Pigment Synthesis Research Articles

Formação de mudas de goiabeira sob estresse salino e aplicação foliar de peróxido de hidrogênio

ABSTRACT The occurrence of water with high concentrations of salts hinders the expansion of irrigated agriculture in the semi-arid region of the Brazilian Northeast, making it necessary to adopt strategies capable of minimizing the effects of salt stress on plants. In this context, the objective of present study was to evaluate the effects of hydrogen peroxide application on water relations, gas exchange, photosynthetic pigments, and growth of guava cv. Paluma under irrigation with saline waters in the seedling formation stage. A randomized block design was used, in a 5 × 4 factorial scheme, with three replicates, with five levels of electrical conductivity of water - ECw (0.3, 1.3, 2.3, 3.3, and 4.3 dS m-1) and four concentrations of hydrogen peroxide - H2O2 (0, 25, 50, and 75 µM). Irrigation water salinity above 0.3 dS m-1 increased electrolyte leakage in the leaf blade and reduced the relative water content, synthesis of photosynthetic pigments, gas exchange, and growth of seedlings of guava cv. Paluma, at 80 days after sowing. Foliar application of hydrogen peroxide at concentrations of up to 75 µM reduces the relative water content in the leaf blade of guava seedlings and did not mitigate the effects of salt stress on guava plants in the seedling formation stage.

Changes in Biologically Active Compounds in Pinus sylvestris Needles after Lymantria monacha Outbreaks and Treatment with Foray 76B.

Due to climate warming, the occurrence of Lymantria monacha outbreaks is predicted to become more frequent, causing repeated and severe damage to conifer trees. Currently, the most effective way to control the outbreaks is aerial spraying with the bioinsecticide Foray 76B. The present study aimed to determine the impact of both: (i) L. monacha outbreaks and (ii) treatment with Foray 76B on tree resistance through the synthesis of polyphenols (TPC), flavonoids (TFC), photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids), lipid peroxidation (MDA), and soluble sugars (TSS) in Pinus sylvestris needles. Samples were collected from visually healthy (control), damaged/untreated, and damaged/Foray 76B-treated plots in 2020 and 2021 (following year after the outbreaks). The results revealed that L. monacha outbreaks contributed to the increase in TPC by 34.1% in 2020 and 26.7% in 2021. TFC negatively correlated with TPC, resulting in 17.6% and 11.1% lower concentrations in L. monacha-damaged plots in 2020 and 2021, respectively. A decrease in MDA was found in the damaged plots in both 2020 and 2021 (10.2% and 23.3%, respectively), which was associated with the increased synthesis of photosynthetic pigments in 2021. The research results also showed that in the following year after the outbreaks, the increase in the synthesis of photosynthetic pigments was also affected by the treatment with Foray 76B. Moreover, the increase in the synthesis of TPC and photosynthetic pigments in the damaged plots in 2021 illustrates the ability of pines to keep an activated defense system to fight biotic stress. Meanwhile, a higher synthesis of photosynthetic pigments in Foray 76B-treated plots indicates a possible effect of the treatment on faster tree growth and forest recovery after L. monacha outbreaks.

Genome-wide identification and expression analyses of CYP450 genes in sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.)

BackgroundCytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYP450s) play a crucial role in various biochemical reactions involved in the synthesis of antioxidants, pigments, structural polymers, and defense-related compounds in plants. As sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) holds significant economic importance, a comprehensive analysis of CYP450 genes in this plant species can offer valuable insights into the evolutionary relationships and functional characteristics of these genes.ResultsIn this study, we successfully identified and categorized 95 CYP450 genes from the sweet potato genome into 5 families and 31 subfamilies. The predicted subcellular localization results indicate that CYP450s are distributed in the cell membrane system. The promoter region of the IbCYP450 genes contains various cis-acting elements related to plant hormones and stress responses. In addition, ten conserved motifs (Motif1-Motif10) have been identified in the IbCYP450 family proteins, with 5 genes lacking introns and only one exon. We observed extensive duplication events within the CYP450 gene family, which may account for its expansion. The gene duplication analysis results showed the presence of 15 pairs of genes with tandem repeats. Interaction network analysis reveals that IbCYP450 families can interact with multiple target genes and there are protein-protein interactions within the family. Transcription factor interaction analysis suggests that IbCYP450 families interact with multiple transcription factors. Furthermore, gene expression analysis revealed tissue-specific expression patterns of CYP450 genes in sweet potatoes, as well as their response to abiotic stress and plant hormones. Notably, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‒PCR) analysis indicated the involvement of CYP450 genes in the defense response against nonbiological stresses in sweet potatoes.ConclusionsThese findings provide a foundation for further investigations aiming to elucidate the biological functions of CYP450 genes in sweet potatoes.

