Synthesis Of Iron Oxide Research Articles

Synthesis and characterization of polyphenols functionalized graphitic hematite nanocomposite adsorbent from an agro waste and its application for removal of Cs from aqueous solution

In this study, Polyphenols functionalized Graphitic Hematite Nanocomposite (PGHN) was used as an adsorbent to remove Caesium (Cs) ions from a simulated solution. The nanocomposite was produced by synthesizing iron oxide nanoparticles using orange peel extract (OPE) as the reducing and capping agent in the presence of graphite produced from sugarcane bagasse. The nanocomposite exhibited a scaly morphology and the mean particle size of rhombohedral structured hematite nanoparticles was found to be 148.9 nm. The simulated solution of Cs ions was treated with PGHN and the treatment conditions were optimized by batch method. The concentration of Cs ion in the treated solution was determined using atomic emission spectroscopy (AES). The maximum Cs adsorption of 97.95% was attained at an optimum condition of pH – 9.0 and adsorbent dose – 70 mg/mL for treatment period of 110 min. The experimental data of adsorption fitted well with pseudo 1st order kinetics and was favorable for both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The study reports a facile method for the production of nanocomposite using agro-wastes such as sugarcane bagasse and orange peels. The synthesized nanocomposite was used as an adsorbent for the removal of toxic Cs and can be further used for industrial wastewater treatment.

Green Synthesis of Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticle for Antibacterial Activity: A Review


 Recently, different researchers find nanoparticles as an auspicious alternative to antibacterial agents due to their antibacterial behaviour. This antibacterial behaviour contributes in many biomedical applications including; tissue engineering, drug and gene delivery and, imaging. Furthermore, iron oxide nanoparticle gains much importance due to their magnetic characteristics and wide range of application. Iron oxide nanoparticle (IONPs) have exhibits great potential against bacteria. During the past decade, various routes were developed to synthesize iron oxide nanoparticle with suitable size and composition. This article reviews the recent iron oxide nanoparticle obtained by green synthesis with a focus on their response to antibacterial activities. The iron nanoparticles synthesized by green synthesis method has accumulated a vital attention over the last couple of years due to their unique characteristic as it makes sure environmental friendly, nontoxic and safe reagents.

The green synthesis of iron oxide micro/nano structures for photocatalytic applications

Iron oxide nanoparticles are continuously drawing researcher’s attention because of their unique electronic and physicochemical properties in the field of catalysis, drug delivery and energy harvesting applications. The green synthesis of iron oxide magnetic micro/nano one dimensional structures (Fe2O3) using Black tea as a reducing agent was conducted in this report. The cotton was used as a template to obtain needle like structures as characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Finally the synthesized iron oxide structures showed good photocatalytic activity under solar illumination in the degradation of Methylene Blue dye.

Green rusts-derived iron oxide nanostructures catalyze NO reduction by CO

Green rusts with brucite-like layers of hydroxide intercalated with anions constitute a family of diverse precursors for the synthesis of iron oxides via dehydration, but precise structural control of the resulting oxides with respect to the size and shape at the nanometer level remains challenging due to the easy oxidation of the ferrous species. Herein, we report a new synthetic strategy for the facile preparation of fibrous-like green rusts by using appropriate balancing anions (CO32− and SO42−) in ethylene glycol to regulate the morphology. Depending on the type of the intercalating anion, the green rusts were converted into hematite with fibrous- or plate-like shapes upon thermal activation. When evaluated in the reaction of NO reduction by CO, these iron oxides showed a prominent shape-dependent catalytic behavior. The fibrous-like Fe2O3 was much more catalytically active and structurally robust than the plate-like analogue. Combined spectroscopic and microscopic characterizations on the nanostructured iron oxides revealed that the superior performance of the fibrous-like Fe2O3 stemmed from a facile Fe2O3/Fe3O4 redox cycle and a higher density of active sites for NO activation.

Modified nano particles method for fluorescent dye removal from aqueous samples

This work reports the synthesis of iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanocomposites (NCs) such as, Fe3O4/GO using CO-sedimentation method. The synthesized NCs were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD),). Through experiments and measurements, it was found that the compound (Fe3o4-GO) achieved the highest extraction rates of cyclic hydrocarbons from aqueous solutions, with a percentage of pyrene extracting 96% and fluorine 94%. Then the detection limit (LOD) and The quantitative limit (LOQ) of The hydroxy PAHs were determined using room temperature fluorescence spectroscopy technique and it was found (95%Graphene oxide, 85%Tannic acid, 53%(hummic acid). Then The synthesized nanoparticle was used to extract cyclic PAHs from an aqueous solution and The removal percentage were (96% pyrene, 94% fluorene). The results obtained showed the high value of the removal ratio that indicates of the tremendous power of the synthesized nanoparticles on removal of PAH.

