Synthesis Of Palladium Nanoparticles Research Articles

Size‐Dependent Catalytic Activity Over MOF‐Derived Cobalt Oxide Supported PdO Nanoparticles in Suzuki Reaction

ABSTRACTPalladium nanoparticles immobilized on ZIF 67‐derived porous CoOx were prepared by wet‐impregnation method, followed by calcination at different temperatures. The calcination temperature has been employed to effectively manipulate the size of metal nanoparticles, where higher calcination temperatures resulted in larger sizes. The experimental results revealed that by manipulating the calcination temperature, the synthesis of palladium nanoparticles with varying sizes could be effectively controlled. Increasing the calcination temperature resulted in larger particle sizes. At a calcination temperature of 350°C, the synthesis process produced the smallest palladium nanoparticles, averaging 1.35 nm in size, facilitating the reaction between aryl halides and arylboronic acids with yields ranging from 83% to 99%. Furthermore, these nanoparticles demonstrated superior catalytic activity and recyclability.

Green synthesis of palladium nanoparticles using Asterarcys sp. and their applications

Asterarcys-mediated algal extract, which is non-toxic and renewable, was used to synthesize palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) efficiently and ecologically friendly. The palladium nanoparticle's fabrication was seen within two hours. UV spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, SEM, EDX and TEM with SAED pattern were used to confirm the properties of the synthesized nanoparticles. Palladium nanoparticles have been developed, indicated by their deep brown color and broad UV-visible absorption spectra. The SAED and XRD patterns of the manufactured nanoparticles provided evidence of their face-centred cubic crystal structure. Because of reflections from the (1 1 1), (2 0 0), (2 2 0), (3 1 1), and (2 2 2) planes, the XRD pattern is broad, indicating that the FCC nanoparticles are crystalline in nature. The biomolecule responsible for Pd2+ reduction and PdNPs capping has been found by analyzing the FTIR spectra of dried PdNPs and dry algal powder. The average particle size, according to a TEM image, is 13 nm, whereas it ranges from 4 to 24 nm. In moderate reaction conditions, the catalytic activity of PdNPs was investigated in C-C cross-coupling processes including Mizoroki-Heck and Suzuki-Miyaura reactions. 1H NMR and 13C NMR were used to characterize the isolated product. The PdNPs exhibited strong catalytic activity and produced excellent conversion of the corresponding products.

Biogenic and rapid route for the synthesis of palladium nanoparticles by using Roylea cinerea extract and their catalytic activity for Suzuki and Sonogashira coupling reactions and nitrophenol reduction

4-nitrophenol is a serious environmental pollutant due to its carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic properties, posing serious risks to aquatic life, plants, and humans even at very low concentrations. In the current work a simple, inexpensive, and ecologically appropriate approach for generating palladium nanoparticles (Pd-NPs) from palladium chloride and their potential for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol have been investigated. This method employs a non-toxic aqueous extract obtained from the aerial portion of Roylea cinerea, which functions as both a reducing and stabilizing agent. The Pd-NPs synthesis was confirmed through UV–vis spectroscopy, and were further characterized by techniques like FT-IR, SEM, EDX, and XRD analysis. The biosynthesized Pd-NPs had a spherical shape with diameters ranging from 20 to 30 nm. The presence of palladium in the Pd-NPs was confirmed by EDX analysis. The available functional groups on the surface of Pd-NPs were determined through FTIR analysis. Pd-NPs demonstrated catalytic efficacy in both Sonogashira and Suzuki coupling processes, as measured by UV–vis spectrophotometry during nitrophenol reduction. The findings demonstrate that the Pd-NPs exhibited significant catalytic efficiency, achieving the degradation of over 95 % of 4-nitrophenol within a 16-min timeframe. Following the catalytic reaction, the catalyst was effortlessly recovered through centrifugation, demonstrating its ability to undergo multiple catalytic cycles without a significant loss of activity (>90 % after five cycles).