Inhibitory effect and mechanism of algicidal bacteria on Chaetomorpha valida

Chaetomorpha valida, filamentous green tide algae, poses a significant threat to both aquatic ecosystems and aquaculture. Vibrio alginolyticus Y20 is a new algicidal bacterium with an algicidal effect on C. valida. This study aimed to investigate the physiological and molecular responses of C. valida to exposure to V. alginolyticus Y20. The inhibitory effect of V. alginolyticus Y20 on C. valida was content dependent, with the lowest inhibitory content being 3 × 105 CFU mL−1. The microscopic results revealed that C. valida experienced severe morphological damage under the influence of V. alginolyticus Y20, with a dispersion of intracellular pigments. V. alginolyticus Y20 caused the decrease in chlorophyll-a content and Fv/Fm in C. valida. At the molecular level, V. alginolyticus Y20 downregulated the expression of genes related to photosynthetic pigment synthesis, light capture, and electron transport. Furthermore, V. alginolyticus Y20 induced oxidative damage to algal cells. The production of reactive oxygen species significantly increased after 11 days of exposure. Malondialdehyde content significantly increased, and the cell membranes were severely damaged by lipid peroxidation. The content of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase also markedly increased, whereas catalase content decreased significantly. Additionally, peroxisomes were inhibited due to the downregulation of PEX expression, leading to irreversible oxidative damage to algal cells. Our findings provided a new theoretical basis for exploring the interaction between algicidal bacteria and green tide algae at the molecular level.

Unveiling the aesthetic secrets: exploring connections between genetic makeup, chemical, and environmental factors for enhancing/improving the color and fragrance/aroma of Chimonanthus praecox.

Floral color and scent profiles vary across species, geographical locations, and developmental stages. The exclusive floral color and fragrance of Chimonanthus praecox is contributed by a range of endogenous chemicals that distinguish it from other flowers and present amazing ornamental value. This comprehensive review explores the intricate interplay of environmental factors, chemicals and genes shaping the flower color and fragrance of Chimonanthus praecox. Genetic and physiological factors control morpho-anatomical attributes as well as pigment synthesis, while environmental factors such as temperature, light intensity, and soil composition influence flower characteristics. Specific genes control pigment synthesis, and environmental factors such as temperature, light intensity, and soil composition influence flower characteristics. Physiological processes including plant hormone contribute to flower color and fragrance. Hormones, notably ethylene, exert a profound influence on varioustraits. Pigment investigations have spotlighted specific flavonoids, including kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside, quercetin, and rutin. Red tepals exhibit unique composition with cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside being distinctive components. Elucidating the molecular basis of tepal color variation, particularly in red and yellow varieties, involves the identification of crucial regulatory genes. In conclusion, this review unravels the mysteries of Chimonanthus praecox, providing a holistic understanding of its flower color and fragrance for landscape applications. This comprehensive review uniquely explores the genetic intricacies, chemical and environmental influences that govern the mesmerizing flower color and fragrance of Chimonanthus praecox, providing valuable insights for its landscape applications. This review article is designed for a diverse audience, including plant geneticists, horticulturists, environmental scientists, urban planners, and students, offering understandings into the genetic intricacies, ecological significance, and practical applications of Chimonanthus praecox across various disciplines. Its appeal extends to professionals and enthusiasts interested in plant biology, conservation, and industries dependent on unique floral characteristics.

Insights into the synthesis, engineering, and functions of microbial pigments in Deinococcus bacteria.