SINTESIS KOMPOSIT NANO PANI/Fe3O4 KONDUKTIF BERBASIS PASIR ALAM

Polyaniline is a polymer material that has unique physical and even chemical properties, especially in its electrical properties. PANi synthesis can be carried out by chemical and electrochemical oxide reaction methods. The purposes of this study are to synthesize PANi and PANi / Fe3O4 composites by chemical oxide reactions and measure their conductivity. This research begins with the synthesis of iron oxide (Fe3O4) from natural iron sand and then followed by the synthesis of PANi / Fe3O4 composites using copreticipitation method. The Fe3O4 crystal phase was determined by using XRD, while the vibrational mode and morphology of the PANi / Fe3O4 nanocomposite was observed using FTIR and SEM. The conductivity properties were measured using a LCR meter. Furthermore, the conductivity properties were measured using a LCR meter and the result reveals a greater conductivity value as increasing the concentration of Fe3O4, the highest conductivity value of 3.1 mS/cm is known by the sample with an iron oxide concentration of 1 %. While the samples with a concentration of 0.5 % of iron oxide has conductivity values of 2.8 mS/cm and pure PANi of 2.1 mS/cm. Due to its properties such to inert to the environment and having conductive properties, the obtained PANI / Fe3O4 composite can be employed as a super capacitor electrode.

Scale-up of the Solution Combustion Synthesis of Iron Oxides with the Addition of the Inactive Component FeOx

Scale-up of the Solution Combustion Synthesis of Iron Oxides with the Addition of the Inactive Component FeOx

Facile synthesis of iron oxide supported on porous nitrogen doped carbon for catalytic oxidation

Iron oxide (FexOy) supported on porous nitrogen doped carbon is synthesized by a facile pyrolysis method. SiO2 and NaNO3 are used as the template and activation agent respectively for porous structure generation and large specific surface area (SSA) creation. The obtained materials show superior catalytic oxidation ability and can activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) in a wide pH range (3–9) to degrade organic pollutants. The degradation process is a two-stage reaction, including a rapid initial decay and a following slow reaction stage. According to the free radical quenching experiments, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy analysis, and electrochemical tests, the superoxide radical (O2−) and singlet oxygen (1O2) are proved to play crucial roles in organics degradation. The high SSA (773 m2 g−1), abundant of structural defects, and synergistic effect between FexOy and the nitrogen doped carbon are the key factors for the enhanced activity. The catalysts in this study can be synthesized easily and contain no toxic metals, thus should have great potential in the wastewater remediation.

Green Synthesis of Iron Oxides and Phosphates via Thermal Treatment of Iron Polyphenols Synthesized by a Camellia sinensis Extract.

Iron oxide nanoparticles (FeONPs) prepared with plant extracts have been emerging as green and sustainable materials. FeONPs are usually amorphous due to the chelation of the tea polyphenols (TPs) to the iron, and the real nature of the iron compounds is not completely understood. The main goal of this study was to investigate the behavior of the green FeONPs synthesized from an Fe3+ salt and Cammelia sinensis (black tea) extract upon thermal treatment, in order to remove TPs and enable the formation of crystalline materials suitable for a thorough characterization and with the potential for diverse applications. The as-prepared FeONPs were assigned as mixed-valence Fe(III) oxyhydroxides and Fe(II)/Fe(III) ions bound to TPs. A detailed description of the phase transformation upon heating revealed the formation of the rare nano β-Fe2O3 phase at 400 °C, followed by a transformation to α-Fe2O3 as the temperature increased. Above 600 °C, the unprecedented formation of FePO4 and Fe3PO7 was observed, produced from the reaction of Fe2O3 and free phosphate ions present in the black tea leaves, Fe3PO7 being the major phase obtained at 900 °C. Finally, the catalytic potential of the FeONPs to treat the azo dye methyl orange through a heterogeneous Fenton-like system was investigated.

Hydrothermal Synthesis of α-Fe₂O₃ as Anode for Fe/Air Battery.