Microwave assisted green synthesis of palladium nanoparticles using dragon fruit peel extract for catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol and methylene blue

Microwave assisted green synthesis of palladium nanoparticles using dragon fruit peel extract for catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol and methylene blue

Physiochemical characterization of Glycyrrhiza mediated bioengineered palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs), their anti-proliferative and other biomedical applications

The study used licorice root leaf extract to synthesize palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) that demonstrate long-term stability, lower toxicity, and enhanced penetration into specific target cells. The optimal conditions (temperature, pH, and time) were maintained to synthesize regular, spherical, and homogenous nanoparticles. The PdNPs were characterized by Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, UV–Visible spectroscopy, High-resolution Transmission electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, Particle-Size Distribution, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Zeta potential analysis. The biosynthetic PdNPs used ABTS and DPPH assay to demonstrate strong antioxidant potential with maximal inhibition. PdNPs hindered the growth of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with zone of inhibition that was 20–25 ± 0.22 mm. PdNPs showed anti-Alzheimer activity by suppression of acetylcholinesterase and butyryl cholinesterase enzymes. Furthermore, the minimum anti-proliferative concentration of PdNPs was detected against MCF-7 and HCT-116 which was 44.4 at 6.58 µg/mL, respectively. Thus, PdNPs have proved to be an effective therapeutic agent for drug delivery and other biomedical applications in the pharmaceutical industry.

A Review of the Green Synthesis of Palladium Nanoparticles for Medical Applications

A Review of the Green Synthesis of Palladium Nanoparticles for Medical Applications

Interfacial galvanic replacement strategy for Pd-doped NiFe MOF nanosheets with highly efficient dopamine detection.

Aninterfacial galvanic replacement strategy to controllable synthesize palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs)-modified NiFe MOF nanocomposite on nickel foam, which served as an efficient sensing platform for quantitative determination of dopamine (DA). Pd NPs grown in situ on the nanosheets of NiFe MOF via self-driven galvanic replacement reaction (GRR) and well uniform distribution was achieved. This method effectively reduced the aggregation of metallic nanoparticles and significantly promoted the electron transfer rate during the electrochemical process, leading to improved electrocatalytic activity for DA oxidation. Remarkably, the precisely constructed biosensor achieved a low detection limit (LOD) of 0.068µM and recovery of 94.1% (RSD 6.7%, N = 3) for simulated real sample detection and also exhibited superior selectivity and stability. The results confirmed that the as-fabricated Pd-NiFe/NF composite electrode could realize the quantitative determination of DA and showed promising prospects in real sample biosensing.

Eucommia ulmoides extract assisted green nanopalladium for efficient catalysis of diverse azo dyes

The eco-friendly synthesis of palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) utilizing plant phytochemicals has demonstrated its efficacy as a nano-catalyst for azo dye degradation. However, the catalytic prowess of these nanoparticles has been predominantly explored on specific model compounds. Consequently, a fundamental inquiry arises: Can these nanoparticles uniformly catalyze a spectrum of diverse azo dyes, irrespective of structural intricacies, azo bond quantity, side-chain functional groups, molecular weight (Mw) fluctuations, water solubility gradients, ionic characteristics, and dye classification (reactive or acid)? To address this comprehensively, nine azo compounds, encompassing the aforementioned criteria, were systematically chosen for catalysis utilizing the synthesized PdNPs. The synthesized particles were spherical (∼10.5 nm in diameter) with highly crystalline surfaces (d-spacing of 0.194–0.224 nm) and have a uniform size distribution. Employing green chemistry principles and Eucommia ulmoides bark extract (EUBE), this synthesis exhibits exceptional catalytic efficiency across a varied array of azo dyes, achieving degradation rates of up to 99% within 1–5 minutes. This methodical exploration offers a holistic understanding of the catalytic capabilities of PdNPs, shedding light on their potential applicability across a diverse spectrum of azo compounds, thereby propelling advancements in the field.

Biogenically synthesized palladium nanoparticles for hydrogen evolution study: An efficient catalyst for 4-nitrophenol reduction and C-C coupling reactions

Indian cork extract is employed for the greener production of palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs) an effective heterogeneous catalyst with a concentration of 30.1%. Plant extract-mediated phytochemicals were found responsible for reducing Pd(II) to Pd(0) without the aid of an external reducing agent. XRD, UV–visible, and other analyses demonstrated the successful formation of Pd NPs. These NPs were evident to have better electrocatalytic activity in the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in an acidic medium. The Tafel slope (174 mV/dec) of the Pd NPs catalyst confirmed the Volmer-Heyrovsky mechanism for HER study and demonstrated the electrochemical desorption of hydrogen is the rate-determining step. In terms of synthetic organic chemistry perspectives, the applicability of Pd NPs has been subsequently demonstrated for the reduction of toxic 4-nitrophenol to synthetically important 4-aminophenol with a minimum catalyst loading at ambient conditions. Additionally, the outstanding catalytic activity of synthesized heterogeneous Pd NPs catalyst has been showcased for direct Heck and Hiyama cross-coupling reactions.

