Sulfate Synthesis Research Articles

Material Synthesis and Growth of Zinc Sulphate Doped Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate

. crystallization is the process through with the atoms, molecules icon arranges themselves in a repeating pattern. There are numerous methods to obtain crystal, any number which may be applicable to a given compound. When sometimes it may see that crystallization is more of an art than a science. There are several methods that generally produce crystals. For small molecules. These methods are typically based on reducing the solubility of the sample. The solubility of most compound decreases as the temperature is lowered thus the cooling of a saturated solution will often produce crystals. Since rapid cooling may cause the precipitation of amorphous solid or microscopic crystals. It is often to wise to surround the flask with an insulating medium to slow the rate of cooling.

Synthesis and characterization of octopamine sulfate, norfenefrine sulfate and etilefrine sulfate reference materials for doping control

AbstractBACKGROUNDDoping is the use of prohibited substances by athletes to improve their performance. World Anti‐Doping Agency (WADA)‐accredited laboratories require various metabolite reference standards of the prohibited chemical substances or drugs for routine quality control. Therefore, it was proposed to develop efficient synthetic methodologies for highly pure reference materials of Phase II metabolites of octopamine, norfenefrine and etilefrine, which are prohibited in sports by WADA under the S6 stimulant category. The reference materials were characterized using various analytical techniques. New high‐performance liquid chromatography with diode‐array detection (HPLC‐DAD) methods were developed for purity assessment.RESULTSThe synthesized Phase II metabolite reference standards, i.e. octopamine sulfate, norfenefrine sulfate and etilefrine sulfate, were confirmed by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, liquid chromatography–high‐resolution mass spectrometry (LC‐HRMS), attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared and thermogravimetric analysis. In the LC‐HRMS study, the mass error value of synthesized compounds was less than 10 ppm (error) which confirms the identity of the reference materials. New HPLC‐DAD method were developed to ensure the purity of the reference materials. We used the HILIC column as metabolite reference standards are highly polar. The mobile phase was composed of water and acetonitrile in fixed composition. The HPLC‐DAD purity of the developed reference materials was observed as 100%.CONCLUSIONWe have developed reproducible synthetic routes for octopamine sulfate, norfenefrine sulfate and etilefrine sulfate, which are prohibited in sports by WADA. The synthesized metabolites were characterized using different advanced analytical techniques. These reference standards will be helpful to all WADA‐accredited laboratories in routine anti‐doping testing. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).

P-221 Single-cell transcriptomic profiles reveal the characteristics of oocytes and CCs at GV, MI, and MII in oocytes before ovulation

Abstract Study question what is the mechanism of the interaction between oocytes and CCs supporting oocyte development during oocyte maturation? Summary answer Cumulus cells are responsible for the accumulation of lipids and fatty acids to ensure oocytes have enough energy available for later embryogenesis. What is known already The oocyte and its surrounding cumulus cells (CCs) exist as an inseparable entity. The maturation of the oocyte is reliant on the materials and energy provided by CCs Although several reports have addressed the transcriptome of oocytes and granulosa cells during human folliculogenesis, many questions remain unanswered regarding the interaction between oocytes and CCs during the final stages of folliculogenesis before ovulation. Therefore, the mechanism of the interaction between oocytes and CCs supporting oocyte development during oocyte maturation is needed to be studied. Study design, size, duration We collected a total of 139 samples from 47 preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) patients for RNA sequencing , including 97 CCs (GV: 35; MI: 30; MII: 32) and 42 oocytes (GV: 22; MI: 11; MII: 9).10 cells were randomly selected from individually cumulus-oocyte complex per CC sample to avoid bias due to the different number of CCs in each follicle. The samples were collected within a time frame of 3 months. Participants/materials, setting, methods The oocytes removed from CGCs were quickly transferred to the operating dish for marking, the maturation stage was assessed and recorded by observing the nucleus of oocytes, the CCs were mechanically isolated. Isolated RNA from oocytes and CCs underwent library preparation using an oligo deoxy-thymidine(dT) priming approach followed by deep sequencing. Data processing and bioinformatics analysis were performed using software, mainly including FASTP, STAR, String Tie, ARCANE and DESeq2 along with functional annotation analysis. Main results and the role of chance We found that oocyte maturation is a dynamic process and MI oocytes can be subdivided into GV-like-MI oocytes and MII-like-MI oocytes. we revealed unique transcriptional machinery, transcription factor networks, and crosstalk, displaying developmental stage-specific expression patterns at the three stages of oocyte maturation. We also identified that both lipid and cholesterol metabolism in cumulus cells are active during the late stage of oocyte maturation, and lipids may serve as a more efficient energy source for oocytes and even embryogenesis. Moreover, we also found that the metabolic profile of MII CCs, particularly those associated with the synthesis pathway of heparan sulfate synthesis, predicts the quality of DAY 3 blastomeres（P = 0.0001）. Limitations, reasons for caution The transcriptional profile of mural granulosa cells during the final stages of follicle maturation has not been fully explored. Wider implications of the findings This study provides a relatively systematic and comprehensive overview of the transcriptional features and interactions between oocytes and CCs at different stages of maturation before ovulation and may provide insights into developing a non-invasive method for the clinical assessment of oocyte quality and prediction of DAY3 blastomere quality in ART. Trial registration number not applicable

