Synthesis Of Silver Nanoparticles Research Articles

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Loaded with Doxorubicin in Polylactide Nanoparticles for Effective Cancer Therapy

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Loaded with Doxorubicin in Polylactide Nanoparticles for Effective Cancer Therapy

Synergistic antibacterial activity of biogenic AgNPs with antibiotics against multidrug resistant bacterial strains

The prevalence of hospital-acquired infections caused by drug resistant bacterial pathogens is a major health risk, leading to a considerable number of deaths and illnesses globally. Therefore, it is essential to develop new combinations of antimicrobial agents to effectively manage drug-resistant bacteria that are responsible for nosocomial infections. A current study aims to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from the seeds of Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek). The AgNPs exhibited a spherical morphology and had an average particle size of 29.75 nm. In addition, XRD examination verified the presence of a face-centered cubic (fcc) lattice structure in the biosynthesized AgNPs, while FTIR study demonstrated the existence of several functional groups such as phenols, alkanes, and amines. The biogenic AgNPs exhibited the most potent antibacterial effect against E. coli strain, with relative inhibitory zone of 18.43 ± 0.35 mm and a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 50 µg/ml. In addition, the most potent antibacterial effect of AgNPs combined with colistin was observed against Acinetobacter baumannii strain, while the greatest combined efficacy of AgNPs with norfloxacin was found against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, resulting in a relative increase in the fold of inhibition area (IFA) of 0.53 and 0.35, respectively. In conclusion, the potent antibacterial and synergistic effect of AgNPs with antibiotics highlights their potential application of this combination in controlling nosocomial infections in health care settings.

Silver nanoparticles mediated apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in lung cancer A549.

The present study was aimed to synthesize the silver nanoparticles from Alangium salvifolium Wang. and evaluating its biomedical applications. The leaves of A. salvifolium collected and subjected for the standard procedure of Soxhlet extraction using distilled water as a solvent. With the help of an aqueous extract AgNPs were synthesized from silver nitrate using phyto-reduction method. Further, synthesized AgNPs were characterized using several analytical techniques such as UV, FTIR, SEM-EDX, XRD, particles size and zeta potential. Synthesized AgNPs were tested for antibacterial, antioxidant, anticancer for lung cancer cell line and flowcytometry-based pathway studies. The visual observation confirmed the formation of AgNPs from the aqueous extract by changing yellow to brown colour formation. Further, characterization techniques also confirmed the formation of AgNPs. Antibacterial activity results showed that the tested AgNPs were potent against bacterial pathogens with a higher zone of inhibition. Further, the antioxidant and anticancer activity of AgNPs revealed that the AgNPs have exhibited significant results with a good percentage of inhibition. Further, the flow cytometry studies confirmed that the AgNPs inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in lung cancer. The phytochemicals of A. salvifolium plant have successfully synthesized AgNPs. In the case of performed biological activity, the synthesized silver nanoparticles exhibited potent activity. In future these AgNPs can be taken for molecular and in vivo studies to identify their efficacy using in vivo and molecular models.

Aspergillus fumigatus-induced biogenic silver nanoparticles' efficacy as antimicrobial and antibiofilm agents with potential anticancer activity: An in vitro investigation

A worldwide hazard to human health is posed by the growth of pathogenic bacteria that have contaminated fresh, processed, cereal, and seed products in storage facilities. As the number of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogenic microorganisms rises, we must find safe, and effective antimicrobials. The use of green synthesis of nanoparticles to combat microbial pathogens has gained a rising interest. The current study showed that Aspergillus fumigatus was applied as a promising biomass for the green synthesis of biogenic silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs). The UV–visible spectra of biosynthesized Ag NPs appeared characteristic surface plasmon absorption at 475 nm, round-shaped with sizes ranging from 17.11 to 75.54 nm and an average size of 50.37 ± 2.3 nm. In vitro tests were conducted to evaluate the antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer effects of various treatment procedures for Ag NP applications. The synthesized Ag NPs was revealed antimicrobial activity against Aspergillus flauvas, A. niger, Bacillus cereus, Candida albicans, Esherichia coli, Pseudomonas aerugonosa, and Staphylococcus aureus under optimum conditions. The tested bacteria were sensitive to low Ag NPs concentrations (5, 10, 11, 8, 7, 10, and 7 mg/mL) which was observed for the mentioned-before tested microorganisms, respectively. The tested bacterial pathogens experienced their biofilm formation effectively suppressed by Ag NPs at sub-inhibitory doses. Antibacterial reaction mechanism of Ag NPs were tested using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to verify their antibacterial efficacy towards S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. These findings clearly show how harmful Ag NPs are to pathogenic bacteria. The synthesized Ag NPs showed antitumor activity with IC50 at 5 μg/mL against human HepG-2 and MCF-7 cellular carcinoma cells, while 50 mg/mL was required to induce 70 % of normal Vero cell mortality. These findings imply that green synthetic Ag NPs can be used on cancer cell lines in vitro for anticancer effect beside their potential as a lethal factor against some tested pathogenic microbes.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Koso (hagenia abyssinica (bruce)) and Gesho (rhamnus prinoides) leaf extract and characterization and evaluation of their antimicrobial activity