The ability of Deinococcus bacteria to survive in harsh environments, such as high radiation, extreme temperature, and dryness, is mainly attributed to the generation of unique pigments, especially carotenoids. Although the limited number of natural pigments produced by these bacteria restricts their industrial potential, metabolic engineering and synthetic biology can significantly increase pigment yield and expand their application prospects. In this study, we review the properties, biosynthetic pathways, and functions of key enzymes and genes related to these pigments and explore strategies for improving pigment production through gene editing and optimization of culture conditions. Additionally, studies have highlighted the unique role of these pigments in antioxidant activity and radiation resistance, particularly emphasizing the critical functions of deinoxanthin in D. radiodurans. In the future, Deinococcus bacterial pigments will have broad application prospects in the food industry, drug production, and space exploration, where they can serve as radiation indicators and natural antioxidants to protect astronauts' health during long-term space flights.

One-pot synthesis of black biopolymeric eumelanin pigment by indigenous salt-tolerant Pseudomonas stutzeri SGM-1

Melanin is produced in a safe, mild process and is then well-characterized through various physicochemical studies. The novel process can be used to produce eumelanin in high quantities.

Synthesis and analysis of a new high intensity phthalocyanine pigment containing nitrogen, sulfur and copper

The article presents the results of research on obtaining highly intensive pigments based on organic and inorganic substances. The process of synthesis of copper chloride (CuCl) raw material with phthalic anhydride, inorganic and organic substances was studied. As a result of the study, copper chloride (CuCl) and a sample of the pigment obtained as a result of neutralization with sulfuric acid were analyzed using an X-ray spectrum. According to the results of the analysis, a new type of pigment based on copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) was selected as the most optimal option, and physico-chemical analysis of the sample (elemental analysis (SEM_EDX)) was studied. It has been determined that the highly intensive pigment obtained as a result can be used as an import substitute product in the construction and textile industry.

Zeolite‐Based Anti‐corrosion Pigments for Polymer Coatings: A Brief Review

The article provides a brief overview of the use of zeolites as environmentally safe anticorrosion pigments for organic coatings on metals. The number of studies on zeolite‐based inhibiting pigments has increased significantly in recent years, due to the need to replace chromates and reduce the content of phosphate corrosion inhibitors. Based on the results available in the literature, an assessment was conducted on the inhibitory properties of complex zeolite pigments obtained by various methods. Emphasis is placed on the advantages and disadvantages of ion exchange modification of zeolites with inhibitory substances and mechanochemical synthesis of pigments. Zeolites have a wide perspective in anticorrosion technologies due to their porous structure, large surface area, high pore volume, and the ability to accumulate inhibitory ions and molecules. Such properties of zeolites make possible their use for the development of self‐healing or “smart” polymer coatings. Considering the environmental safety of zeolites and their excellent thermal and chemical stability, anti‐corrosion polymer coatings inhibited by zeolite pigments could become an effective environmentally friendly alternative to chromate‐based protective coatings. The main trends and prospects for the development of research in this domain are presented.

Genetic Study of Pigment Synthesis and Related Genes in Dragon Fruit

Genetic Study of Pigment Synthesis and Related Genes in Dragon Fruit

Expression and Mutation of SLC45A2 Affects Iris Color in Quail.

Iris color is a prominent phenotypic feature of quail. To understand the mechanism of melanin deposition related to quail iris color, iris tissues were selected from Beijing white and Chinese yellow quail for transcriptome analysis. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with pigmentation were identified using RNA sequencing and validated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The identified single nucleotide polymorphisms were studied using bioinformatics and iris color correlation analyses. A total of 485 DEGs were obtained, with 223 upregulated and 262 downregulated. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analyses were performed. Thirty-two genes were annotated using the GO database. Three important pigment synthesis pathways (Notch signaling, melanogenesis, and tyrosine metabolism) were identified in quail iris tissue (P < 0.05). The expression levels of solute carrier family 45 member 2 (SLC45A2), tyrosinase-related protein 1, vitamin D receptor, opsin 5, and docking protein 5 were significantly different between Beijing white and Chinese yellow quail, as verified by RT-qPCR. The c.1061C>T mutation in SLC45A2, which caused a single amino acid change at position 354 (threonine to methionine), was significantly associated with iris color in Beijing white and Chinese yellow quail, and might be the main reason for the different iris colors between these two quail species.

