Synthesis Of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Research Articles

Green-synthesized CuO and ZnO nanoparticles derived from Calotropis gigantea (Apple of Sodom): enhancing plant growth, efficient dye removal, and potent antibacterial applications.

Nanoparticles, owing to their unique physicochemical properties, have garnered significant attention in various scientific disciplines, including materials science, chemistry, biology, and environmental engineering. In recent years, the synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles, such as NiO, Fe2O3, ZnO, SnO2, and CuO via green routes, has gained attraction due to their diverse applications in fields ranging from catalysis and electronics to medicine and environmental remediation. This study focuses on the green synthesis of copper oxide (CuO) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles using Calotropis gigantea (Apple of Sodom) leaf extract as a reducing agent and stabilizer, with zinc nitrate (ZnNO3.6H2O) and copper nitrate (CuNO3.3H2O) as precursors. The hexagonal phase of ZnO and monoclinic plan structure of CuO with high crystallinity was confirmed by XRD and elemental composition by EDX analysis. With the help of an SEM image, particle size measured for CuO and ZnO using ImageJ software was found to be 56.08nm and 46.49nm, respectively. This study investigates the efficacy of nanoparticles in wastewater treatment, particularly focusing on methylene blue dye decolorization using the statistical processing of response surface methodology (RSM) using the Box-Behnken method. Additionally, it explores the impact of synthesized nanoparticles on seed growth enhancement, using Vigna radiata (green gram) seeds immersed in various doses of nanoparticles (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2mg/30mL). Furthermore, the antibacterial activity of the nanoparticles against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria is evaluated. The results confirm the effectiveness of the materials for methylene blue dye removal, achieving 80.53% with CuO and 78.25% with ZnO. Significant seed growth was observed with a low nanoparticle dosage of 1.5mg/30mL, resulting in the highest seedling vigour index and germination percentage. This reduces the need for fertilizers and lessens environmental impact.

“Efficacy of datura metel leaf extract on MnSrO2 NPs synthesized using a green method in terms of pollutant reduction and antimicrobial activity.”

In this work, we prepared both chemical and biogenic synthesis of MnSrO2 (0, 5, 20 ml DLE) nanoparticles using datura metel leaf extraction by co-precipitation method and also prepared Sulfadiazine dye for catalytic activity. The applications and properties of green MnSrO2 nanoparticles have compared and they were characterized via XRD, SEM, FT-IR, EDX, UV–visible, and PL techniques. These nanoparticles showed an 18–8 nm diameter range, which was arranged in a spherical form combined randomly. The evidence from FTIR spectra showed peaks around 492, 487, 483, 655, 606, and 603 cm−1 for the creation of SrMnO2 NPs. Antibacterial activity of MnSrO2 (0, 5, 20 ml DLE) was measured by the well-diffusion method against pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumonia. The photocatalytic activity of the synthesized metal oxide nanoparticles was investigated by UV–visible spectroscopy for Sulfadiazine dye degradation with bare MnSrO2 NPs, g-MnSrO2 NPs [5 ml DLE], and g-MnSrO2 NPs [20 ml DLE] in presence of visible light irradiation.

Synthesis and characterization of Co3O4, CuO and NiO and nanoparticles: Evaluation of structural, vibrational, morphology and thermal properties

Green synthesis of CuO, NiO, and Co3O4 nanoparticles used biowaste (Gomutra). The physicochemical properties of metal oxide nanoparticles have been studied using various methods. Green synthesised metal oxide nanoparticle crystal properties were calculated using X-ray diffraction. It shows that all metal oxide crystallite sizes are nanoscale (27–31 nm). XRD spectra of CuO nanoparticles confirm their monoclinic structure, which matches JCPDS data. FTIR spectra reveal the existence of functional groups and associated vibrational modes in NiO and Co3O4 nanoparticles, confirming a cubic crystal structure with lattice parameters of 4.175 Å and 8.054 The surface appearance and particle size of three metal oxide nanoparticles were examined by SEM and TEM. XRD matches the average particle sizes of three metal oxide nanoparticles, which are 33–40 nm. Thermal stability of synthesized metal oxide nanoparticles was measured from 0 to 1000 °C using TG-DTA. It shows that the nanoparticles are stable and suited for various applications. Their unique properties make these metal oxide nanoparticles excellent for gas detection, antibacterial activity, photocatalysis, and biosensing.

