indicators (age, weight, and height) and activity type factors were used to calculate the temperature-physiology (PET and PMV). Findings: Ray Man model wasapplied in this regard and results show that in local extent there is not much difference between various stations, and with respect to the space there are different climatic stresses. In the next level the obtained results are imported to Arc GIS software and are used about Climatourism and its analysis. The most comfortable daily periods refer to Meshkin Shahr station (with 60 comfortable climatic days) and the least comfortable daily period belongs to Ardabil station (with 37 comfortable days). Originality/Value: In this study we attempted to find the most appropriate tourism times and also to determine the local and temporal differences of comfortable region in Ardabil province of Iran in different seasons.

Liveability Versus Sustainability in Spanish Cities: First Evidences Using Synthetic Indicators

The aim of liveable, sustainable cities has become one of the major challenges for urban planning. However, achieving both goals at the same time is no easy task, particularly when liveability and sustainability may be defined by certain elements that tend to be in conflict. The main goal of this work is to analyse the relationship between liveability and environmental sustainability within the context of Spanish urban spaces. To this end, we propose two synthetic indicators: one for liveability and the other for urban environmental sustainability. Each of these indicators is constructed using a technique based on goal programming. A bivariate analysis is carried out using these indicators, which allows us to compare the extent to which Spanish cities are liveable and sustainable. This analysis should be useful for urban planners when taking and implementing policy decisions. By comparing cities with similar profiles using a benchmarking system, it becomes possible to judge the margin for improvement in one attribute without detriment to the other. This benchmarking system also allows us to reveal the specific dimensions of liveability or sustainability for which there is the greatest opportunity for improvement.

Public Debt Frontier: A Python Toolkit for Analyzing Public Debt Sustainability

This study proposes a synthetic visual indicator with which to perform debt sustainability analysis using dynamic general equilibrium models. In a single diagram, we summarized the general equilibrium relationships among economic activity, government budget, and the maximum amount of sustainable public debt. Then, we measured sustainability using the distance of actual debt from the model-consistent maximum debt. This indicator can be implemented with any DSGE model; as a backing theory, we used a neoclassical model augmented with endogenous tax revenues, disaggregated public spending, different production technologies for public and private goods, non-atomistic wage setters in public labor (unions), and a fully specified maturity curve for public bonds. We provided an example of its usage using the case of Greece during the last public debt crisis. To perform the numerical analysis, we developed original software, whose advantage is allowing an audience without expertise in DSGE models to perform general equilibrium debt sustainability analyses without requiring an understanding of the technicalities of DSGE models.

The Effects of Natural and Economic Factors on the Financial Performance of Forest Management Units: The Example of Forest Districts of the State Forests National Forest Holding from Eastern Poland

Given the changing market conditions and uncertainty arising from climate change, forest management tends to focus on the financial functioning of forest holdings. The objective of this work is to study the financial performance of forest districts using ratio analysis, synthetic financial indicators, as well as the relationship between synthetic indicators and forest district categories defined in terms of forest site type, site fertility, compatibility stand species composition, species composition, harvesting system, harvesting intensity, fragmentation of forest complexes and management difficulty level. The study material consists of financial documentation from 82 forest districts of the State Forests National Forest Holding (SFNFH) in eastern Poland from the years 2015–2019 and 2005–2009 (for comparison purposes). Synthetic indicators were calculated using two sets of financial ratios as well as two variants of accounting data. In the study period, forest districts were found to differ in terms of their financial performance, which was affected by the natural and economic factors. The synthetic indicators were significantly higher (p > 0.05) for forest districts operating on low-fertility lowland sites, those managing stands with dominant pine, and those implementing a clearcutting regeneration system. The findings concerning the effects of selected natural and economic factors on the financial condition of forest districts may be used for financial planning and management by SFNFH, in particular in decision-making processes to optimize forest management. The applied methods may stand as a basis for the construction of a sectoral evaluation tool.