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Koso (hagenia abyssinica (bruce)) and Gesho (rhamnus prinoides) leaf extract and characterization and evaluation of their antimicrobial activity

Optimization of Brilliant Blue R photocatalytic degradation by silver nanoparticles synthesized using Chlorella vulgaris

Synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) using microalgae is gaining recognition for its environmentally friendly and cost-effective nature while maintaining high activity of NPs. In the present study, Ag NPs were synthesized using a methanolic extract of Chlorella vulgaris and subjected to calcination. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed a crystalline nature of the products with Ag2O and Ag phases with an average crystalline size of 16.07 nm before calcination and an Ag phase with 24.61 nm crystalline size after calcination. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed the capping functional groups on Ag NPs, while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) displayed their irregular morphology and agglomeration after calcination. The organic coating was examined by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and thermogravimetric (TGA) analyses, confirming the involvement of the metabolites. The UV–Vis analysis showed a difference in optical properties due to calcination. Synthesized Ag NPs were applied for the photodegradation of hazardous dye Brilliant Blue R in visible light. Different values of light intensity, catalyst dose, initial dye concentration, and pH were tested to identify the optimal set of operating conditions. The highest degradation efficiency of 90.6% with an apparent rate constant of 0.04402 min−1 was achieved after 90 min of irradiation in the highest tested catalyst dosage.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using carob leaf extract: Characterization and analysis of toxic effects in model organism Galleria mellonella L. (The greater wax moth).

Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) have been used in many studies due to their inhibitory properties on microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses. In recent years, due to global problems such as environmental pollution, the green synthesis (biosynthesis) method is frequently preferred because it is simple and low cost and does not require the use of toxic substances. The aim of this study is to synthesize silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) from Ceratonia siliqua L. leaves and investigate their antioxidant and immunotoxic properties using Galleria mellonella last instar larvae. The UV spectrophotometer, TEM, XRD and FTIR measurements were used to characterize the Ag NPs. In this study, it was determined that the effects on antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, GPx, GST), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and total hemocyte count (THC) as well as phenoloxidase activity determine their effect on antioxidant defence and the immune system in model organism G. mellonella larvae. We observed that green synthesized Ag NPs accumulate in the midgut of the larvae and led to the increasing of CAT and SOD activities. GST and AChE activities were increased in the fat body of the larvae; otherwise, it was decreased in the midgut. Moreover, increases were found in THC and phenoloxidase activity. Consequently, green synthesized silver nanoparticles led to oxidative stress and immunotoxic effects on G. mellonella larvae.

Myco-Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles, Optimization, Characterization, and In Silico Anticancer Activities by Molecular Docking Approach against Hepatic and Breast Cancer.