The size, shape and structure of iron particles in iron electrode influence the electrochemical properties of Fe/air cells. In order to improve the electrochemical performance of Fe/air cells, an attempt has been made successfully to synthesize iron oxide particles with different surface morphologies and have been used as negative electrodes. Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles were synthesized by hydrothermal method, in which their different morphologies viz., hollow spheres, tubes and plates have been controlled by the concentration of precursors. All the results showed better cycleability, good discharge capacity of synthesized Fe₂O₃ exhibited improved performance compared to commercial Fe₂O₃. Among the synthesized Fe₂O₃, hollow sphere provided the highest discharge capacity.

Evaluation of antibacterial and anticancer activity of green synthesized iron oxide (α-Fe2O3) nanoparticles

In the present study, Piper betel leaves extract was used to synthesize iron oxide nanoparticle (α-Fe2O3) from anhydrous ferric chloride. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using XRD, SEM, TEM, FTIR and UV spectroscopy. The iron oxide nanoparticles obtained were cubical in shape and the XRD result showed the average size as 25.17 nm. The application potential of α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles prepared in the present study was tested for its antibacterial activity towards both gram negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeroginosa) and gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans) by agar well diffusion method. Among the different bacterial pathogens used, the material exhibited highest antibacterial activity at a concentration of 1000 µg/ml for P. aeroginosa (15 mm) while the lowest activity was observed for Streptococcus mutans (11 mm). The material was also investigated for its anticancer potential against A549 (Lung Cancer) cells by MTT assay. The observed cytotoxic response was in a concentration-dependent manner. The bioefficacy exhibited by the synthesized material may lead to its possible applications in environmental and biomedical fields.

Physiognomy and Antibacterial Activity of Mycosynthesized Iron Nanoparticles from Penicillium critinum Thom, an Arsenic Removing Fungus

Nanotechnology is well established and an essential field of material science research due to production of ultra smaller particle size with distinctive surface properties. The fungi are ubiquitous in nature and versatile in growth and metal tolerance ability. The present study reveals a positive relationship between arsenic metal removing ability of an aquatic fungus isolated from arsenic contaminated ground water and its potential for the synthesis of iron oxide (Fe2O3) nanoparticles. The mycobiosynthesis of iron nanoparticles (Fe-NPs) employing a fungus named Penicillium citrinum is being first time reported as an eco-friendly process for the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles. The mycobiosynthesis of iron nanoparticles was confirmed to the change of colour of solution (fungus + iron oxide + water) from greenish to brown. These Fe-NPs were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transforms Infra-red (FTIR) analysis. Ultraviolet–visible spectrum of the aqueous medium containing iron ions showed a peak at 230 nm and another peak at 245 nm. The morphology of Fe-NPs was found to be rounded in shape mostly by SEM and the average particle diameter as determined by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) analysis was found to be 8 ± 3 nm, where particles size ranged from 5 to 11 nm. The mycosynthesized Fe-NPs have exhibited high antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative human pathogenic bacteria hence may be recommended to exercise for drug discovery and disease control effectively.

Fabrication of Iron Oxide/Zinc Oxide Nanocomposite Using Creeper Blepharis maderaspatensis Extract and Their Antimicrobial Activity.

Green nanotechnology has recently had a significant influence on advances in biological applications. The surface manipulation of iron oxide NPs by zinc oxide is increasing attention for biomedical research. Therefore, this work focused on the phytochemicals of creeper Blepharis maderaspantensis (BM) water extract for synthesizing iron oxide NPs and iron oxide/zinc oxide nanocomposite. The UV spectrum analysis showed a wavelength redshift from 294 to 302 nm of iron oxide/ZnO nanocomposite, and the polydispersity index revealed that the perfect preparations of iron oxide NPs were prepared by boiling 0.25 g of the plant in deionized water then the filtrate added to ferric chloride (1:1 v/v). The HRTEM results also illustrated that amorphous iron oxide NPs are spherical and irregular in shape. However, the iron oxide/ZnO nanocomposite showed a rod shape of ZnO with an average length and width of ∼19.25 ± 3.2 × 3.3 ± 0.6 nm surrounding amorphous iron oxide NPs. Furthermore, a high antimicrobial activity with MRSA and E. coli was demonstrated by iron oxide NPs. However, because of instability and negative surface charge of the iron oxide nanocomposite, there was no antimicrobial activity. Future cytotoxic studies of the iron oxide NPs synthesized with polyphenols of BM extract are desirable, and their applications in medical purposes will be recommended.