Development of an Approach to Assess the Success and Failures Influence in Middle Income Housing Projects: Case Study of Jalthara, Bambalapitiya and Dehiwala

Condominium is a complex of a building containing a number of individually owned apartments or houses. Condominiums can be identified as a western life style of living in urban areas. Based on high population density, lack of land availability, lack of serviced lands, easy service accessibility are the reasons for increasing condominium lives. Consequently, the satisfaction issues in Highrise buildings are considered to enhance the resident’s wellbeing among condominiums. All the housing projects are not becoming success. Successfully means that the scope, goals and objectives were met on time completed and the project came in at or under budget. The incomplete list of requirements, less involved stakeholders, lack usage of resources, high expectations, poor planning, influence for the failures. There are several factors that have identified performance after the implementation, Aesthetic appearance, Environmental impact, Client satisfaction, Project complexity for measure the project failures. In Sri Lanka is also presently experiencing condominium concept predominantly in Colombo district. Since the middle-income condominium living is new to Sri Lanka, there is no such considerations or researches regarding project performances in condominiums. Subsequently, the aim of this study to assess the success and failures influence in middle income housing projects. The study focuses on three of middle-income condominiums in Colombo district. The methodology of this research is comprised of observations and questionnaire surveys. The date was analyzed by using Correlation analysis, Factor analysins and Full permutation Polygon Synthetic Indicator analysis. The findings reveal that success and failures of the housing projects through post performances. Accordingly, the results of this study serve as a basis for planners and developers to design and make polices for the future condominium housing projects.

Multidimensional Assessment of Polish Farm Household Financial Security by TOPSIS and Generalised Distance Measure

Purpose: Financial security is a multidimensional term, with its level is depending, in subjective and objective terms, on many socio-demographic conditions. This article aims to assess Polish farm households’ financial security by means of a combined measure. Design/Methodology/Approach: The study was based on non-identified (raw) individual data originating from the Social Diagnosis Study conducted by the Social Monitoring Council in 2015. Due to non-metric nature of many simple criteria, in order to construct a combined measure of the farm - household financial security level, a Generalised Distance Measure (GDM) was used along with TOPSIS. Findings: Farm households are classified by types and profiles that have been developed of households featuring the highest and the lowest level of financial security. The study revealed significant differences among farm households in terms of their financial security level in both, subjective and objective terms. Practical Implications: This research is interesting for methodological reasons, since a single methodology for studying the level of financial security and identifying its determinants has yet to be developed. The problem is not just the multidimensional character of the phenomenon and the lack of an unequivocally defined set of variables characterising it. The choice of appropriate statistical methods is also an important consideration, e.g., for constructing a single synthetic financial security indicator and dedicated software. Originality/value: To the authors’ knowledge, no one has hitherto made any studies concerning the multi-aspect assessment of the household financial security level based on a combined feature, the construction of which takes account of objective criteria (quantified on strong measurement scales) as well as subjective ones (measured on weak scales).

Profiling Goat Farm Enterprises Under The Prism Of Sustainability: The Role Of Financial Ratios, Socio-Demographic Characteristics And The Waste Management In Goat Enterprises

Sustainable livestock farming is a hot issue worldwide. Last decade there is an intense transformation that affect all aspects of the sector like economic, social and environmental. This transformation has to deal with the increasing market globalization, the changes in Common Agriculture Policy and the new social awareness in environmental issues. The aim of this study is to profile and classify goat farms according to their performance using farm-level data that concerns economic, social and environmental sustainability. A combination of multivariate analysis techniques, such as Principal Component Analysis and Cluster Analysis were developed for the aggregation of synthetic indicators and for the creation of farm typologies. According to results, Greek goat farming achieves a low performance in almost all pillars of sustainability, but if the sector adopt sustainable practices there is the margin to become more elastic and competitive.

Objective and Subjective Determinants of Neighborhood Satisfaction in the Context of Retrofitting Suburbs

A strong preference for suburban living has led to extensively developed suburbs that need retrofitting by improving their compactness. However, an attempt to make suburban areas more sustainable only by shaping their spatial form, without considering individual demands and preferences, is usually ineffective. The aim of this research is to better understand the factors that are important for suburban neighborhood satisfaction and to determine the relationship between neighborhood satisfaction and both the objective spatial attributes reflecting different levels of spatial chaos and satisfaction with particular neighborhood characteristics. The factor analysis and a linear multiple regression model have revealed that there are four significant subjective factors explaining neighborhood satisfaction, namely: assessed suburban assets, assessed accessibility, assessed walkability, and assessed mental and social attitude towards the neighborhood. Among these, the assessed accessibility is the most important predictor of the neighborhood satisfaction and synthetic indicator of spatial chaos the least significant one. Although the research proved that subjective measures are more important determinants of neighborhood satisfaction, fighting urban sprawl should be based on the interference in both subjective evaluations and objective spatial attributes, since two of the four subjective factors are likely to be strongly influenced by improving accessibility in the process of retrofitting suburbs.