VSIG4 interaction with heparan sulfates inhibits VSIG4-complement binding.

V-set and immunoglobulin domain-containing 4 (VSIG4) is a complement receptor of the immunoglobulin superfamily that is specifically expressed on tissue resident macrophages, and its many reported functions and binding partners suggest a complex role in immune function. VSIG4 is reported to have a role in immune surveillance as well as in modulating diverse disease phenotypes such as infections, autoimmune conditions, and cancer. However, the mechanism(s) governing VSIG4's complex, context-dependent role in immune regulation remains elusive. Here, we identify cell surface and soluble glycosaminoglycans, specifically heparan sulfates, as novel binding partners of VSIG4. We demonstrate that genetic deletion of heparan sulfate synthesis enzymes or cleavage of cell-surface heparan sulfates reduced VSIG4 binding to the cell surface. Furthermore, binding studies demonstrate that VSIG4 interacts directly with heparan sulfates, with a preference for highly sulfated moieties and longer glycosaminoglycan chains. To assess the impact on VSIG4 biology, we show that heparan sulfates compete with known VSIG4 binding partners C3b and iC3b. Furthermore, mutagenesis studies indicate that this competition occurs through overlapping binding epitopes for heparan sulfates and complement on VSIG4. Together these data suggest a novel role for heparan sulfates in VSIG4-dependent immune modulation.

Production of single-component cellulose-based hydrogel and its utilization as adsorbent for aqueous contaminants

The growing concern for the environment has resulted in renewed interest in bio-based resources. This study aims to produce a hydrogel adsorbent from cellulose and examine its adsorption performance. In pursuit of this goal, we report a simple one-pot synthesis of cellulose acetate sulfate (CAS), followed by the formation of CAS hydrogels and their subsequent adsorption performances. The CAS includes both hydrophilic and hydrophobic functional groups, enable the formation of a single-component hydrogel through intermolecular interactions in deionized water. The thermal reversibility of CAS hydrogels makes them easily processable into various shapes. The durability of the CAS hydrogel adsorbents can be improved by introducing divalent cations (e.g., Ca2+), which create ionically crosslinked hydrogels. The ionically a crosslinked CAS hydrogel adsorbent exhibits a maximum adsorption capacity of 245 mg/g for methylene blue (MB) at 23 °C and a pH of 7. The adsorption behavior of MB on the CAS hydrogel follows both the pseudo-second-order model and the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. Furthermore, the CAS hydrogel adsorbent maintains a 70 % removal ratio after five cycles. The simplicity of synthesis and hydrogel formation opens up new possibilities for producing and utilizing cellulose-based hydrogels as adsorbents for aqueous contaminants.