This study explored the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using the extracellular filtrate of Fusarium oxysporum as a reducing agent and evaluated their antitumor potential through in vitro and in silico approaches. The biosynthesis of AgNPs was monitored by visual observation of the color change and confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopy, revealing a characteristic peak at 418 nm. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses showed spherical nanoparticles ranging from 6.53 to 21.84 nm in size, with stable colloidal behavior and a negative zeta potential of -15.5 mV. Selected area electron diffraction (SAED) confirmed the crystalline nature of the AgNPs, whereas energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) indicated the presence of elemental silver at 34.35%. A face-centered central composite design (FCCD) was employed to optimize the biosynthesis process, yielding a maximum AgNPs yield of 96.77 µg/mL under the optimized conditions. The antitumor efficacy of AgNPs against MCF-7 and HepG2 cancer cell lines was assessed, with IC50 values of 35.4 µg/mL and 7.6 µg/mL, respectively. Molecular docking revealed interactions between Ag metal and key amino acids of BCL-2 (B-cell lymphoma-2) and FGF19 (fibroblast growth factor 19), consistent with in vitro data. These findings highlight the potential of biologically derived AgNPs as promising therapeutic agents for cancer treatment and demonstrate the utility of these methods for understanding the reaction mechanisms and optimizing nanomaterial synthesis.

Green-synthesized silver nanoparticles immobilized on graphene oxide for fruit preservation in alginate films

In this study, silver nanoparticles were synthesized by redox method using tea polyphenol as a reducing agent. These nanoparticles were then immobilized within sodium alginate (SA) composite films using graphene oxide (Go), resulting in films with enhanced food preservation capabilities. Initially, the synthesized silver nanoparticles underwent characterization through X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). This characterization affirmed the successful synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Subsequently, the impact of silver nanoparticles and graphene oxide on the properties of the SA composite films was investigated. The SA composite films were analyzed barrier, mechanical, thermal stability, and functional properties. The findings revealed that the inclusion of silver nanoparticles immobilized in Go augmented the tensile strength (23.6 %), degradation temperature of the films, reduced water vapor permeability, and exhibited antioxidant properties (4.16 %–42.09 %), and antimicrobial activities against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus (19.79–20.37 times). The graphene oxide immobilizes the silver nanoparticles, thereby reducing the release concentration. Packaging blueberry fruits with the SA composite film impregnated with Go-immobilized silver nanoparticles reduced weight loss and wrinkle index and this enhanced blueberry fruit shelf life. Thus, this work presents a novel approach to preparing antimicrobial packaging films for post-harvest fruit preservation.

Microwave-assisted green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Cynoglossum furcatum extract: biomedical evaluation against A431 skin cancer cell line

ABSTRACT The present study was carried out to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from an aqueous leaf extract of Cynoglossum furcatum, which functioned as a capping agent and reducing agent. The synthesized AgNPs have been revealed using a variety of microscopy techniques. The spherical dimension is exploited by electron microscopies, which have an average nanoparticle size of 33 nm. A topographical photograph of Cynoglossum furcatum AgNPs was obtained using atomic force microscopy, demonstrating the reduction of surface irregularity. The MTT assay was employed to evaluate the effect of the plant extract and the AgNPs on the Vero, 3T3 L1, and A431 cell lines. The agar disk diffusion was employed to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy with E.coli, S.typhi, S.aureus, and E.faecalis, as well as the antifungal efficacy against A.niger, C.albicans, A.flavus, and A.fumigates, which exhibited substantial antimicrobial activity.

Controlling and monitoring laser-mediated localized synthesis of silver nanoparticles within gold nanoapertures

Abstract Photoreduction of metallic nanoparticles can been used for localized and deterministic synthesis of nanostructures required for various applications. Specifically, in-situ photoreduction of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is a facile fabrication route that enables the fabrication of nanoplasmonic substrates. In the current work, we demonstrate an approach to fabricate hybrid plasmonic substrates using in-situ photoreduction of AgNPs within gold nanoapertures. The approach involves the top-down approach to fabricate NAs followed by a site specific synthesis of AgNPs within the NAs. Furthermore, we use dark-field imaging to monitor and understand the photoreduction within the gold NAs in real time. We demonstrate that a careful selection of experiment parameters aid to synthesize the AgNPs within NAs and the scattered light intensity can be used to map the charactereistics of the formed AgNPs. The illumination time, laser power and AgNO3 concentration can be used to tune the AgNPs characteristics. The demonstrated strategy for realizing hybrid plasmonic substrates can be used for the fabrication of substrates for SERS based sensors, enhancing of fluoroscence of molecules, and photocatalytic applications.