Synthesis of iron oxide cubes/reduced graphene oxide composite and its enhanced lithium storage performance

Fe3O4 is considered as a promising electrode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to its low cost and high theoretical capacity (928 mAh/g). Nevertheless, the huge volume expansion and poor conductivity seriously hamper its practical applications. In this study, we use a facile hydrothermal reaction together with a post heat treatment to construct the three-dimensional heterostructured composite (Fe3O4/rGO) inwhich reduced graphene oxide sheets wraped the Fe3O4 submicron cubes as the conductive network. The electric conduction and electrode kinetics of lithium ion insertion/extraction reaction of the composite is enhanced due to the assist of conductive rGO, and thus the Li-storage performance is obviously improved. The composite exhibits a reversible charge capacity of 772.1 mAh/g at the current density of 0.1 A/g, and the capacity retention reaches 70.3% after 400 cycles at 0.5 A/g, demonstrating obviously higher specific capacity and rate capability over the Fe3O4 submicron cubes without rGO, and much superior cycling stability to the parent Fe2O3 submicron cubes without rGO. On the other hand, as a synergic conductive carbon support, the flexible rGO plays an important role in buffering the large volume change during the repeated discharge/charge cycling.

A novel method to synthesize iron oxide nanomaterials: Characterization, properties, and performance on the direct red 80 dye removal from aqueous solution

In this work, iron-based nanomaterials (IONs-1 and IONs-2) were synthesized from zero-valent iron nanoparticles (IONs-0) and characterized. IONs-1 were synthesized from IONs-0 by hydrogen peroxide treatment, followed by calcination at 350 °C. IONs-2 were synthesized from IONs-0 by sequential treatment with hydrogen peroxide and sodium hydroxide, respectively. IONs-1 presented the following phases: superparamagnetic Fe3+ (7%), α-Fe2O3 (17%), and γ- Fe2O3 (76%). IONs-2 presented the following phases: superparamagnetic Fe3+ (5%), γ-Fe2O3 (51%) and Fe3S4 (54%). Through microscopy images, it was possible to verify that the IONs-1 and IONs-2 exhibit, respectively, nanorod and well-defined nanosheets formats. The specific surface areas of IONs-1 and IONs-2 were 85.37 and 223.84 m2 g-1, respectively. IONs-1 and IONs-2 were used to remove Direct Red 80 dye, resulting in about 100% removal.

Investigation of the combustion of iron pentacarbonyl and the formation of key intermediates in iron oxide synthesis flames

The information of the gas phase kinetics are relevant for the development of detailed reaction mechanisms as well as for process design and control in flame synthesis. In this study, the decomposition of iron pentacarbonyl and the reaction pathways towards iron oxide clusters and particles in laminar H2/O2/Ar low-pressure synthesis flames are investigated. Gas-phase species are analyzed by photoionization and electron ionization mass spectrometry. The extraction of a representative sample from the particle-laden flow of a synthesis flame by an intrusive sampling technique for the analysis is challenging, because iron-intermediate species can condense easily. Cations can be extracted from the flame with a high efficient ion sampling technique that results in high sensitivity. Iron-containing cations provide evidence of the presence of key intermediates, e.g., Fe(OH)2, Fe(OH)3, Fe2O3, and larger Fe-O-clusters which are the dominant intermediates with respect to particle formation and need to be considered in future gas-phase reaction mechanisms.

Green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using the leaf extract of phyllanthus niruri


 
 
 In recent years, nanotechnology has emerged as a start-of-the-art, with multifarious applications in a wide array of fields. Studies on green synthesis of nanoparticles moves forward these days. The present work involves the green method of synthesizing Iron oxide nanoparticles [Fe2O3] by Phyllanthus Niruri leaf extract and NaOH which acts as a precipitating agent. Furthermore, the green synthesized Iron oxide nanoparticles were characterized and its antibacterial activity was investigated. As this plant extract is more beneficial, it is energy efficient, low cost and environmentally friendly process than the biohazardous chemical synthesis. Iron oxide nano particles are gaining importance for their uses in environmental remediation technologies. The characterization of nano particles includes the IR, UV-Vis, and Size determination using SEM and XRD. The average crystalline size of the iron oxide nanoparticles was calculated by Debye’s Scherrer formula,d = 12.34nm. The analytical studies revealed that the synthesized Iron oxide nanoparticles almost have the identical size and morphology. Thus, the above studies concluded, the synthesized material was Iron oxide nanoparticles.
 