Investigations on the microbial activity and anti-corrosive efficiency of nickel oxide nanoparticles synthesised through green route

Abstract Researchers have shown considerable interest in the environmentally friendly synthesis of several nanoparticles particularly metal nano particles due to their multifaceted applications. The target of the current research includes the synthesis of nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO-NPs) through the green route using the bark extract from Acacia Nilotica, and analyzed their chemical and surface morphological features using XRD, SEM, EDX, IR, UV–vis and photoluminescence spectroscopy. In addition, the corrosion inhibition ability and antimicrobial activity of the extract were also studied. The XRD analysis indicated that the NiO exist in the form of nanoparticles. It showed the formation of pure cubic NiO-NP with a prominent peak at 43.28° reflected from the plane (200). The crystallite size was found to be 15.83 nm. The SEM micrographs revealed that NiO-NPs appeared to be a bulk cluster-like structure on their surface.The EDX analysis displayed the presence of Ni and oxygen atoms. The photoluminescence spectrum demonstrated that the green synthesized metal oxide nanoparticles have a modified emission band due to the presence of oxygen deficiencies and induced surface imperfections. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the association of peaks with the C–H and Ni–O bonds. The UV–vis study showed a maximum absorption at 264 nm. A study on the inhibition efficiency towards microbes confirmed that the prepared NiO-NPs have a good inhibition against selected microbes such as S. aureus, E. coli, Candida albicans, A. Niger. The mass loss system showed restraint 93.68 % effectiveness in the mild steel, and the electrochemical study supported the formation of a defensive protective layer on the cathodic locales of the carbon steel surface inhibiting corrosion.

Exploiting of Green Synthesized Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in the Potentiometric Determination of Metformin Hydrochloride in Pharmaceutical Products.

The advanced and highly functional properties of Al2O3 and NiO nanoparticles promote the widespread use of metal oxides as remarkable electroactive materials for sensing and electrochemical applications. The proposed study describes a comparison of the sensitivity and selectivity of two modified wire membrane sensors enriched with Al2O3 and NiO nanoparticles with conventional wire membranes for the quantification of the antidiabetic drug metformin hydrochloride (MTF). The results show linear relationships of the enriched Al2O3 and NiO nanosensors over the concentration ranges 1.0 × 10-10-1.0 × 10-2 mol L-1 and 1.0 × 10-6-1.0 × 10-2 M for both the modified sensors and the conventional coated wire membrane sensors. The regression equations were EmV = (52.1 ± 0.5) log (MTF) + 729 for enriched nanometallic oxides, EmV = (57.04 ± 0.4) log (MTF) + 890.66, and EmV = (58.27 ± 0.7) log (MTF) + 843.27 with correlation coefficients of 0.9991, 0.9997, and 0.9998 for the aforementioned sensors, respectively. The proposed method was fully validated with respect to the recommendations of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). The newly functionalized sensors have been successfully used for the determination of MTF in its commercial products.

Biosynthesis of Cissus rotundifolia Stem-Mediated Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles and Their Anticariogenic Activity against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus sp.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The green synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles using plant extracts has emerged as an eco-friendly method. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) were synthesized using Cissus rotundifolia in this study. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles were utilized in restorative medicine for enhanced medicinal properties and in dental composites for their antimicrobial activities. Cissus rotundifolia is recognized as a medicinal plant due to its diverse properties, including mild laxatives, anti-inflammatory, and hyperglycemic activities. Materials and Methods: The antimicrobial activity of the prepared nanoparticles against Lactobacillus Sp. and Streptococcus mutans was evaluated using agar well diffusion method. The bactericidal and bacteriostatic activity of the prepared TiO2NPs was examined using time-kill kinetic analysis. Results: The prepared nanoparticles exhibited potential antimicrobial activity against Lactobacillus sp. (12 mm) at the highest concentration of 100 µg/mL. The prepared nanoparticles also exhibited excellent bactericidal activity against Lactobacillus Sp. and mild bacteriostatic activity against Staphylococcus mutans at the highest concentration of 100 µg/mL. Conclusion: The synthesized TiO2NPs showed significant antimicrobial activity against dental pathogens. The observed anticariogenic activity shows the potential of nanoparticles for dental applications. Hence, the prepared nanoparticles can be used in the field of dentistry as an antimicrobial agent instead of synthetic drugs causing more side effects.