Ultrasound assisted biogenic synthesis of Palladium nanoparticles using Cocculus hirsutus leaf extract: Antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and catalytic activities

We have synthesized palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) from aqueous leaf extract of Cocculus hirsutus (CH) by ultra-sonication in an easy, non-toxic, and eco-friendly manner. PdNPs synthesized were analyzed using UV–vis, FT-IR, powder XRD, TEM, and DLS instruments. From UV–vis spectra, the Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) signal indicated that the formation of PdNPs. The synthesized PdNPs shows spherical shape, crystalline and polydispersibility nature with a mean particle size of 10±3 nm was observed from XRD and TEM. FTIR analysis reveals the active role of phenolic constituents from CH leaf extract in reduction and surface functionalization of nanoparticles. The stability of the PdNPs was assessed by devious the Zeta potential analysis. The as-prepared PdNPs showed antibacterial efficacy (maximum zone of inhibition is 11.20 mm for S. typhimurium) and antifungal efficacy (maximum zone of inhibition is 32.80 mm for C. albicans) against disease causing human pathogens, strong anti-inflammatory activity for BSA denaturation and blistering catalytic activity against 4-NP reduction up to 5 cycles (6 min; 100 % reduction, rate constant is 0.532 min−1). The potency of the anti-inflammatory activity was found to be 90 % using PdNPs against the standard drug Diclofenac sodium (90 %) for 500 µg/mL. The above mentioned activities were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the PdNPs in treating bacterial, inflammation related conditions and also as an effective catalyst in wastewater treatment.

Environmental Energy Production and Wastewater Treatment Using Synthesized Pd Nanoparticles with Biological and Photocatalytic Activity

AbstractMetallic nanoparticles have attracted great attention in catalytic, medical diagnosis, and treatment research in recent years. The formation of palladium nanoparticles using rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) extract was carried out using the green synthesis method. The plant was extracted using 70% ethanol by microwave techniques. The novelty of this study is the investigation of the biological activities of green synthesis of Pd nanoparticles, such as DNA cleavage activity, antimicrobial activity, DPPH scavenging activity, and its electro-catalytic performance in alcohol oxidation. Additionally, photocatalytic activities were also evaluated. The characterization of synthesized palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs) was performed by UV-spectrometry, XRD, FTIR, and TEM. According to TEM results, Pd nanoparticles were observed to have a spherical shape and an average particle size of 4.91 nm. The Pd NPs showed the photodegradation of MB solution by up to 79.9% at 120 min. The newly synthesized plant-mediated green synthesized Pd NPs showed the max and the min antimicrobial activity at 16 µg/mL and 256 µg/mL against L. pneumophila and C. albicans, respectively. The current density ratio of 48.22 mA/cm2 obtained in the study indicates that the obtained materials may be of interest in different applications. According to the results obtained, a direct relationship of extract use is observed in the synthesis of Pd nanoparticles and is a good way to reduce and stabilize metal salts. It has been determined that green Pd NPs have potential for use in energy production from alcohol oxidation and in medical applications.

Synthesis of palladium nanoparticles utilizing biotemplates and investigation of their synergistic catalytic performance

AbstractBACKGROUNDPalladium nanoparticles can act as a shuttle to accelerate the extracellular electron transfer (EET) by exoelectrogens. Through the EET process, microorganisms drive the redox cycle of many substances. The palladium nanoparticle has a variety of catalytic activities and activities can be significantly improved by combining with the active effects of microorganisms.RESULTSIn this study, Staphylococcus saprophyticus JJ‐1 was utilized as a biological template carrier to synthesize palladium nanoparticles that were immobilized on the bacterial surface. The morphology and composition of palladium were characterized by various techniques including transmission electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Furthermore, the hydrogenation activity of the synthesized Pd was tested at room temperature and atmospheric pressure using methyl orange as a model pollutant. Electrochemical characterization was carried out by cyclic voltammetry and potentiostatic measurements. The research demonstrated that palladium nanoparticles acted as both electronic mediators and catalysts in the dye reduction process, while S. saprophyticus JJ‐1 contributed to stabilizing nanoparticles and electrochemical activity. The synergistic effect between these two components significantly enhances MO degradation efficiency.CONCLUSIONThis study presented an energy‐saving method to synthesize an integrated catalyst based on the synergistic interaction between biomass and nanoparticles, offering a novel approach for developing environmentally friendly, cost‐effective, and efficient integrated catalysts. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).