 

Scanning electron microscopy of bio-fabricated Fe2 O3 nanoparticles and their application to control brown rot of citrus.

Citrus is the leading fruit crop of Pakistan and exported to different parts of the world. Due to suitable weather condition, this crop is affected by different biotic factors which seriously deteriorate its quality and quantity. During the months of November 2018 to January 2019, citrus brown rot symptoms were recurrently observed on sweet oranges in National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC), Islamabad. Causal agent of citrus brown rot was isolated, characterized, and identified as Fusarium oxysporum. For environment-friendly control of this disease, leaf extract of Azadirachta indica was used for the green synthesis of iron oxide (Fe2 O3 ) nanoparticles. These nanoparticles were characterized before their application for disease control. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) of these synthesized nanoparticles described the presence of stabilizing and reducing compounds like alcohol, phenol, carboxylic acid, and alkaline and aromatic compounds. X-Ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed the crystalline nature and size (24 nm) of these nanoparticles. Energy dispersive X-Ray (EDX) analysis elaborated the presence of major elements in the samples. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed the spinal shaped morphology of prepared nanoparticles. Successfully synthesized nanoparticles were evaluated for their antifungal potential. Different concentrations of Fe2 O3 nanoparticles were used and maximum mycelial inhibition was observed at 1.0 mg/ml concentration. On the basis of these findings, it could be concluded that Fe2 O3 nanoparticles, synthesized in the leaf extract of A. indica, can be successfully used for the control of brown rot of sweet oranges.

Nanostructured maghemite and magnetite and their nanocomposites with graphene oxide for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue

A wet chemical route was utilized to synthesize iron oxide nanoparticles for the photocatalytic degradation of the Methylene Blue (MB) dye. The former (γ-Fe2O3) was also used to fabricate composite with graphene oxide (GO). X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to confirm the prepared compounds and their composites with GO. XRD confirmed the crystalline structure with the corresponding patterns and other physical parameters. The wider peaks showed the less crystallite size of prepared samples. SEM images showed that the nanoparticles have relatively spherical morphology. The size estimated from the SEM images was in the range of 70–100 nm. The surface properties such as specific surface area and pore size were also determined by N2 adsorption-desorption measurements. The specific surface areas determined from BET analysis were 50 m2/g and 73 m2/g for iron oxide nanoparticles and their composite with GO, respectively. High surface area provided more attachment sites for the adsorption of methylene blue (MB) molecules with γ-Fe2O3 @ GO. Further GO suppressed the aggregation of iron oxide nanoparticles. UV spectroscopic analysis led towards band gap energy value which motivated the optical properties of the nanoparticles. As the nanodomain of particles was lowered, the band gap values increased. Therefore the efficacy of γ-Fe2O3 @ GO nanomaterials was improved. The photodegradation of MB by γ-Fe2O3 @ GO was observed up to 90.6% compared to γ-Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 nanoparticles. Easy electronic conduction from valence band to conduction band and suppression of charge carrier recombination at photocatalyst surface could also increase the photocatalytic activity of photocatalyst.

Rapid green synthesis of noncytotoxic iron oxide nanoparticles using aqueous leaf extract of Thymbra spicata and evaluation of their antibacterial, antibiofilm, and antioxidant activity

Herein the green synthesis of iron oxide (FeO) nanoparticles (NPs) was achieved by using Thymbra spicata leaf extract. The antibacterial activity of FeONPs was evaluated against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria by using broth microdilution assay. Further, the antioxidant and cytotoxic potential of FeONPs was determined by using standard protocols. The effects of nanoparticles on Staphylococcus aureus growth and on their biofilm formation were investigated. FeONPs at the concentration of 100 µg/mL exhibited excellent bactericidal action against Salmonella typhimurium. Also, the biogenic nanoparticles inhibited the growth rate of S. aureus. Furthermore, FeONPs showed noncytotoxic characteristics on L929 mouse fibroblast cells. All these results revealed that FeONPs obtained by simple and eco-friendly synthesis process through T. spicata extract could be considered a promising candidate as antibacterial agent for many different applications. Also, biogenic FeONPs with their antibiofilm activity on S. aureus could serve as potent antibacterial agents against pathogenic biofilm-forming bacteria.