Preparation of slow-release fertilizers by electrolytic manganese residue and alkali-activated laterite-based geopolymers: Mn release effects on Guizhou white tea seedlings growth

Electrolytic manganese residues (EMR) and alkali-activated laterite-based geopolymers were used to prepare slow-release fertilizers (SRFs) and the physicochemical properties and Mn release behavior of EMR-laterite-based SRFs (SRFs-LA) were studied. MnSO4·H2O in EMR transforms into CaMnSi2O6, MnO2 and (NH4)2Mn(SO4)2·6H2O after SRFs-LA synthesis. Geopolymers can slow Mn release through ion exchange and can physically encapsulate Mn-containing minerals. Mn release from the SRFs-LA system was primarily influenced by a combination of non-Fick diffusion and skeleton erosion. A comparative pot experiment was also conducted between SRFs-LA and SRFs prepared using alkali/acid-activated geopolymers with EMR (SRFs-alGo/SRFs-acGo) to examine the fertilization efficiency of Guizhou white tea seedlings. Compared with Mg(II), Mn(II) not only played a dominant role in the competitive root absorption process from the soil to the interior of seedlings, but also impeded Fe transportation by regulating the expression of citrate transporters. The slow release of Mn from SRFs-alGo and SRFs-LA could benefit tea seedling growth and protein and photosynthetic pigment synthesis, whereas EMR treatments with Mn burst release damaged the antioxidant system owing to the excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species in leaves. The Mn released from SRFs-acGo may approach the tolerance limit of tea seedlings growth. The order of fertilizer efficiency for young Guizhou white tea seedlings was as follows: SRFs-LA > SRFs-alGo > SRFs-acGo. Moreover, the cost of SRFs-LA prepared using laterite instead of metakaolin as an active silicon–aluminum source could be reduced by approximately $18.7/t.

Developmental and Nutritional Dynamics of Malpighian Tubule Autofluorescence in the Asian Tiger Mosquito Aedes albopictus.

Malpighian tubules (MTs) are arthropod excretory organs crucial for the osmoregulation, detoxification and excretion of xenobiotics and metabolic wastes, which include tryptophan degradation products along the kynurenine (KYN) pathway. Specifically, the toxic intermediate 3-hydroxy kynurenine (3-HK) is metabolized through transamination to xanthurenic acid or in the synthesis of ommochrome pigments. Early investigations in Drosophila larval fat bodies revealed an intracellular autofluorescence (AF) that depended on tryptophan administration. Subsequent observations documented AF changes in the MTs of Drosophila eye-color mutants genetically affecting the conversion of tryptophan to KYN or 3-HK and the intracellular availability of zinc ions. In the present study, the AF properties of the MTs in the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, were characterized in different stages of the insect's life cycle, tryptophan-administered larvae and blood-fed adult females. Confocal imaging and microspectroscopy showed AF changes in the distribution of intracellular, brilliant granules and in the emission spectral shape and amplitude between the proximal and distal segments of MTs across the different samples. The findings suggest AF can serve as a promising marker for investigating the functional status of MTs in response to metabolic alterations, contributing to the use of MTs as a potential research model in biomedicine.

The response of LncRNAs associated with photosynthesis-and pigment synthesis-related genes to green light in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.

The quality of light is an important abiotic factor that affects the growth and development of green plants. Ultraviolet, red, blue, and far-red light all have demonstrated roles in regulating green plant growth and development, as well as light morphogenesis. However, the mechanism underlying photosynthetic organism responses to green light throughout the life of them are not clear. In this study, we exposed the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to green light and analyzed the dynamics of transcriptome changes. Based on the whole transcriptome data from C. reinhardtii, a total of 9974 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified under green light. The Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses indicated that these DEGs were mainly related to "carboxylic acid metabolic process," "enzyme activity," "carbon metabolism," and "photosynthesis and other processes." At the same time, 253 differentially expressed long non-coding RNAs (DELs) were characterized as green light responsive. We also made a detailed analysis of the responses of photosynthesis- and pigment synthesis-related genes in C. reinhardtii to green light and found that these genes exhibited obvious dynamic expression. Lastly, we constructed a co-expression regulatory network, comprising 49 long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and 20 photosynthesis and pigment related genes, of which 9 mRNAs were also the predicted trans/cis-targets of 8 lncRNAs, these results suggested that lncRNAs may affect the expression of mRNAs related to photosynthesis and pigment synthesis. Our findings give a preliminary explanation of the response mechanism of C. reinhardtii to green light at the transcriptional level.