An analysis of the competitiveness of the tourism industry in a context of economic recovery following the COVID19 pandemic.

Business activities within the tourism industry are especially suffering from the consequences of the COVID19 pandemic. Those countries whose economy depends largely on tourism will experience a troublesome situation for years to come. Their return to a normal situation will be conditioned by the competitiveness of their tourism sector. The study begins by pinpointing the countries that have been more hardly stricken by the pandemic and in which tourism accounts for a greater share of the GDP. A comparative analysis of the competitiveness of these countries with that of world-leading countries will be carried out so as to conclude which will face the recovery period in a more vulnerable situation. The measurement of tourism competitiveness will be supported by the creation of a synthetic indicator based on the P2 distance method. A group of 13 countries has been identified as the most vulnerable, and it is advisable to act urgently in the following areas: the promotion of cultural elements and the historical and artistic heritage, the protection of natural areas, the availability of information and communication technologies, the international openness of the destination, and the availability of transportation infrastructures and tourist services.

Palliative Care Coverage across European National Health Systems: Proposal of a Synthetic Indicator

Background: The coverage of palliative care (PC) may be understood as a country’s capacity to offer prevention and relief from serious health-related suffering in relation to an existing need. The aim of this study is to estimate European countries´ coverage capacities. Method: Secondary analysis of three indicators, including the number of specialized services (SSPC), integration capacity scores (ICS) and the PC needs. By means of a K-medians clustering supervised algorithm, three coverage profiles were obtained: (1) Advanced: countries with high ICS and SSPC, and low PC needs; (2) Limited: countries with low ICS and SSPC, and low PC needs; and (3) Low: countries with low ICS and SSPC and high PC needs. Results: On average, the ratio of specialized services per population was 0.79 per 100,000 inhabitants, the average ICS was 19.62 and the average number of deceased patients with SHS per 100,000 inhabitants was 5.69. Twenty countries (41%) reached an advanced coverage profile. Nine countries (18%) demonstrated a limited coverage profile; and 20 countries (41%) fell under a low-coverage capacity. Conclusion: The level of palliative care coverage across Europe shows that 59% of European countries have either limited or very low availability of PC resources as regards their palliative care needs.

Trends in regional development in Slovenia in the light of the goals of sustainable development

Applying sustainable development into practice is an important national and regional policy goal in Slovenia; in addition, the country’s membership in the European Union further commits it to the goals of sustainable development. The research presented in this article is based on the use of a set of 32 economic, social and environmental indicators of sustainable development and the calculation of a synthetic indicator of sustainable regional development for all twelve Slovenian NUTS-3 regions in the period 2015–2019. In the final step, a synthetic assessment of the possibilities for implementing sustainable development in individual Slovenian regions is given, in which regions are classified into four different types. A comparison with the previous five-year period showed that Slovenia achieved progress in most of the socio-economic aspects of sustainable development analyzed, while the situation deteriorated with respect to environmental aspects. The largest differences among Slovenian regions were calculated in the economic area, and the smallest in the environmental area, which is also in line with the findings of previous research. There continues to be a development divide between the more prosperous western part of the country and the eastern part, which lags behind and for the most part also has poorer prospects for sustainable development. This trend is unfavorable for the balanced as well as sustainable development of Slovenian regions.

PROBLEMS OF APPLICATION OF DECISION-MAKING MODELS IN THE REGIONAL ECONOMY UNDER CONDITIONS OF PARTIALLY RELIABLE INFORMATION