Cyanobacteria Based Nanoformulation of Biogenic CuO Nanoparticles for Plant Growth Promotion of Rice Under Hydroponics Conditions.

Synthesizing nanoparticles through a green synthesis approach is common nowadays. Cyanobacteria have attained great importance in the field of biosynthesis of nanoparticles as there is no use of toxic chemicals as reducing or capping agents for the synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles. Micronutrient-based nano-formulations have become a topic of great interest in recent times due to their various advantageous properties and applications in agriculture. The current study aims to exploit the potential cyanobacterial strains isolated from different locations such as freshwater and soil ecosystems. The potential cyanobacterial isolates were screened based on their multiple plant growth promoting (PGP) attributes such as Indol acetic acid (IAA) production, siderophores, and phosphate solubilization. After the screening of cyanobacteria based on multiple PGP activities, the cyanobacterial strain was identified at the species level as Pseudanabaena foetida RJ1, based on microscopy and molecular characterization using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The cyanobacterial biomass extract and cell-free extracts are utilized for the synthesis of CuO micronutrient Nanoparticles (NPs). The cyanobacterial strain Pseudanabaena foetida RJ1 possesses plant growth-promoting (PGP) attributes that provide reduction and capping for CuO NPs. The synthesized NPs were characterized and subjected to make a nano-formulation, utilizing the cyanobacteria-mediated CuO NPs along with low-cost zeolite as an adsorbent. The application of cyanobacterial biomass extract and cell-free extract provided an excellent comparative aspect in terms of micronutrient NP synthesis. The NPs in the form of formulations were applied to germinated paddy seeds (Pusa Basmati -1509) with varying concentrations (5, 10, 15mg/l). Effects of cyanobacteria based CuO NPs on hydroponically grown paddy crops were analyzed. The application of nano-formulations has shown a significant increase in plant growth promotion in rice plants under hydroponics conditions. There is no such type of comparative investigation reported earlier, and NPs of micronutrients can be utilized as a new economic nanofertilizer and can be applied to plants for their growth promotion.

Evaluation of magnetic and electrochemical performance of copper oxide nanoparticles using Myristica fragrans (mace) extract

Abstract The synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles using natural extract encourages the futuristic design of an environmentally friendly system by getting rid of the dangerous, toxic substances. The food industry in India is paying a lot of attention to Myristica fragrans, often known as mace, due to its rich medicinal significance. In the current study, M. fragrans (Mace) aqueous extract was used to prepare copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles. Phytochemical screening confirms the presence of bioactive substances such as alkaloids, sterols, glycosides, and flavonoids in the extract. XRD and SEM measurements show that the nanoparticles have a monoclinic structure with polyhedral shape. Using the Debye-Scherrer formula, the material’s average crystallite size was found to be 85 nm. Based on the Tauc plot, an optical band gap of the prepared CuO NPs was calculated as 2.6 eV. At room temperature, the material’s magnetic property was investigated using VSM analysis. Congo red was used to examine the photocatalytic properties of the materials with various timings. CuO nanoparticles’ antibacterial activity was evaluated at various doses against Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Almost, CuO NPs exhibit better response against both the bacteria. Moreover, research investigations using cyclic voltammetry was carried out to assess the produced nanoparticles’ pseudocapacitive qualities. At a scan rate of 10 mV s−1, the material produced a good specific capacitance of 233.8 F/g with 1 M of KOH as an electrolyte.