Green synthesis of palladium nanoparticles mediated by Acer L. leaves as reducing agent, stabilizer, and carrier for Suzuki reaction

Plant fiber‐supported palladium nanocatalysts (Pdx/FAL) with high catalytic activity and good stability were synthesized by one‐pot method using Na2PdCl4 as palladium source, Acer L. leaves as reducing agent, stabilizer, and carrier without adding chemical reducing agents or stabilizers. The as‐prepared catalysts were characterized by XRD, FT‐IR, SEM, TEM, and so forth. During the preparation process, the extraction of organic matter from Acer L. leaves, the reduction and stabilization of Pd2+, and the loading of palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) were carried out simultaneously, which greatly simplified the preparation steps and reduced the cost. Oxygen‐ and nitrogen‐containing groups in the Acer L. leaf extract preferentially formed complexes with Pd2+, and then, the polyphenols reduced Pd2+ to Pd0, which ensured that PdNPs with small particle sizes were formed and embedded in porous plant fibers (extraction residue of Acer L. leaves) with oxygen‐containing groups, thereby improving the catalytic activity and stability of the catalyst. The characterization results showed that the prepared PdNPs with a face‐centered cubic structure were uniformly distributed on the support, and the average particle size was 3.08 nm. The Suzuki coupling reaction of 4‐bromonitrobenzene and phenylboronic acid by the prepared catalysts at 40°C showed that the reaction yield could reach 97.72%, and the TOF could reach 3,240.6 h−1, exhibiting high catalytic performance. The reaction of 4‐bromotoluene with phenylboronic acid gave a yield of 98.58%, which remained above 90% after seven repetitions. This article provided a simple, high‐performance, and eco‐friendly synthesis idea for nanopalladium catalysts.

Eco-friendly synthesis of palladium nanoparticles using Zaleya decandra: Assessing mosquito larvicidal activity, zebrafish embryo developmental toxicity, and impacts on freshwater sludge worm Tubifex tubifex

The transmission of various infectious diseases, by Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi has poses a menace to human well-being. To combat the vector of this serious disease, environmentally friendly prevention strategies are essential. The fight against malaria and dengue is greatly aided by nanotechnology and pharmacology. The aqueous leaf extract of Zaleya decandra was used in the present study to synthesise palladium nanoparticles (Zd-PdNPs) by simple and sustainable processes. Numerous physiochemical methods were used to identify and classify bio-synthesized Zd-PdNPs. Additionally, Ae. aegypti and An. stephensi IV instar larvae were tested toxicity using Z. decandra extract and Zd -PdNPs. Further research was conducted to determine how the NPs-based treatment affected the histology and morphology of mosquito larvae. The LC50 values of ZD-PdNPs against Ae. aegypti larvae were 18.071 and 14.124 µg/mL; An. stephensi had 12.140 and 10.118 µg/mL at 12 and 24 hr exposure. Furthermore, zebrafish embryo developmental toxicity and the freshwater sludge worm Tubifex tubifex have both been utilised as test models for non-target eco-toxicological investigations in the typical laboratory setting. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to examine the chemical constituents of Z. decandra. n-hexadecanoic acid, 6-octadecenoic acid, phthalic acid, butyl undecyl ester, squalene, nonanoic acid, methyl ester, and butyl undecyl ester 2-methyl-4-phenylthiolane were identified as potential compounds for bio reduction and synthesis of nanoparticle. The current study reveals that natural molecules bonded nanomaterial that are effective against human disease spreading mosquito vectors larvae and highlights the potential value of Nano-larvicides as well as environmental safety.

Microwave-assisted synthesis of Limonia acidissima Groff gum stabilized palladium nanoparticles for colorimetric glucose sensing

Herein, we present a novel microwave-assisted method for the synthesis of palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) supported by Limonia acidissima Groff tree extract gum. The synthesized PdNPs were characterized using various analytical techniques, including FTIR, SEM, TEM, UV–visible, and powder XRD analyses. TEM and XRD analysis confirmed that the synthesized LAG-PdNPs are highly crystalline nature spherical shapes with an average size diameter of 7–9 nm. We employed these gum-capped PdNPs to investigate their peroxidase-like activity for colorimetric detection of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and glucose. The oxidation of 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) by H2O2, catalyzed by PdNPs, produces oxidation products quantified at 652 nm using spectrophotometry. The catalytic activity of PdNPs was optimized with respect to temperature and pH. The developed method exhibited a linear range of detection from 1 to 50 µm, with detection limits of 0.35 µm for H2O2 and 0.60 µm for glucose.

Preparation and characterisation of Pd nanocatalyst supported on nickel mesh

The primary aim of the publication is to show the possibility of the synthesis of palladium nanoparticles directly on the nickel molecular mesh. A combination of chemical and physicochemical methods was used.