A novel green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Anisosciadium seeds extract as sensitive fluorescent nanosensors for determination of esomeprazole and lansoprazole in dosage forms and human plasma

This study introduces a novel and eco-friendly method for the spectrofluorimetric determination of two important anti-GERD drugs, esomeprazole and lansoprazole. The study depends on synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Anisosciadium seeds extract as a reducing agent, for the first time. The synthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized by applying various microscopic and spectroscopic methods, including Fourier Transform Infrared, High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy, Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Analysis, Dynamic Light Scattering technique, Ultraviolet–Visible spectrophotometry, and spectrofluorimetry. The produced silver nanoparticles demonstrated an emission band at 311 nm if excited at 222 nm, and showed powerful blue fluorescence when exposed to UV light. The obtained silver nanoparticles were employed as fluorescent nanoprobes for the determination of esomeprazole and lansoprazole spectrofluorimetrically, depending on their quenching of the native fluorescence of silver nanoparticles quantitatively. This study is the first spectrofluorimetric strategy for the determination of the investigated medications with the use of silver nanoparticles without the requirement for any pre-derivatization stages or large volumes of organic solvents. As investigated medications don’t display native fluorescent characteristics; the importance of the presented method increases. The suggested study demonstrated excellent linearity over the ranges of 1.0–10.0 μg/mL and 0.1–1.0 μg/mL with detection limits of 0.17 μg/mL and 0.015 μg/mL for esomeprazole and lansoprazole, respectively. The presented study was employed for the determination of esomeprazole and lansoprazole in human plasma samples and dosage forms with low % relative standard deviation and high % recoveries values. Greenness profile of the suggested method was assessed utilizing two various metrics, including Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI) and Analytical GREENNESS metric approach (AGREE), verifying lower environmental impact of the method and excellent eco-friendliness. The proposed strategy was validated in accordance with International Council for Harmonization(ICH) Q2 (R2) guidelines.

1 T/2 H mixed phase MoS2 nanosheets decorated with Ag nanoparticles for effective photocatalysis of organic dyes for wastewater treatment

The rapid industrialization and urbanization have led to the proliferation of organic dyes in wastewater, necessitating the development of efficient and sustainable treatment technologies. We report here a novel photocatalyst based on 1 T/2 H mixed-phase molybdenum disulfide nanosheets (1 T/2 H-MoS2 NSs) decorated with silver (Ag) nanoparticles for the enhanced photodegradation of both cataionic and anionic organic dyes under natural sunlight. Hydrothermally synthesized silver nanoparticles decorated 1 T/2 H MoS2 nanosheets (Ag-1 T/2 H MoS2 NSs) are characterized through X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Raman spectroscopy, UV–vis spectroscopy, and Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. FESEM results reveal that MoS2 NSs of thickness 17 nm clustered into nanoflowers where Ag nanoparticles are embedded in them. XRD results show the characteristic diffraction peaks at 2ϴ value 9.80 and 32.380 for (002) and (100) planes respectively. Photocatalytic performance has been evaluated by the degradation of Crystal Violet (CV) and Methyl Orange (MO) under direct sunlight irradiation. Nanocomposites exhibit a significant improvement in degradation efficiency i.e. 97 % for both (CV) and (MO) in 15 minutes and 25 minutes respectively compared to pure MoS2. The superior activity of the Ag-1 T/2 H MoS2 composite is attributed to the synergistic effects of the mixed-phase MoS2 structure and the charge transfer phenomenon provided by Ag nanoparticles. This work highlights the potential of Ag-1 T/2 H MoS2 NSs as an effective photocatalyst for the treatment of dye-contaminated wastewater.

Green synthesized silver nanoparticles and their biomedical applications: a review

Over the last two decades, scientists have become increasingly interested in metallic nanoparticles due to their unique properties, especially in the biomedical field. Green synthesis of metal nanoparticles is a rapidly growing field in nanotechnology due to its viability, reduced toxicity, ecofriendly nature, and ease of preparation. Plants have long been a centre of attraction in the field of medicine because they are a unique source of a variety of bioactive compounds. Silver has been known for its medicinal properties, especially its antibacterial therapeutic effect. Among other metal nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles have taken a special place since it has made a big impact on medical applications. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the biomedical qualities of medicinal plants, as well as an overview of their impact on the synthesis of green silver nanoparticles. Various biomedical applications of plant-mediated silver nanoparticles will also be highlighted.