In this study, attention is drawn to the under-explored area of strategic content analysis and the development of strategic vision for managers, with the supporting role of interpreting visualized big data to apply appropriate knowledge management strategies in regional companies. The study suggests improved models that can be used to process data and apply solutions to Big Data. The paper proposes a model of business processes in the region in the context of information clusters, which become the object of analysis in the conditions of active accumulation of big data about the external and internal environment. Research has shown that traditional econometric and data collection techniques cannot be directly applied to Big Data analysis due to computational volatility or computational complexity. The paper provides a brief description of the essence of the methods of associative and causal data analysis and the problems that complicate its application in Big Data. The scheme of accelerated search for a set of causal relationships is described. The use of semantically structured models, cause-effect models and the K-clustering method for decision making in big data is practical and ensures the adequacy of the results. The article explains the stages of applying these models in practice. In the course of the study, content analysis was carried out using the main methods of processing structured data on the example of the countries of the world using synthetic indicators showing the trends of Industry 4.0. When assessing Industry 4.0 technologies by region, the diversity of country grouping attributes should be considered. Therefore, during the analysis, the countries of the world were compared in two groups. The first group - the results for developed countries are presented in tabular form. For the second group, the results are presented in an explanatory form. In the process of assessing industrial 4.0 technologies, statistical indicators were used: "The share of medium and high-tech activities", "Competitiveness indicators", "Results in the field of knowledge and technology", "The share of medium and high-tech production in the total value added in the manufacturing industry", “Industrial Competitiveness Index (CIP score)”. As a result, the rating of the countries was determined based on the analysis of these indicators. . The reasons for the difficulties of calculations when processing Big Data are given in the concluding part of the article. Keywords: K - clustering method, causal links, data point, Euclidean distance

Spatio-temporal analysis and prediction of malaria cases using remote sensing meteorological data in Di\xe9bougou health district, Burkina Faso, 2016\u20132017

Malaria control and prevention programs are more efficient and cost-effective when they target hotspots or select the best periods of year to implement interventions. This study aimed to identify the spatial distribution of malaria hotspots at the village level in Diébougou health district, Burkina Faso, and to model the temporal dynamics of malaria cases as a function of meteorological conditions and of the distance between villages and health centres (HCs). Case data for 27 villages were collected in 13 HCs. Meteorological data were obtained through remote sensing. Two synthetic meteorological indicators (SMIs) were created to summarize meteorological variables. Spatial hotspots were detected using the Kulldorf scanning method. A General Additive Model was used to determine the time lag between cases and SMIs and to evaluate the effect of SMIs and distance to HC on the temporal evolution of malaria cases. The multivariate model was fitted with data from the epidemic year to predict the number of cases in the following outbreak. Overall, the incidence rate in the area was 429.13 cases per 1000 person-year with important spatial and temporal heterogeneities. Four spatial hotspots, involving 7 of the 27 villages, were detected, for an incidence rate of 854.02 cases per 1000 person-year. The hotspot with the highest risk (relative risk = 4.06) consisted of a single village, with an incidence rate of 1750.75 cases per 1000 person-years. The multivariate analysis found greater variability in incidence between HCs than between villages linked to the same HC. The time lag that generated the better predictions of cases was 9 weeks for SMI1 (positively correlated with precipitation variables) and 16 weeks for SMI2 (positively correlated with temperature variables. The prediction followed the overall pattern of the time series of reported cases and predicted the onset of the following outbreak with a precision of less than 3 weeks. This analysis of malaria cases in Diébougou health district, Burkina Faso, provides a powerful prospective method for identifying and predicting high-risk areas and high-transmission periods that could be targeted in future malaria control and prevention campaigns.

Inclusive development of social entrepreneurship in nature management


 
 
 Social entrepreneurship development in Ukraine is a priority guideline based on the creation and improvement of government policy on ecosystem orientation and inclusion, which provides public access to tourism and natural resources. The main component of inclusive development of social entrepreneurship emphasizes the basic principles of its existence, such as the ability to achieve one’s own goals, despite the economic effect of one’s activities. In the quantitative comparative analysis and need to reach economic indicators, the main factors are determined by the idea of inclusive development in nature management, as a field of activity in which not only the state but also multidisciplinary international organizations invest. The aim of the article is to identify opportunities for inclusive nature management development in social entrepreneurship in Ukraine by summarizing the existing practice of using indices and identifying indicators that will correspond to inclusive nature management parameters. Determining the position and directions of social entrepreneurship development in Ukraine was determined using an index approach, which, in contrast to others, allows one to identify indicators that characterize the sphere of development on economic and environmental influence of the country on the basis of inclusivity. The analysis of international rating assessments and Ukraine’s place in them requires a rethinking of existing approaches to the search for economically feasible ways to improve socio-economic and environmental indicators and their rating positions. The method of multi-indicator immersion is used in the article to identify the main indicators of economic, inclusive growth and social components, which are due to the experience in nature management and characterize the development of social entrepreneurship. The calculations of the Inclusive Development Index of Social Entrepreneurship in Ukraine as a consolidated index according to the geometric formula, which comprised synthetic indicators of the human capital index to outline the inclusive range of components, brand index and index of environmental indicators, proved that today the ecological state of environment and health of the population have a significant negative impact on economic growth and welfare of the population.
 