Enhancing fermentation yield for biohydrogen production using eco-friendly nickel and cobalt ferrite nanoparticles

AbstractIn recent years, the sustainable metal oxide nanoparticle synthesis using various plant leaf extracts as reducing agents has gained significant attention in the field of renewable energy research. This study explores the biohydrogen yield enhancement potential of two types of nanoparticles derived from olive leaves. Synthesized nanoparticles are characterized by SEM, EDX, and FTIR spectrum analyses; these nanoparticles exhibit mean dimensions of 385 nm and 292 nm. Fermentation experiments were conducted using varying ratios of the two types of nanoparticles ranging from 50 to 500 mg/L to determine the impact of these nanoparticles on bio-hydrogen yield. Remarkably, with the usage of 200 mg/L of nickel ferrite nanoparticles boosted biohydrogen yield by 47%, while 200 mg/L of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles increased it by 41%. These findings highlight the potential of sustainably synthesized nanoparticles, especially those from olive leaves, as catalysts for enhancing biohydrogen production in dark fermentation processes. This research offers promising insights into eco-friendly bioenergy generation.

Natural grape juice assisted synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles: Evaluation of microstructural, vibrational and colloidal stability analysis for Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) sensor applications

The current study used simple and cost-effective methods to generate Fe3O4, ZnO, NiO, and Co3O4 nanoparticles. Grape juice was chosen as a sustainable fuel along with metal nitrates. Green synthesised metal oxide nanoparticles' microstructure and colloidal stability were characterised using several methods. Metal oxide nanoparticle lattices and crystallite sizes were examined using X-ray diffraction. It shows that many metal oxide nanoparticles have 20–30 nm crystallite diameters. TEM captured metal oxide nanoparticle form and size. Additionally, these nanoparticles' particle size was determined and compared positively to XRD. Metal oxide nanoparticles have spherical, cubical, and plate-like exteriors. Absorption bands from O-H, N-O, C-H, N-O, and M-O bond stretching, bending, and lengthening were visible in the FTIR spectrum. Zeta potential tests demonstrate nanoparticle colloidal stability. Each of four metal oxide nanoparticles has a positive Zeta potential. Fe3O4 nanoparticles are more stable than other metal oxide nanoparticles (−58.7 mV). Metal oxide nanoparticles sensed many test gases well. Fe3O4 and ZnO nanoparticles have good LPG and ethanol detecting capabilities. The response-recovery time demonstrates that the produced metal oxide nanoparticles are appropriate materials for the ethanol gas sensor.

Green syhthesis of aluminium oxide nanoparticles using Chrysophyllum albidum, Terminalia catappa and Mimusops Coriacea leaf extracts for antibacterial and antifungal activities

The study reports an environmentally friendly and simple green technique for the synthesis of aluminium oxide nanoparticles (Al2O3 NPs). The leaf extracts of Chrysophyllum albidum (chry.A), Terminalia catappa (Alm) and Mimusops Coriacea (Lam) were used as reducing and stabilizing agents. Microscopic characterisations of the nanoparticles were carried out such as TEM, SEM, X-RAY, FTIR, UV and antimicrobial application were conducted. The result of the analysis showed that transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of Al2O3 NPs revealed quasi-spherical particle shapes and showed the particle size distribution. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that the Al2O3 crystals are face-centered cubic (FCC) for Chry.A Al2O3 NP, Alm Al2O3 NP and Lam Al2O3 NP and the average crystallite size were given to be 54.4 nm, 58.3 nm and 25.8 nm while Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) results of Al2O3 NPs showed the existence of metal-oxygen Al-O and occurrence of carbonyl and hydroxyl groups from plant flavonoids. The electronic interaction of Al2O3 NPs was investigated with Ultraviolet visible spectroscopy (UV) and the results revealed 238 nm of the absorption capacity of Al2O3 NPs which is attributed to quasi-spherical structural arrangement and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) verified the existence of elemental aluminium which revealed maximum peaks of Al-O. The synthesized metal oxide nanoparticles (Al2O3 NPs) were evaluated for antibacterial and antifungal actvitties and the results show that they were potent against gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus; and Candida albicans and Trichophyton rubrum. The chry. A Al2O3 NP was found to displayed higher activities of antibacterial against Staphylococcus aureus (gram-positive) than Alm Al2O3 NP and Lam Al2O3 NP. The antibacterial activities of Chry.A Al2O3 NP and Alm Al2O3 NP also showed maximum zone of inhibition with minimum inhibitory concentration MIC of 0.125 and 0.250 mg/mL respectively, which higher than ciprofloxacin with 0.625 mg/mL MIC. Antifungal potential investigated revealed MIC of 3.15, 6.25 and 12.5 mg/mL for Chry.A Al2O3 NP, Alm Al2O3 NP and Lam Al2O3 NPs against Candida albicans and Trichophyton rubrum. Therefore the use of novel extracts for the synthesis of Al2O3 NPs has demonstrated good antimicrobial activities when compared to the control standard.