An effective bio-inspired synthesis of palladium nanoparticles using Crateva religiosa G.Forst. leaf extract: a multi-functional approach for environmental and biomedical applications

An effective bio-inspired synthesis of palladium nanoparticles using Crateva religiosa G.Forst. leaf extract: a multi-functional approach for environmental and biomedical applications

Catalytic reduction of anionic and cationic toxic dyes and evaluation of antimicrobial activity using green synthesized palladium nanoparticles employing Carica papaya aqueous leaf extract

The present study offers a flexible method for the ecologically friendly synthesis of palladium nanoparticles and their assessment as a catalyst and antibacterial agent. Using an aqueous leaf extract of Carica papaya as a capping and reducing agent with Total Organic Carbon (TOC) measured at 959 mg/L, palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) were biochemically created. This is undoubtedly a modest green synthesis method, and the structural characteristics of the nanoparticles were investigated utilizing the techniques of UV, FTIR, powder XRD, SEM, and HR-TEM. According to FTIR studies, the polyphenols in Carica papaya leaf extract may be what causes Pd2+ to be converted into PdNPs. The face-centered cubic geometry of the PdNPs was extremely crystalline, as shown by the X-ray diffraction., and SEM images confirmed their spherical shape. The particle size of the synthesized PdNPs was found to be 20 nm as determined by HR-TEM. In the reduction of anionic Congo red (CR) and cationic Methylene blue (MB) dyes, green-produced PdNPs showed substantial catalytic activity. The PdNPs may have a catalytic impact as seen by the decrease in absorption band intensity with passing time, which results in 92 % degradation of Congo red, an anionic dye, and 95 % degradation of Methylene Blue, a cationic dye. Significant antibacterial action was also shown by the synthetic green PdNPs against bacterial and fungi strains.

Novel, Biosynthesis of Palladium Nanoparticles using Strychnos Potatorum Polysaccharide as a Green sustainable approach; and their effective Catalytic Hydrogenation of 4-Nitrophenol

In the current study, we successfully used strychnos potatorum polysaccharide through autoclaving to synthesize palladium nanoparticles in a green, sustainable process. These polysaccharide act as a stabilizing, capping, and reducing agent. It also used various analytical characterizations, including UV–Visible spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, X-Ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), EDAX, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), TEM and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) are used to analyze biosynthesized pallidum nanoparticles (PdNPs). The surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band at 276 nm and UV–visible spectroscopy revealed the presence of the generated PdNPs. The XRD data show that PdNPs have crystalline behavior and a pristine face-centered cubic (FCC) structure. The PdNPs were successfully developed by catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP). The catalytic activity and reusability of the environmentally friendly PdNPs catalyst were demonstrated by achieving a remarkable transformation of 95 % nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol after five cycles. The reaction rate constant (k) for the degradation of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) using SP-PdNPs as a catalyst is 0.1201 min−1 and R2 0.9867, with a normalized rate constant of (Knor = K/m) of 7.206 s−1 mM−1. These findings provide fundamental knowledge of the catalytic process governing the hydrogenation of p-nitrophenol, which will help designers of effective catalysts. An innovative and affordable technique for creating PdNPs that are environmentally acceptable and can be utilized as effective catalysts in environmental applications is the use of strychnos potatorum gum polysaccharide. The green-synthesized PdNPs can be used for pollutant remediation, including pharmaceutical, domestic, heavy metal, industrial, and pesticide pollutants.

Cannabis sativa mediated palladium nanoparticles as an effective nanodrug against multi-drug resistant bacteria and A549 lung cancer cells

The present paper reports a biogenic synthesis of palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) involving Cannabis sativa leaf extract. The physicochemical characterisations of biogenic synthesised PdNPs were carried out to determine size, shape, morphology, atomic composition, and crystal structure via different techniques involving Ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The standard particle size of the synthesized PdNPs was found to be 3.49 ± 0.5 nm from the TEM analysis, while XRD analysis showed a crystal size of 4.6 nm with a face-centred-cubic (fcc) structure. FT-IR study of the green synthesis confirmed the presence of phytochemicals which act as reducing and stabilising agents. The synthesised biogenic PdNPs were subjected to antimicrobial analysis for isolated strains of multi-drug resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella abony where minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was found in the range of 52.04–68.3 μg/mL. Moreover, for the cytotoxic effects of biogenic PdNPs, A549 lung cell lines were used, and the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value was evaluated as 22.17 µg/mL. The present investigation suggests the possible role of C. sativa extract capped PdNPs in the clinical management of lung cancer cells and MDR pathogens.