Synthesis Of Tin Oxide Nanoparticles Research Articles

Bio-active synthesis of tin oxide nanoparticles using eggshell membrane for energy storage application

Nano-sized tin oxide (SnO2) particles were synthesized using eggshell membrane (ESM), a natural bio-waste from the chicken eggshell. The crystallization of SnO2 into the tetragonal structure was confirmed from powder X-ray diffraction and the crystallite size ranged from 13 to 40 nm. Various shapes including rod, hexagonal and spherical SnO2 nanoparticles were observed from the morphological studies. The electrochemical impedance study revealed a lower charge transfer resistance (Rct) of 8.565 Ω and the presence of a constant phase element which arised due to surface roughness and porosity. Capacitive behavior seen in the cyclic voltammetry curve of the prepared SnO2 nanoparticles, find future applications in supercapacitors.

Multifunctional performance of nanocrystalline tin oxide

Crystalline tin oxide, with nanometre size range in diameter, was synthesized using a solution phase approach. The oxide material showed the photocatalytic performance for the reduction of a xanthene based dye in presence of ultra-violet irradiation, where the conduction band electron is responsible for the reduction mechanism. In addition to that the calculated power density and energy density values of the synthesized tin oxide nanoparticles, in combination with graphitic carbon, is comparable with the electrochemical supercapacitor like materials.

Biosynthesis of vitamin C stabilized tin oxide nanoparticles and their effect on body weight loss in neonatal rats

The green synthesis of tin oxide nanoparticles (SnO2 NPs) using vitamin C (Vc) as a reducing agent via a biosynthetic approach is described. The effect of Vc-stabilized SnO2 NPs on the body weight of neonatal rats is also studied. The prepared SnO2NPs were characterized using spectroscopic and microscopic instrumental techniques including transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV–visible spectrophotometry (UV–vis), X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, which confirmed the formation of NPs. TEM images confirmed the formation of spherical NPs with a mean particle size of around 30nm. The body weight studies showed that vitamin-C stabilized SnO2 NPs promote a higher body weight gain compared to raw SnO2 NPs. It was also shown that Vc can counteract the decreased body weight caused by SnO2 NPs in neonatal rats.

Solar synthesized tin oxide nanoparticles dispersed on graphene wrapped carbon nanotubes as a Li ion battery anode material with improved stability

Average 3 nm SnO2 nanoparticles dispersed protruded surfaced graphene wrapped carbon nanotubes were used as a functional anode to achieve improved capacity and remarkable cyclic stability.

High-efficiency synthesis of nanoparticles in a repetitive multigap spark discharge generator

We describe a method of obtaining aerosol nanoparticles in a repetitive spark discharge generator with 12 interelectrode gaps between tin electrodes, which operates at a pulse repetition frequency of 2.5 kHz. During synthesis of tin oxide nanoparticles in air, the mass productivity of the gas discharge generator reaches up to 9 g/h for primary particles with characteristic sizes within 5–10 nm and agglomerate size on the order of 50 nm.

Green chemical approach towards the synthesis of SnO2 NPs in argument with photocatalytic degradation of diazo dye and its kinetic studies

There are variety of effluents are dumped or directly discarded into atmosphere due to drastic industrialization which leads to damages in living organisms. To prevent many type of environmental defects our research group focused to synthesis material which degrades toxic substance like dyes with the help of ecofriendly synthesis. We have synthesized Tin oxide nanoparticles (SnO2 NPs) using aqueous extract of Catunaregam spinosa (C. spinosa) root barks. Bio-inspired synthesized SnO2 NPs were monitored by analytical characterization which inferred that SnO2 NPs resulted in shape of spherical, with size average of 47±2nm. Further bio-green synthesized SnO2 NPs were subjected to degrade toxic Congo red dye, which results in higher percentage of degradation with the K value of 0.9212 which obeys pseudo-first order reaction kinetics. This report said to be novel due to null report on SnO2 NPs synthesized from C. spinosa root bark aqueous extract which also stated to be simplest, cheaper and non-toxic while compare to other methods. Further to identify the metabolites which is present in the aqueous extract were identified through Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry with methanol as a solvent results that 7-hydroxy-6-methoxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one contains higher area percentage of 67.47 with the retention time (RT) of 18.660.