The FTIR image comparison of zirconium sulfate synthesis products from the pathways of Na2ZrO3 and zirconium oxychloride compounds

PSTA BATAN has synthesized zirconium sulfate (ZS) through two methods. Synthesis pathway (I) from Na2ZrO3 (CDZ) and (II) through zirconium oxychloride (ZOC). This research aimed to compare both pathways by utilizing FTIR. Path (I) was done using concentrations of H2SO4 65%, contact time of 30, 60, 90, and 150 min, and temperatures of 125, 150, 175, and 225 °C. While path II has been carried out in previous studies [1]. The FTIR image comparison was finished by tracing sulfate derivative functional groups from a wavenumber of 4000–400 cm−1. The O–H stretching at 3441.01 cm−1 as the Zr(OH)Zr group and OH vibration in 3425.68 cm−1 were found at each pathway. However, at pathway (II), we observed another vibration at 3132.40 cm−1 as the NH3 compound group. Furthermore, the track records of S–O and SO stretching on both pathways were checked at 1635.64, 1095.57, and 956.69 cm−1, respectively, as H3O+, SO42−, and SO32− species. The real difference in pathway (I) was revealed by the presence of H2SO4 residue at 802.39 cm−1. At the same time, the Zr–O–Zr and O–Zr–O stretching could be detected in both pathways at the wavenumber of 594.09 and 470.63 cm−1 consecutively. The form of synthesis pathway (I) product was predicted as Zr(SO4)2, while the product of path (II) forecasted as Zr(NH3)(SO4)2 compound.

Immuno-skeletal Dysplasia with Neurodevelopmental Abnormalities complicated with Omenn Syndrome in a case of a compound heterozygous variants of exostosin-like 3 gene

IntroductionSevere combined immunodeficiency (SCID) encompasses over thirty monogenic disorders. Exostosin like glycosyltransferase 3 (EXTL3) is a ubiquitously expressed gene encoding an enzyme involved in the synthesis of heparan sulfate. EXTL3 deficiency results in an ultra-rare autosomal recessive condition called Immuno-skeletal Dysplasia with Neurodevelopmental Abnormalities (ISDNA).This report describes a patient with compound heterozygous variants in the EXTL3 gene with ISDNA. Case DescriptionA 2-week-old Caucasian full-term male with multiple dysmorphisms (Table 1), in-utero ischemic brain injury, and discoordinated feeding admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit was noted to have undetectable T-cell receptor excision circle (TREC) on his newborn screen. The workup revealed profound T-cell deficiency, undetectable CD4+CD45RA+CD31+ cells (CD4RTE), and normal CD19+ B- and CD16+/CD56+ NK-cell counts (Figure 1). Trio rapid genome sequencing, including non-consanguineous parents, detected compound heterozygous variants in the EXTL3 gene (Figure 2). [Display omitted] [Display omitted] Table 1Clinical signs and symptoms observed in the caseSystemClinical signsFacial/AxialUpslanted palpebral fissures, epicanthal foldsDepressed nasal bridgePosteriorly rotated earsSmooth philtrumCleft soft palateMicrognathia and retrognathiaWidely spaced nipplesAppendicular skeletonClinodactyly of left 5th toe and overriding 3rd and 4thleft toesNeurologyMicrocephalyGeneralized hypotoniaSuckling difficultyGastrointestinalGastroesophageal refluxHepatic cystsGallstonesDiarrheaGrowth parameters at birth (per WHO chart)Length: 6.38 percentileWeight: 72.3 percentileHead Circumference: 27.4 percentileAt six weeks of age, the patient developed Omenn syndrome, characterized by diarrhea, scaly maculopapular rash, and a rise in his T-cell and eosinophil count. He was treated with cyclosporine and steroids with a good response to therapy. He required gastric tube placement for poor oropharyngeal coordination and was started on ursodeoxycholid acid for gallstones (Table 1).The artificial thymic organoid (ATO) platform test (NIH Protocol # NCT03610802, LDN is supported by the Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, NIH) indicated that the patient had no hematopoietic cell autonomous defects in the ability of CD34+ cells to differentiate into mature T cells in ATO, suggesting extra-hematopoietic causes of T-cell lymphopenia. He is currently undergoing an evaluation for a thymic transplant. ConclusionTo our knowledge, this is the sixteenth reported case of ISDNA, and the first caused by compound heterozygous variants of EXTL3. In the fifteen previously reported cases, facial dysmorphism and abnormalities in the skeletal system were consistently observed. In contrast, the degree and frequency of the immune and neurological impairment varied. Furthermore, our case describes an extensive gastrointestinal impairment in ISDNA, and the benefits of ATO in guiding curative therapy for SCID.