Biomedical applications of chitosan-coated phytogenic silver nanoparticles: An alternative drug to foodborne pathogens

The biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was performed using crude rosmarinic acid (RA) from plants as a reducing agent and coated with chitosan biopolymer. The prepared particles were characterized by ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). A surface plasmon resonance peak at 430 nm indicates the emergence of AgNPs. XRD showed that the AgNPs were crystalline with an average crystalline size of 30 nm and TEM studies revelad that AgNPs were spherical without aggregation. The prepared CS-AgNPs exhibited good bactericidal properties against foodborne pathogens, such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. In particular, 100 μg/mL CS-AgNPs inhibited the growth of the selected bacteria and controlled their biofilm-forming ability. Band-aid cloth assay confirmed that the CS-AgNPs could be used in the medical field to prevent bacterial infections. The prepared CS-AgNPs increased the survival rate of Artemia species and exhibited antioxidant activity in conjunction with bactericidal properties against selected foodborne pathogens.

Quantitative assessment of Nigella sativa and conjugated silver nanoparticles against hexavalent chromium toxic effects on sperm function

BackgroundInfertility has been observed as one of the major issues in humans, one known risk factor is heavy metals. MethodsThe main focus of the present research was to assess the toxic effect of hexavalent chromium (Cr (VI)) on sperm and its mitigation by Nigella sativa seed extract (NS) and its conjugated silver nanoparticles (NS + NP). In the present study, we administered 1.5 mg/kg body of Cr (VI) orally in mice for 60 days routinely, to induce toxicity in testes and effect on sperm production and motility in male mice. NS and NS + NP (50 mg/kg body weight) were administered to evaluate protective action against Cr (VI). The sperm were analyzed by computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA) and chromium concentration in testicular tissue was measured via the atomic absorption spectrophotometer. ResultsThe CASA analysis showed that Cr (VI) was directly linked with a decline in sperm concentration, motility, distance, velocity, straightness, and head beat frequency attributes. However, the administration of Nigella sativa seed extract and its green synthesized silver nanoparticles improved sperm concentration, motility, distance, velocity, straightness, and head beat frequency. The chromium content in the testes of Cr-exposed animals significantly increased, which negatively affected sperm parameters. However, Nigella sativa and Nigella sativa conjugated silver nanoparticles appeared to help in the removal of Cr content from testes hence improving the sperm parameters in exposed mice. ConclusionThe decrease in Cr concentration improved sperm quality and quantity, hence, improve male fertility.

Geothermal Flora and AgNPs Synergy: A Study on the Efficacy of Lantana camara and Acrostichum aureum-Infused Hand Sanitizers

Hand hygiene is an important factor that needs to be observed in controlling the spread of diseases transmitted through hand-to-hand contact. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles from tembelekan (Lantana camara) and paku laut (Acrostichum aureum) using the green synthesis method has good antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria. Therefore, a preparation formulation was made, namely hand sanitizer, which is still rarely used. Formulations that have successfully entered the evaluation stage include organoleptic tests, homogeneity tests, spreadability tests, adhesion tests, viscosity tests, pH tests, accelerated stability tests, and irritation tests. Antibacterial activity was evaluated against bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The hand sanitizer is formulated to contain 5% tembelekan AgNPs (F1); paku laut AgNPs 5% (F2); and a combination of 2.5% paku laut AgNPs and 2.5% tembelekan AgNPs. The resulting hand sanitizer has good organoleptic characteristics, except for the color of the preparation, which changed during the accelerated stability test. Test results for pH, adhesion, spreadability, viscosity, and homogeneity of hand sanitizer meet the requirements of a good test. Irritation tests on ten volunteers showed no irritation reaction. Antibacterial tests show that hand sanitizer has bacterial antibacterial activity with an average ± standard deviation of the inhibition zone Staphylococcus aureus is 6.605±0.459(F1); 6.665±0.615(F2); 6.380±0.282(F3) dan Escherichia coli namely 6.575 ± 0.219 (F1); 6.860 ± 0.155 (F2); 6.810 ± 0.056 (F3). Making hand sanitizer AgNPs-based ingredients from plants can be used as hand sanitizer, but stabilizers are required to prevent color changes during storage.