Synthesis and characterization of tin oxide nanoparticles via the Co-precipitation method

The present study illustrates the characteristics and co-precipitation method for synthesis of tin oxide nanoparticles. The tin oxide nanoparticles were produced using tin chloride, Triton X-100 and ammonia precipitators. Structure, size and surface morphology of the tin oxide was studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show sphere shaped tin oxide nanoparticles without chlorine contamination. The crystallite size determined by the Scherrer formula is about 23 nm. Lattice parameters calculated by Nelson-Riley equation show high quality of crystallization.

English

Tin oxide nanoparticles are prepared by electrochemical reduction method using tetrapropylammonium bromide (TPAB) and tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB) as structure directing agent in an organic medium viz. tetrahydrofuran (THF) and acetonitrile (ACN) in 4:1 ratio by optimizing current density and molar concentration of the ligand. The reduction process takes place under an inert atmosphere of nitrogen over a period of 2 h. Such nanoparticles are prepared by using a simple electrolysis cell in which the sacrificial anode as a commercially available in tin metal sheet and platinum (inert) sheet act as a cathode. The parameters such as current density, solvent polarity, distance between electrodes and concentration of stabilizers are used to control the size of nanoparticles. The synthesized tin oxide nanoparticles are characterized by using UV–Visible, FT-IR and SEM–EDS analysis techniques. UV-Visible spectroscopy has revealed the optical band gap to be 4.13, 4.16 and 4.24 ev for (8, 10 and 12 mA/cm2) and the effect of current density on theirs particle size, respectively.

Modification of the structural and optical properties of tin oxide nanoparticles by Co doping and thermal annealing

Enhancement of the UV photoluminescence emission of sol–gel synthesized tin oxide nanoparticles is achieved by a combination of thermal annealing and Co doping. The UV as well as the defect-related visible photoluminescence are correlated to the structural characteristics and surface Sn(OH)2 content. The nanoparticle structure, size, crystallinity, and Sn(OH)2 content are monitored by a combination of X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. In the undoped powders, a suitable annealing leads to a significant UV luminescence at around 365 nm. After doping with Co and annealing, the UV emission is further enhanced. The improvement in the UV emission intensity following annealing and Co doping of SnO2 is demonstrated to be due to a reduction in the hydroxyl content. The defect-related broad visible photoluminescence (∼400–650 nm) can be deconvoluted into three bands at around 440 nm (blue), 510 nm (green), and 600 nm (orange). The green emission is related to Sn(OH)2 determined by Raman spectroscopy. The blue and orange emissions are attributed to oxygen vacancies.

Controlled Synthesis of Monodisperse Sub‐100 nm Hollow SnO2 Nanospheres: A Template‐ and Surfactant‐Free Solution‐Phase Route, the Growth Mechanism, Optical Properties, and Application as a Photocatalyst