Ultrasound assisted seed preparation and subsequent application for desupersaturation of calcium sulphate as a measure for scaling control

To increase the water recovery from brine for zero liquid discharge (ZLD) desalination system, precipitation of salts and its subsequent removal is one of the desired solutions to prevent the scaling of heat exchanger or membrane surfaces, which leads to improved operation. Present work focuses on synthesis of better-quality calcium sulphate seed crystals using different strategies based on different initial sources, varying reagent concentration, washing with different solvents, varying the aging period and also providing ultrasound (US) at different stages of synthesis. It was elucidated that using only US at optimized conditions of 100 W US power, 70% duty cycle and 2 h irradiation time could reduce the supersaturation from 2.05 to 1.33 at 60 °C. Use of only seeding under optimized conditions required 4 h for reducing supersaturation from 2.02 to 1.21. The combination of US with the seeds synthesized at optimized condition resulted in the complete elimination of the supersaturation i.e. from the initial supersaturation of 2.02 to final of 1.03. Better desupersaturation is attributed to the increased nucleation rate and crystal growth by the synergy of US and seeding. Overall, an effective approach based on the combination of US and seeding for the desupersaturation of CaSO4 has been demonstrated.

Abstract 3899: CHST11 mediated SEMA7A expression contributes to TKI resistant in lung cancer

Abstract An extracellular matrix has been demonstrated to be one of the substances that promote tumor cells to become driven by external stimuli to change their biology or malignancy. The main component of extracellular matrix, chondroitin sulfate, has been confirmed as a factor in the progression of tumors. Nevertheless, a great deal remains unknown regarding the precise mechanisms that drive Chondroitin sulfate production and how these details are communicated to cancer cells. According to our previous studies, the main enzyme responsible for Chondroitin sulfate synthesis, carbohydrate sulfotransferase 11 (CHST11), plays a crucial role in lung cancer cell metastatic spread. Nevertheless, the relationship between CHST11 expression and regulatory mechanism in response to lung cancer treatment is unclear, especially for tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI). A clinical correlation analysis was used in this study to identify molecules which were highly correlated with the overexpression of CHST11 and identified GPI-anchored protein semaphorin 7A (SEMA7A) as a candidate. According to the TCGA database, expression of upregulated SEMA7A is correlated with poor prognosis and cellular malignancy in lung cancer patients. A SEMA7A-based gene correlation analysis finds that the affected gene ontology is highly similar to CHST11, particularly integrin signaling, which may contribute to Gefitinib resistance. A GSEA analysis reveals a significant effect of CHST11 overexpression on mitotic spindle processes, some of which molecules are clinically relevant to CHST11 or SEMA7A. These molecules have been reported to be involved in TKI resistance events such as MARCKS, MYO1E, and PDLIM5. Based on the TCGA database, these molecules and integrins also display significant clinical relevance in lung cancer patients. A CHST11-mediated increase in SEMA7A in the mitotic spindle process of cells may serve as one of the possible means of reducing TKI-induced mitotic cell death, and thereby promoting the ability of lung cancer cells to become resistant to TKIs. Hence, targeting the CHST11-SEMA7A axis may offer a therapeutic strategy option that could be used to target drug resistance in lung cancers. [Keywords: CHST11, SEMA7A, Integrin, Drug resistant, Lung cancer] (Reference: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35985204/; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36181245/) Citation Format: Chien-Hsiu Chris Li, Ming-Hsien Chan, Yu-Chan Chang, Michael Hsiao. CHST11 mediated SEMA7A expression contributes to TKI resistant in lung cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 3899.

