Phage display of antibody fragments provides a convenient format for directed molecular evolution of this biologically important protein architecture. Current understanding of the natural evolution of antibodiesin vivohas allowed their synthesis and selectionin vitro.Synthetic antibodies have been demonstrated to utilize the same mechanisms of molecular recognition as those used by natural antibodies. The ability to produce synthetic human antibodies that bind any antigen should eliminate the need for animals in the production of monoclonal antibodies. Furthermore, synthetic antibody libraries selected in the phage display format allow the preparation of antibodies that are not limited by tolerance mechanisms or to simple binding functions. Finally, methods have been developed for the mechanism-based selection of catalytic antibodies. Refinement of this method of molecular selection should allow the laboratory evolution of catalytic proteins.[ep [rs
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