Controlled synthesis of low-dimensional materials, such as nanoparticles, nanorods, and hollow nanospheres, is vitally important for achieving desired properties and fabricating functional devices. We report a systematic investigation of the growth of low-dimensional sub-100 nm SnO(2) hollow nanostructures by a mild template- and surfactant-free hydrothermal route, aiming to achieve precise control of morphology and size. The starting materials are potassium stannate and urea in an ethylene glycol (EG)/H(2)O system. We found the size of the SnO(2) hollow nanospheres can be controlled by simply adjusting the urea concentration. Investigation of the mechanism of formation of the SnO(2) hollow nanospheres revealed that reaction time, urea concentration, and reaction temperature make significant contributions to the growth of hollow nanospheres. On switching the solvent from EG/H(2)O to H(2)O or ethanol, the SnO(2) nanostructures changed from nanospheres to ultrafine nanorods and nanoparticles. On the basis of reaction parameter dependent experiments, oriented self-assembly and subsequent evacuation through Ostwald ripening are proposed to explain the formation of hollow nanostructures. Their size-dependent optical properties, including UV/Vis absorption spectra and room-temperature fluorescence spectra, were also studied. Moreover, the studies on the photocatalytic property demonstrate that the fabricated hollow structures have slightly enhanced photocatalytic degradation activity for rhodamine B when exposed to mercury light irradiation compared to solid SnO(2) nanospheres under the same conditions. The synthesized tin oxide nanoparticles display high photocatalytic efficiency and have potential applications for cleaning polluted water in the textile industry.

Synthesis of tin oxide nanoparticles by sol–gel process: effect of solvents on the optical properties

Tin oxide (SnO2) nanoparticles were synthesized by the reaction of SnCl4·5H2O in methanol, ethanol and water via sol–gel method. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared, Scanning electron microscopy and Transmission electron microscopy. The optical properties of the as-prepared samples were investigated. The XRD analysis showed well crystallized tetragonal SnO2 can be obtained and the crystal sizes were 3.9, 4.5 and 5 nm for the sample calcined at 400 °C for 2 h. It was found that solvents played important roles in the particle size effect of nanocrystalline SnO2.

A VERSATILE BOTTOM UP APPROACH FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF TIN OXIDE NANOPARTICLES AND THEIR POTENTIAL

Functional oxides are presently much investigated for their potential applications in various areas and Tin oxide appears particularly interesting when grown in nanometer range. A versatile and an economic technique have been developed for the synthesis of tin oxide nanoparticles, which does not require any substrate or surfactant. The technique is based on a simple reaction of tin and water at low temperature. The water is regarded as benign and safe solvent and the nanostructures so produced are biocompatible. This synthetic technique has the following advantages: First, the synthesis needs no sophisticated equipments since it is conducted at low temperature of 200°C under normal atmosphere. Second, the clean surfaces of the as-synthesized nanostructures can be readily functionalized for various applications since there is neither a capping reagent nor a substrate. Finally, the approach is nontoxic without producing hazardous waste. Therefore, the technique could be extended and expanded to provide a general simple and convenient strategy for the synthesis of nanostructures of other functional materials with important scientific and technological applications. The relative studies are in process and will be reported in forth coming publications.

Solvent effects in the synthesis process of tin oxide

Water is the most frequently used solvent in the chemical synthesis of inorganic materials where hydrolysis and condensation are the main reactions. In this work, we synthesized tin oxide nanoparticles using ethanol or acetic acid as a solvent by the controlled precipitation method. The main physicochemical phenomena that take place during the synthesis process and the possible reactions that led to the formation of the particles in the solution are described. The ceramic powder obtained was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal analysis, infrared (IR) spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Interestingly, Romarchite SnO was the main crystalline phase obtained when acetic acid was used as solvent.

Development of metal oxide nanoparticles by soft chemical method

An extensive work for the study of SnO2 samples doped with x-mol% of Sb (x = 0, 6, 10, 14 and 18) is reported. The materials were prepared by the polymeric precursor method (Pechini method), calcined for 4 h between 800 °C and 1200 °C. The Rietveld method with X-ray diffraction data (XRD) was used to analyze the unit cell dimensions, crystallite size and microstrain. It was observed the crystallite size increasing and decrease of the microstrain with the increase of the calcining temperature. The synthesis of tin oxide nanoparticles with high thermal stability against particle growth rate was achieved by doping SnO2 particles with Sb2O3. All the phases tend to have the same dimension when the temperature increases, although its values varies with x and reaches the maximum value when fired at 1100 °C. These variations seem to be an indication that the oxidation state of the antimony changes with the amount of Sb added to the material.