Grain Quality and Improvement in Wheat and Some Quality Aspect of Pasta Industries in Ethiopia: A Review

Depending on the intended use, quality can relate to a variety of physical and chemical characteristics of the product. Additionally, the standards for judging wheat grain quality attributes are as varied as their various applications. The impacts of some important genes for grain hardness, genes that code for storage proteins, etc., have been well documented. The development of DNA-based markers for desirable qualities is now possible because to the development of molecular biology. Therefore, DNA markers complement traditional breeding techniques, allowing for the quicker development of novel cultivars with desirable traits. Due to the low volume of durum wheat grain, Ethiopian pasta businesses still augment bread wheat flour with colorants and pasta zymes and are negatively impacted by the high import costs. Local farmers are increasing their durum wheat production and supplying high-quality durum wheat grain. Maintaining the grain quality of wheat under climate change is essential for human nutrition, end-use functional qualities, as well as commodity value, but the weak supply chain from the producer to the manufacturer is affecting both. Wheat yield can rise by up to 36% under conditions of high CO₂, however grain protein concentrations often decline and a change in composition results in fewer useful qualities. Crops that are post-anthesis can have a step-change drop in grain-set, grain size, and milling yield due to high temperatures. Wheat dough has lower viscoelasticity qualities because high temperature stress affects the glutenin/gliadin ratio and restricts the synthesis of the bigger sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-insoluble glutenin polymers. The current understanding of the effects of high temperatures and elevated atmospheric CO₂on the whole-grain and functional properties of wheat, as well as the recent development of molecular markers and their use in breeding programs, particularly to improve traits relating to wheat grain, are reviewed in this paper. Finally, a few aspects of the Ethiopian pasta industry are discussed.

Undefined xylose media extracted from biorefinery waste for enhanced and eco‐friendly production of cephalosporin C by Acremonium chrysogenumM35

AbstractXylose‐rich undefined broth, extracted from the dilute acid pretreatment wastes of barley straw, serves as resourceful media for Acremonium chrysogenum M35 culture and production of cephalosporin C (CPC). Concentrating the extract with proper reprocessing enables to prepare various concentrations of xylose broth (2%–8%). The undefined xylose media were prepared for CPC production from A. chrysogenum M35 by the addition of other nutrients. Cell growth and CPC production were the most effective at 6% xylose and additional 2% glycerol, with maximum CPC production of 9.07 g/L after 6 days, which is higher production than that in defined media prepared with laboratory‐level nutrients and reagents. Investigation of autotrophic and reverse trans‐sulfuration pathways for cysteine synthesis, a limited element of three precursors for CPC synthesis, supports the enhanced CPC production in undefined media. Abundance of xylose ensures a maintained NADPH concentration required for sulfate reduction and synthesis of amino sulfide such as cysteine. Cystathionine‐γ‐lyase activity profiling indicated more efficient biosynthesis in undefined media than in other cultures use glycerol and glucose, and the biosynthesis pathway of CPC production by the cephalosporin gene cluster (i.e. pcbC and cefG genes) was investigated. The process using undefined xylose media was designed, and process simulation program confirmed our results.

Improvement of the stability and catalytic efficiency of heparan sulfate N-sulfotransferase for preparing N-sulfated heparosan.

The chemo-enzymatic and enzymatic synthesis of heparan sulfate and heparin are considered as an attractive alternative to the extraction of heparin from animal tissues. Sulfation of the hydroxyl group at position 2 of the deacetylated glucosamine is a prerequisite for subsequent enzymatic modifications. In this study, multiple strategies, including truncation mutagenesis based on B-factor values, site-directed mutagenesis guided by multiple sequence alignment, and structural analysis were performed to improve the stability and activity of human N-sulfotransferase. Eventually, a combined variant Mut02 (MBP-hNST-NΔ599-602/S637P/S741P/E839P/L842P/K779N/R782V) was successfully constructed, whose half-life at 37°C and catalytic activity were increased by 105-fold and 1.35-fold, respectively. After efficient overexpression using the Escherichia coli expression system, the variant Mut02 was applied to N-sulfation of the chemically deacetylated heparosan. The N-sulfation content reached around 82.87% which was nearly 1.88-fold higher than that of the wild-type. The variant Mut02 with high stability and catalytic efficiency has great potential for heparin biomanufacturing.