Experimental and density functional theory studies on some metal oxides and the derived nanoclusters: a comparative effects on human ferritin

A comprehensive investigation into the green synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) has garnered significant attention due to its commendable reliability, sustainability, and environmentally friendly attributes. Green synthesis methods play a crucial role in mitigating the adverse effects associated with conventional approaches employed for nanostructure preparation. This research endeavors to examine the impact of ginger plant extract-assisted green synthesis of metal oxides NPs on the serum ferritin levels of anemic diabetic patients in vitro, focusing specifically on α-Fe2O3 and ZnO NPs. Sixty diabetic volunteers with anemia (35–50 years) and thirty healthy volunteers were enrolled as controls. The assessment was conducted using the VIDAS Ferritin (FER) assay. Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy measurements were performed to elucidate the intrinsic and extrinsic transitions of these NPs, affirming the successful formation of α-structured iron oxide. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were carried out at the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,2p) level of theory to investigate the geometry optimization and molecular electrostatic potential maps of the NPs. Furthermore, TD-DFT calculations were employed to explore their frontier molecular orbitals and various quantum chemical parameters. The binding affinity and interaction types of ZnO and α-Fe2O3 NPs to the active site of the human H-Chain Ferritin (PDB ID: 2FHA) target were determined with the help of molecular docking. Results unveiled the crystalline structure of ZnO and the α-structure of α-Fe2O3. Analysis of the frontier molecular orbitals and dipole moment values demonstrated that ZnO (total dipole moment (D) = 5.80 µ) exhibited superior chemical reactivity, biological activity, and stronger molecular interactions with diverse force fields compared to α-Fe2O3 (D = 2.65 µ). Molecular docking of the metal oxides NPs with human H-chain ferritin provided evidence of robust hydrogen bond interactions and metal-acceptor bonds between the metal oxides and the target protein. This finding could have a great impact on using metal oxides NPs-ferritin as a therapeutic protein, however, further studies on their toxicity are required.Graphical abstract

Aloe vera extract-assisted sol-gel synthesis of NiOx nanopyramids for supercapacitor application

Green synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles is a cost-effective and sustainable approach that allows tailoring of the size and shape of the nanostructures for versatile applications. In this study, aloe vera extract-assisted sol-gel synthesis of nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiOx NPs) was explored for supercapacitor application. The NiOx NPs were synthesized at different aloe vera concentrations (2.5 and 5 wt%) and calcination temperatures (300, 400 and 500 °C). The phytochemical-assisted synthesis yielded NiOx nanopyramids with pores on their surface which widens as calcination temperature increases. As confirmed by XRD analysis, NiOx crystallite size also increased at higher calcination temperatures. Upon electrochemical characterization, NiOx-400B which was synthesized with 5 wt% aloe vera extract at 400 °C recorded the highest specific capacitance of 721 F g−1 at 1 A g-1 current density with the energy and power density of 10.38 Whkg−1 and 241.08 W kg-1 respectively. The charge storage mechanisms in the samples were gauged using Dunn's method which revealed that NiOx synthesized at higher calcination temperatures exhibited a greater contribution of the diffusion-controlled process. The optimized composition, NiOx-400B, also demonstrated excellent cycle stability by retaining up to 90.4 % of its original capacitance over 1500 cycles. This work is an attempt to investigate the viability of green synthesized nanoparticles in energy storage applications and the novel NiOx nanopyramid substantiates its prospect as a good electrode material for supercapacitors.