Polyol-mediated synthesis of ultrafine tin oxide nanoparticles for reversible Li-ion storage

A simple, cheap and versatile, polyol-mediated fabrication method has been extended to the synthesis of tin oxide nanoparticles on a large scale. Ultrafine SnO 2 nanoparticles with crystallite sizes of less than 5 nm were realized by refluxing SnCl 2 · 2H 2O in ethylene glycol at 195 °C for 4 h under vigorous stirring in air. The as-prepared SnO 2 nanoparticles exhibited enhanced Li-ion storage capability and cyclability, demonstrating a specific capacity of 400 mAh g −1 beyond 100 cycles.

Facile Synthesis of Tin Oxide Nanoparticles Stabilized by Dendritic Polymers

Tin(IV) oxide nanoparticles were synthesized via the reaction of carbon dioxide with stannate ions immobilized by dendritic polymers. For PAMAM and PPI dendrimer hosts, resultant nanoparticle diameters were 2.5-3 nm; 3-3.5 nm nanoparticles resulted from use of a poly(ethyleneimine) hyperbranched polymer. Our conditions represent the only precedent for SnO2 nanoparticulate growth using dendritic architectures, as well as a novel application for CO2 as a reactive gas for the controlled growth of metal oxide nanoparticles.

Synthesis of Tin Oxide Nanoparticles Using a Mini-arc Plasma Source

AbstractMiniaturized electronic noses to rapidly detect and differentiate trace amount of chemical agents are extremely attractive. Use of tin oxide nanoparticles as sensing elements has been proved to significantly improve both the response time and the sensitivity of gas sensors or electronic noses. In this paper, we report the synthesis of pure tin oxide nanoparticles using a simple, convenient, and low-cost mini-arc plasma source. The nanoparticle size distribution is measured online using a scanning electrical mobility spectrometer (SEMS). The product nanoparticles are analyzed ex-situ by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) for morphology, crystal structure, and defects. Non-agglomerated rutile tin oxide (SnO2) nanoparticles as small as a few nm have been produced, with rounded shapes and some faceting on the lowest energy surfaces.

Surface states in template synthesized tin oxide nanoparticles

Tin–oxide nanoparticles with controlled narrow size distributions are synthesized while physically encapsulated inside silica mesoporous templates. By means of ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, a redshift of the optical absorbance edge is observed. Photoluminescence measurements corroborate the existence of an optical transition at 3.2 eV. The associated band of states in the semiconductor gap is present even on template-synthesized nanopowders calcined at 800 °C, which contrasts with the evolution of the gap states measured on materials obtained by other methods. The gap states are thus considered to be surface localized, disappearing with surface faceting or being hidden by the surface-to-bulk ratio decrease.

Flame spray synthesis of tin oxide nanoparticles for gas sensing

ABSTRACTTin oxide nanoparticles for gas sensing application have been synthesized with an aerosol method. The particles were manufactured with the versatile Flame spray Pyrolysis (FSP) method producing highly crystalline powders with closely controlled a primary particle and crystallite size of 10 nm and 17 nm. The single crystalline particles were only slightly aggregated and directly used for thick film sensor deposition by drop coating and screen printing.The flame made SnO2 nanoparticles showed high and rapidresponse to reducing gases such as propanal and CO.

Synthesis of tin oxide nanoparticles by mechanochemical reaction

The synthesis of tin oxide (SnO 2) nanoparticles by mechanochemical reaction (SnCl 2+Na 2CO 3) with NaCl as diluent and subsequent thermal treatment was investigated using differential thermal analysis (DTA), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (IR) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Heat treatment of the as-milled powder at 600 °C in air and removal of NaCl through washing produced the SnO 2 nanocrystallites with an average crystal size of about 28 nm, varying with the thermal treatment temperature. The mechanism of nanocrystallites growth is discussed.