Harnessing the reverse cholesterol transport pathway to favor differentiation of monocyte-derived APCs and antitumor responses

Lipid and cholesterol metabolism play a crucial role in tumor cell behavior and in shaping the tumor microenvironment. In particular, enzymatic and non-enzymatic cholesterol metabolism, and derived metabolites control dendritic cell (DC) functions, ultimately impacting tumor antigen presentation within and outside the tumor mass, dampening tumor immunity and immunotherapeutic attempts. The mechanisms accounting for such events remain largely to be defined. Here we perturbed (oxy)sterol metabolism genetically and pharmacologically and analyzed the tumor lipidome landscape in relation to the tumor-infiltrating immune cells. We report that perturbing the lipidome of tumor microenvironment by the expression of sulfotransferase 2B1b crucial in cholesterol and oxysterol sulfate synthesis, favored intratumoral representation of monocyte-derived antigen-presenting cells, including monocyte-DCs. We also found that treating mice with a newly developed antagonist of the oxysterol receptors Liver X Receptors (LXRs), promoted intratumoral monocyte-DC differentiation, delayed tumor growth and synergized with anti-PD-1 immunotherapy and adoptive T cell therapy. Of note, looking at LXR/cholesterol gene signature in melanoma patients treated with anti-PD-1-based immunotherapy predicted diverse clinical outcomes. Indeed, patients whose tumors were poorly infiltrated by monocytes/macrophages expressing LXR target genes showed improved survival over the course of therapy. Thus, our data support a role for (oxy)sterol metabolism in shaping monocyte-to-DC differentiation, and in tumor antigen presentation critical for responsiveness to immunotherapy. The identification of a new LXR antagonist opens new treatment avenues for cancer patients.

Synthesis and optical characterizations of l-phenylalanine lithium sulphate (LPLS) semi-organic single crystal

Synthesis and optical characterizations of l-phenylalanine lithium sulphate (LPLS) semi-organic single crystal

Surfactants assisted synthesis of CuAl-sodium dodecyl sulfate layered double hydroxide and its adsorptive removal of methyl red dye from aqueous solution

The versatile nature of layered double hydroxide (LDH) has made it the most widely used potential adsorbent for the decontamination of azo dye-polluted wastewater. Recently, the assembling of organic molecules on LDH structure to improve its physicochemical characteristics is given more attention by researchers. In this present work, the adsorption property of the CuAl-LDH was enhanced by modification with anionic surfactants sodium dodecyl sulfate and the synthesized materials were applied for the examination of methyl red removal from its aqueous solution. Both the pristine and surfactants modified LDH were synthesized by a facile co-precipitation method and characterized by X-ray diffraction, Brauner-Emmet-Teller surface area, thermogravimetric analysis, infrared spectroscopy, scanning emission microscopy, and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. The obtained experimental data were analyzed by different isotherm and kinetics models and it shows higher degree of coefficient correlation with Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic model. However, the study of thermodynamic parameters reveals that the adsorption process is spontaneous and endothermic in nature for both the adsorbents. The adsorption efficiency of surfactant fabricated CuAl/SDS-LDH was increased compared to pristine LDH and the maximum monolayer adsorption capacity qmax (mg g−1) for CuAl-LDH and CuAl/SDS-LDH were 209.9 mg g−1 and 411.47 mg g−1, respectively. The reusability of the materials indicates impressive results and can be repeated for up to four cycles. The synthesized sorbents CuAl-LDH and CuAl/SDS-LDH can significantly remove the target organic pollutant over a broad range of dye concentrations.

Human cytosolic steroid sulfotransferases: Versatile and rapid activity assays.

Conjugation of steroids and sterol compounds with a sulfonate group is a major pathway in the regulation of their activity, synthesis and excretion. Three human cytosolic sulfotransferases are highly involved in the sulfonation of sterol compounds. SULT1E1 has a low nM affinity for estrogen sulfonation and also conjugates non-aromatic steroids with a significantly lower affinity. SULT2A1 is responsible for the high levels of fetal and adult dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) sulfate synthesis in the adrenal gland as well as many 3α and 3ß-hydroxysteroids and bile acids. SULT2B1b is responsible for the majority of cholesterol sulfation in tissues as well as conjugating 3ß-hydroxysteroids. Although there are multiple methods for assaying cytosolic SULT activity, two relatively simple, rapid and versatile assays for steroid sulfonation are described. The first method utilizes radiolabeled substrates and organic solvent extraction to isolate the radiolabeled product from the aqueous phase. The second assay utilizes 35S-3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) to generate 35S-conjugated products that are resolved by thin layer chromatography. Both assays useful in situations requiring measurement of SULT activity in a timely manner.