 

CIRCULAR ECONOMY AND INNOVATIVE ENTREPRENEURSHIP, PREREQUISITES FOR SOCIAL PROGRESS

Quality of life and social welfare are objectives of the social policy of any state. The study aims to identify the influence of factors such as the circular economy, digital innovation, sustainable entrepreneurship on social progress and completes the current approach identified in the literature by assessing the dependencies between the phenomena represented by them. The quantification of the influences of the enumerated factors on social progress was achieved by identifying some synthetic indicators, such as composite indices, which would surprise the complexity of the analyzed phenomena. To measure the progress of the transition to the circular economy – using multivariate analysis methods – a composite indicator has been proposed and determined that allows the ranking of EU states according to its orientation, as a premise of social progress, and can substantiate the adjustment national policies. The integration of the proposed indicator in the regression models used, with similar indices, is done to highlight the impact of the circular economy, innovation and sustainable entrepreneurship on social progress. Thus, the adaptation of digital technologies in current business models, the development of sustainable innovative entrepreneurship support the transition from the linear economy to a circular economy and offer new study opportunities.

Effect of inter‐annual meteorological fluctuations and wild boar disturbance on the vegetation of Mediterranean temporary ponds

AbstractQuestionsWhich are the effects of inter‐annual meteorological fluctuations on plant species richness and vegetation dynamics in Mediterranean temporary ponds, shallow wetlands characterized by alternating phases of drought and flooding? Which are the effects of wild boar disturbance? How do the responses of specialist or non‐specialist species of the habitat differ?LocationNW Sardinia Island (Italy).MethodsWe assessed plant cover during six years within one 60 cm × 60 cm quadrat in each of five areas. To measure the effect of inter‐annual meteorological fluctuations on vegetation, we used two indices: the evapotranspiration and the synthetic agrometeorological indicator. To quantify the effect of disturbance by boars, we compared two treatments: disturbed and non‐disturbed (located outside and inside 1.5 m × 1.5 m exclosures respectively). As a whole, we monitored 60 plots (6 years × 2 treatments × 5 replications). We analyzed data using ANOVA, PERMANOVA and BIO‐ENV.ResultsPlant species richness and composition showed significant differences between years and treatments. Species composition was correlated with the evapotranspiration before the vegetative peak during the last period and with the agrometeorological indicator during the whole vegetative period. Specialist species showed much weaker growth, quantified as cover, in the drier years. Starting from the third survey year, plant richness and cover of specialist species were significantly higher in disturbed than in not‐disturbed plots. The extent of bare soil generally was not affected by the treatment.ConclusionsMeteorological fluctuations affect plant species composition and vegetation dynamics in Mediterranean temporary ponds. The sensitivity of specialist species could make them particularly vulnerable to climate change. Nevertheless, they are resilient to unpredictable disturbances such as burrowing by wild boar. However, our results concerning the positive impact of wild boar disturbance on the vegetation cannot be generalized. Elsewhere, the lack of hunting activity could also be a problem for these habitats.

Evolution of infant mortality in Chile and how it has been reflected in scientific publications between 1980 and 2019.

One of the Millennium Development Goals is to reduce the child mortality rate (CMR), an indicator still present in the Sustainable Development Goals (2015-2030). At the same time, scientific investigations and reports were necessary to assess the behavior of the infant mortality rate (IMR) and the effectiveness of interventions to approach it. To describe IMR behavior in Chile and how it has been reflected in the scientific publications made in the 1980-2019 period. Implementation of the multivariate adaptive regression spline (MARS) method in relation to IMR between 1980 and 2016, and search for related articles published between 1980 and 2019 in SciELO, Lilacs, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Embase. The analysis included IMR behavior and its reflection in the publications made in that period. IMR decreased from 28 % to 7.2 % per 1000 live births between 1980 and 2016 (-74 %) and 82 publications were identified in this period. Two types of studies about IMR were reported as of the cutoff point of 1996. In the first period, studies focused on preventable diseases and interventions, while IMR showed a slowing down in its reduction. After the cutoff point, studies focused on non-preventable diseases and factors related to inequalities and inequities. IMR prevails as a synthetic indicator of health conditions. Changes in its evolution and causes have been reflected in publications, which have shifted their focus and areas of interest in accordance with the changes in this indicator.