Interaction of Culture Medium and Artificial Light Type on Pigmentation of Micro-Propagated Opuntia Plants

Opuntia is recognized economically as a significant crop for its nutritional, functional, and therapeutic properties and its potential in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and bioenergy industries. Opuntia is conventionally propagated by seed or vegetative propagation via rooted scions or grafting. However, multiplication procedures are insufficient for extensive spreading. One of the alternative techniques is in vitro. For this reason, the objective was to evaluate the growth of different components combined with light conditions to induce callus, embryogenesis, and the possible synthesis of a component in the genus Opuntia. The existence of genes involved in pigment synthesis in genotypes of different fruit colors was complementarily analyzed. In this study, we used different combinations of fructose (2 g/L) with prickly pear juice (2 mL/L), mannitol (4 g/L), silver nitrate (AgNO3: 1 mg/L), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D: 2 mg/L), and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA: 1 g/L), with white, blue, and red LEDs (light-emitting diodes) and laser beams. These explants yielded sufficient contents of simple phenols, gallic acid equivalents (GAE: 2283.30 ± 6.29 mg/100 g), and coumaric (2155.0 ± 35.0 mg/100 g) and ferulic (2176 ± 27.9 mg/100 g) acids for the genotype Tapón aguanoso, and chlorogenic acid (CGA: 380.22 ± 22.05 mg/100 g) for the Copena V1 genotype. Upon analyzing the genotypes of different fruit pigmentations, we also observed the following: enzyme 4,5 estradiol dioxygenases can be present in all genotypes (regardless of pigmentation); enzyme 5,3 glucosyltransferases (GTs) could be induced in pigment synthesis in the genotypes of orange to purple fruits. Sequencing primer-amplified fragments for GT showed high similarity to uridine diphospho (UDP)-glucose from other species. This allows us to infer that it is possible to obtain products of high therapeutic value in the near future under controlled conditions.

Synthesis of High Near-Infrared Reflective Black Pigment Based on YMn2O5

Y(Mn0.95M0.05)2O5 (M = Al, Fe, Ga, Ti, and Zr) samples were synthesized via a sol–gel method using citric acid to find a new near-infrared (NIR) reflective black pigment. Among these samples, the optical reflectance of Y(Mn0.95Fe0.05)2O5 and Y(Mn0.95Ga0.05)2O5 in the near-infrared region was found to be larger than that of YMn2O5. Then, the concentration of the dopant (Fe or Ga) was changed between 0 and 15%, and the resulting UV–Vis–NIR reflectance spectra were measured. As a result, the optical reflectance of the Fe-doped samples decreased in the near-infrared region, while that of the Ga-doped samples increased. Accordingly, Y(Mn1−xGax)2O5 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.20) samples were synthesized, and the crystal structure, particle size, optical properties, and color of the samples were characterized. The single-phase samples were obtained in the composition range of 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.15, and the lattice volume decreased with increasing Ga3+ concentration. Optical absorption below 850 nm was attributed to the charge transfer transition between O2p and Mn3d orbitals, and the absorption wavelength of Y(Mn1−xGax)2O5 shifted to the shorter wavelength side as the Ga3+ content increased, because of the decrease in the Mn3+ concentration. Although the sample color became slightly reddish black by the Ga3+ doping, the solar reflectance in the near-infrared region reached 47.6% at the composition of Y(Mn0.85Ga0.15)2O5. Furthermore, this NIR reflectance value was higher than those of the commercially available products (R &lt; 45%).

Controlled Oxidant-to-Fuel Ratios for Synthesis of Inorganic Hematite Pigment (α-Fe2O3) Using Solution Combustion Method with 6-Aminohexanoic Acid as Fuel

Controlled Oxidant-to-Fuel Ratios for Synthesis of Inorganic Hematite Pigment (α-Fe2O3) Using Solution Combustion Method with 6-Aminohexanoic Acid as Fuel

Melanophilin Polymorphism in Ferrets of Different Color.