Obtaining potassium sulphate by conversion of potassium chloride and ammonium sulphate

This study investigates the synthesis of potassium sulfate through the conversion of potassium chloride and ammonium sulfate, showcasing the viability of this process. Through systematic experimentation, optimal conditions and the stoichiometric ratio of starting components are determined. The study reveals that in an aquatic environment, the utilization of NH4 + ions reaches an impressive 94-95%. The isolation of potassium sulfate from the liquid phase is achieved through a combination of evaporation and subsequent crystallization. The resulting product is characterized through various analytical methods, offering valuable insights into its composition and potential applications. This research contributes to the advancement of sustainable potassium sulfate production methodologies with implications for agricultural and industrial sectors.

Synthesis, characterization, and anticancer activity of protamine sulfate stabilized selenium nanoparticles

Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have attracted much recent interest as nutraceuticals, while they face great challenges, such as poor stability and low cellular uptake efficiency. This study introduced a facile approach to synthesizing protamine sulfate (PS) functionalized selenium nanoparticles (PS-SeNPs) by using PS as a surface decorator. The monodisperse spherical PS-SeNPs with a particle size of 130 nm and a ζ-potential of +31 mV were ligated with PS through Se-N, Se-O bonds, and physical adsorption, which exhibits excellent physical stability against pH, temperature, and storage time. The positive surface charge of PS-SeNPs contributed to the enhancement of cellular uptake efficiency by endocytosis, which was 3-times higher than bare SeNPs. Compared to SeNPs (IC50 = 17.675 μg/mL), PS-SeNPs could dramatically inhibit the proliferation of HepG2 cells with an IC50 value of 5.507 μg/mL, as reflected by the induction of apoptosis, S phase arresting, overproduction of intracellular ROS, and depolarization of mitochondria membrane. Overall, these results demonstrated the great potential of PS-SeNPs that can be applied as a functional ingredient in foods and nutraceuticals.

Phenolic root exudates enhance Avicennia marina tolerance to cadmium under the mediation of functional bacteria in mangrove sediments.

This study was carried out to demonstrate the mechanism of phenolic root exudates affecting microbial-mediated cadmium (Cd) speciation transformation thus enhancing the Avicennia marina tolerance to Cd. A rhizo-box experiment was conducted including eight treatments with four Cd levels (0, 1, 2, and 4mgCdkg-1) and two phenol levels (0, 15mgkg-1). The results showed that the addition of phenols increased the pH, reduced the number of iron-reducing bacteria (IRB) and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (SOB) in the rhizosphere sediments, meanwhile promoted the transformation of Cd to low activity speciation. Furthermore, the sulfate accumulation and synthesis of flavonoid phenols in plants were also enhanced. The results indicated that phenolic root exudates inhibit functional bacteria-mediated Fe and S cycles and promote the immobilization of Cd in the sediments. In conclusion, the mitigation of Cd phytotoxicity induced by phenolic root exudates enhanced the Cd tolerance of A. marina.

Synthesis and properties of sodium isotridecyl polyoxyethylene ether sulfate with different ethylene oxide addition numbers

Sodium isotridecyl polyoxyethylene ether sulfate (iC13EOnS, n = 5, 7, and 9) with different ethylene oxide (EO) numbers were synthesized by SO3 membrane sulfation process for the first time. The effects of EO number on the equilibrium surface tension, dynamic surface tension, contact angle, and alkali/salt resistance of iC13EOnS were investigated. With the increase of EO consumption, γ cmc increased, but the adsorption efficiency (pC20 ) of surfactant increased. The increase of EO number significantly improved the alkali resistance and salt resistance of iC13EOnS. Additionally, the influence of different electrolytes and their concentrations on the IFT between iCl3EOnS solution and n-decane was also studied. At the same salt concentration, iC13EOnS with shorter EO chains exhibited lower interfacial tension. These results show that the performance of the product can be adjusted by changing the number of EO groups. The study on the relationship between EO number and the performance of iC13EOnS in this article will help to improve the application efficiency of this surfactant.