Property Tuning through Fine Size Control and Hierarchical Nanostructuring of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Supported in Porous Matrices: a Review

In the nanoscale, matter presents different properties compared to its bulk counterparts, owing to the considerable increase of the surface/bulk ratio, as well as the occurrence of quantum confinement effects. One method to fine control the growth of nanoparticles, their size and nanostructure is to use metalorganic deposition combined with a porous matrix as host, where pores act as nanoreactors for nanoparticle growth, resulting in chemically integrated systems. In this review, we look at the history and achievements of the chemical method of impregnation-decomposition cycles for the precise size control, property tuning and tailored synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles. We give an overview of the various oxide nanoparticles and nanomaterials developed over the years, and how the method of impregnation-decomposition cycles allowed the synthesis of pure, doped and core-shell oxide nanoparticles, as well as the tuning of their properties through the combined fine control of nanoparticle size, nanostructure, and composition.

Synthesis and Characterization of Selected Metal Oxide Nanoparticles

In the present study, oxide nanoparticles of copper, cobalt, iron and zinc metals have been synthesized using a chemical co-precipitation approach. This gives a large scale production of metal oxide nanoparticles. The structural properties of the synthesized metal oxide nanoparticles were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The XRD result reveals the crystalline nature of the metal oxide nanoparticles. Additional, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was also performed to study the morphology of the selected four metal oxide nanoparticles. SEM micrograph showed the spherical morphology of as prepared CuO, CO2O3, Fe2O3 and ZnO nanoparticles also they are interspersed with each other.

Biogenic synthesis of dopamine/carboxymethyl cellulose/TiO2 nanoparticles using Psidium guajavaleaf extract with enhanced antimicrobial and anticancer activities.

The green synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) has garnered considerable attention from researchers due to its utilization of eco-friendly solvents during synthesis and cost-effective approaches. This study focuses on the synthesis of titanium oxide (TiO2) and dopamine (DA) carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)-doped TiO2 (DA/CMC/TiO2) NP using Psidium guajava leaf extract, while also investigating the structural, optical, and morphological and biocidal potential of the prepared NPs. Significantly larger zones of inhibition were observed for DA/CMC/TiO2 NPs compared to TiO2 against various pathogens. Moreover, the MTT assay was carried out to evaluate the anticancer activity of the prepared samples against MG-63 cells, and the results revealed that DA/CMC/TiO2 NPs exhibited significantly higher level of anticancer activity compared to TiO2. The experimental results demonstrated that DA/CMC/TiO2 NPs exhibited enhanced anticancer activity in a dose-dependent manner when compared to TiO2 NPs.

Low-Cost Plant-Based Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticle Synthesis and Their Use in Optical and Electrochemical (Bio)Sensors.

Technological progress has led to the development of analytical tools that promise a huge socio-economic impact on our daily lives and an improved quality of life for all. The use of plant extract synthesized nanoparticles in the development and fabrication of optical or electrochemical (bio)sensors presents major advantages. Besides their low-cost fabrication and scalability, these nanoparticles may have a dual role, serving as a transducer component and as a recognition element, the latter requiring their functionalization with specific components. Different approaches, such as surface modification techniques to facilitate precise biomolecule attachment, thereby augmenting recognition capabilities, or fine tuning functional groups on nanoparticle surfaces are preferred for ensuring stable biomolecule conjugation while preserving bioactivity. Size optimization, maximizing surface area, and tailored nanoparticle shapes increase the potential for robust interactions and enhance the transduction. This article specifically aims to illustrate the adaptability and effectiveness of these biosensing platforms in identifying precise biological targets along with their far-reaching implications across various domains, spanning healthcare diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and diverse bioanalytical fields. By exploring these applications, the article highlights the significance of prioritizing the use of natural resources for nanoparticle synthesis. This emphasis aligns with the worldwide goal of envisioning sustainable and customized biosensing solutions, emphasizing heightened sensitivity and selectivity.