In mammals, the main contribution to the variability of pigmentation is made by two groups of genes directly related to the metabolic pathways of pigment synthesis and controlling the transport of melanosomes in melanocytes to keratinocytes. In order to identify the genetic basis of pigmentation variants, the nucleotide sequences of the melanophilin gene were compared in two groups of ferrets-silver-colored and wild-type animals-using sequencing of 16 exons. In carriers of silver color, a single nucleotide deletion was detected in the 9th exon, leading to a shift in the reading frame and the formation of a stop codon downstream. The protein encoded by the mutant allele is almost completely devoid of the C terminal domain of the protein responsible for the contact of melanosomes with actin during their moving to the periphery of melanocytes, but it retains the leading domain involved in the formation of melanosomes. The combination of the preservation of the N domain and the defect of the C domain of the mutant protein for the first time makes it possible to explain the incomplete dominance of the wild-type protein in heterozygotes.

Comprehensive Transcriptome and Metabolome Characterization of Peony ‘Coral Sunset’ Petals Provides Insights into the Mechanism of Pigment Degradation

The petals of Paeonia lactiflora ‘Coral Sunset’ change color from coral pink to pale yellow after flower opening. Pigment-targeted metabolomic analysis showed that the carotenoid and anthocyanin contents rapidly decreased after petal fading. SMART-sequencing and next-generation-sequencing analyses were performed to identify differentially expressed transcripts to characterize the candidate genes involved in petal fading. The expression of certain genes associated with anthocyanin and carotenoid synthesis and degradation was correlated with the petal-fading phenotype. The anthocyanin synthesis (AS) structural genes, CHS, F3H, F3′H, DFR, and ANS, and the carotenoid synthesis genes, LCYB and LCYE, were strongly expressed before fading, but their expression significantly declined after fading. In contrast, the expression of certain genes associated with oxidase activity and light signaling significantly increased after fading. Therefore, inhibition of pigment synthesis and accelerated pigment degradation may be crucial for petal fading. A R2R3-MYB family member of subgroup 4 (MYBs-SG4) showed the same expression pattern as the AS structural genes and functioned in the positive regulation of anthocyanin synthesis by forming the MBW protein complex. This is the first report of a SG4 member with a positive regulatory function. This study provides a foundation for elucidation of the mechanisms of pigment synthesis and metabolism, and a theoretical basis for flower-color-directed breeding.

Characterization the response of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii serine/threonine protein kinase mutant to blue light

In order to investigate the molecular mechanism of silk/threonine protein kinase (STK)-mediated blue light response in the algal Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, phenotype identification and transcriptome analysis were conducted for C. reinhardtii STK mutant strain crstk11 (with an AphvIII box reverse insertion in stk11 gene coding region) under blue light stress. Phenotypic examination showed that under normal light (white light), there was a slight difference in growth and pigment contents between the wild-type strain CC5325 and the mutant strain crstk11. Blue light inhibited the growth and chlorophyll synthesis in crstk11 cells, but significantly promoted the accumulation of carotenoids in crstk11. Transcriptome analysis showed that 860 differential expression genes (DEG) (559 up-regulated and 301 down-regulated) were detected in mutant (STK4) vs. wild type (WT4) upon treatment under high intensity blue light for 4 days. After being treated under high intensity blue light for 8 days, a total of 1 088 DEGs (468 upregulated and 620 downregulated) were obtained in STK8 vs. WT8. KEGG enrichment analysis revealed that compared to CC5325, the crstk11 blue light responsive genes were mainly involved in catalytic activity of intracellular photosynthesis, carbon metabolism, and pigment synthesis. Among them, upregulated genes included psaA, psaB, and psaC, psbA, psbB, psbC, psbD, psbH, and L, petA, petB, and petD, as well as genes encoding ATP synthase α, β and c subunits. Downregulated genes included petF and petJ. The present study uncovered that the protein kinase CrSTK11 of C. reinhardtii may participate in the blue light response of algal cells by mediating photosynthesis as well as pigment and carbon metabolism, providing new knowledge for in-depth analysis of the mechanism of light stress resistance in the algae.