Exploring antibacterial effectiveness: A comparative analysis of green and chemical synthesis of silver nanoparticles against Staphylococcus aureus

BackgroundSilver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are renowned for their broad-spectrum antibacterial properties. Various synthesis methods, particularly green synthesis using biogenic agents, have garnered significant attention. However, the detailed impact of green-synthesized AgNPs on the antibacterial mechanism against Staphylococcus aureus remain unclear, limiting the full potential of green synthesis compared to chemical methods. MethodsAgNPs were synthesized via chemical (sodium citrate, NaBH4) and green synthesis (green tea leaves, cassia seed extract) methods. The synthesized AgNPs were evaluated for toxicity and antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Significant findingsThis study revealed a strong correlation (R2>0.9) between minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and AgNP size for both synthesis methods, with a similar exponential trend. MIC values were 45, 40, 25, and 5 µg mL-1 for citrate-, NaBH4-, green tea extract-, and cassia seed extract-assisted synthesis, respectively. Green-synthesized AgNPs showed higher antibacterial activity than chemical AgNPs at comparable sizes. Chemical AgNPs exhibited low and fluctuating scavenging activity, while green methods were more consistent. Cytotoxicity was noted in chemical AgNPs and at high concentrations of green tea extract-assisted AgNPs. Bacterial membrane disruption and ROS accumulation were also observed, contributing to the enhanced antibacterial activity of green-synthesized AgNPs.

The Study of Calcium Chloride Effect on Silver Nanoparticles Capping with Roselle Extract Granule against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans

Abstract Objectives The primary aim of this research is to investigate the influence of calcium chloride on the synthesis of silver nanoparticles coated with roselle extract and enclosed within alginate and calcium chloride (SNP-Ro-CaCl2) beads, designated as SNP-Ro-CaCl2 beads. Additionally, the study aims to assess their antimicrobial activity. Materials and Methods For the preparation of SNP-Ro-CaCl2 beads, SNPs and alginate gel were mixed, followed by dropping in three different concentrations of CaCl2 solution (1%, 3%, and 5% w/v). The morphological structure of the SNP-Ro-CaCl2 beads was analyzed using a stereoscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Over a period of 14 days, the release of SNPs was monitored using ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. Additionally, the activity against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans was evaluated using the disk diffusion technique. Statistical Analysis The data for this experiment were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Scheffe's method. Results The results revealed that varying concentrations of calcium chloride had distinct crosslinking effects on alginate, resulting in different voids and porosity within the SNP-Ro-CaCl2 beads. In the SNP-Ro-1% CaCl2 beads, the inner element exhibited higher porosity, facilitating faster activation and greater efficiency in releasing SNPs. Regarding activity against A. actinomycetemcomitans after 14 days, SNP-Ro-1% CaCl2 beads showed a larger inhibition zone diameter compared to other concentrations, while no statistically significant difference in the inhibition zone diameter was observed between SNP-Ro-3% CaCl2 and SNP-Ro-5% CaCl2 beads. Additionally, it was observed that the antimicrobial effectiveness diminished after 17 days through testing of the lifetimes of the three concentrations. Conclusions This study developed a method for depositing SNP-Ro into alginate gel and crosslinking it with CaCl2 to produce small beads for the sustained release of SNP-Ro in periodontal lesions. Consequently, the SNP-Ro-CaCl2 beads have the potential to be developed as adjunctive locally delivered antimicrobial agents in periodontal therapy.

Valorization of whey through green synthesis of silver nanoparticles for developing biodegradable plastic films with bactericide properties

This study explores the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using untreated whey as a green approach, followed by their integration into biodegradable gelatin films for potential applications in antimicrobial packaging. UV–visible spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy confirm the successful synthesis of AgNPs, which are seamlessly incorporated into flexible and semi-transparent gelatin films. Comparing films with and without AgNPs, subtle changes are observed in UV–visible and Fourier-transform infrared spectra that are attributed to the low AgNP concentrations. However, the resulting films with AgNPs exhibit effective bactericidal efficacy against E. coli. Moreover, soil burial tests demonstrate significant biodegradability, with up to 80% mass loss within two weeks, showing comparable rates between films with and without AgNPs. These results show the prospects of whey-derived AgNPs in the development of sustainable, antimicrobial biodegradable films with potential applications in various industries.