Dual extracellular mycofabrication of cobalt and zinc nano metal oxides mediated by mycelial-cell free filtrate of Aspergillus sojae: Characterization and assessment of antibacterial activity

Foodborne pathogenic bacteria cause a wide range of infectious diseases that pose a serious threat to human health worldwide with significant social and economic consequences. Nano metal oxides have attracted paramount attention owing to their remarkable antimicrobial potency. Microbial synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles has gained prominence due to cost-effectiveness, biocompatibility, and environmental friendliness. This study reports extracellular mycosynthesis of two nano metal oxides mediated by Aspergillus sojae mycelial cell-free filtrate (MCFF). A. sojae MCFF was reacted with cobalt chloride hexahydrate and zinc nitrate hexahydrate for the preparation of Co3O4 NPs and ZnO NPs, respectively. After reacting with each metal salt, A. sojae MCFF changed from transparent to greyish-brown and white-milky suspensions, indicating the mycosynthesis of Co3O4 NPs and ZnO NPs, respectively. Physicochemical and morphological properties of the two nano metal oxides were determined using various characterization techniques, involving XRD, FTIR, EDX, DLS, zeta potential analysis, XPS, and electron microscopy. The two nano metal oxides exhibited antibacterial potency against three foodborne pathogens. Co3O4 NPs had zones of inhibition (ZOI) of 19.33 ± 0.58, 20.67 ± 0.58, and 22.67 ± 0.58 mm against Escherichia coli (ATCC 43889), Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium (ATCC 43174), and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 12600), respectively. Whereas ZnO NPs had ZOI of 15.67 ± 0.58, 15.67 ± 0.58, and 14.33 ± 0.58 mm against the three foodborne pathogens, respectively. The intact morphological structures of the bacterial cells collapsed following exposure to A. sojae-mediated Co3O4 NPs and ZnO NPs, with some cells having irregular, twisted, and rough surfaces. The current study concluded that A. sojae mycelia acted as potential biological entity for the biosynthesis of Co3O4 NPs and ZnO NPs. A. sojae-derived Co3O4 NPs and ZnO NPs can be potential candidates for use as antimicrobial nano metal oxides in food and pharmaceutical industries.

Green Synthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles using Corchorus olitorius Leaf Extract

Green synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles has gained prominence in recent years, resulting from the absence of toxic chemicals, low energy requirement, and eco-friendliness. This paper reports the green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) using plant extract as a reducing agent. The ZnO-NPs were synthesized using Corchorus olitorius leaf extract and zinc acetate dihydrate, Zn (CH3COO)2.2H2O as precursor. The synthesized ZnO-NPs were characterized by the application of UV–Vis spectroscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). UV-vis indicated the reduction of zinc acetate dihydrate into ZnO-NPs by the leave extract. XRD and TEM revealed that the average size of the synthesized ZnO-NPs was 22 nm. The XRD pattern showed the hexagonal wurtzite crystalline nature of the synthesized ZnO-NPs. The elemental composition obtained from EDX showed that the synthesized ZnO-NPs are primarily composed of three elements: Zn (75.20 %), O (20.48.7%), and C (4.32). Examination of stretching and bonding in the ZnO-NPs using FT-IR revealed the presence of Zn-O bonding at 430.37–403.93 cm-1.

Biogenic synthesis of ZnO and Al2O3 nanoparticles using Camellia sinensis and Origanum vulgare L. leaves extract for spectroscopic estimation of ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in commercial formulations.

The current study describes the biogenic synthesis of two metal oxides zinc oxide (ZnO), aluminum oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticles using Camellia sinensis, and Origanum vulgare L. leaves extract, respectively. The synthesized metal oxide nanoparticles were investigated using spectroscopic and microscopic techniques to confirm the formation of their nanostructures. Accurate and precise spectrofluorometric probes were proposed for the quantification of Ofloxacin (OFX) and Ciprofloxacin (CPFX) in their bulk and commercial formulations. The extraordinary properties of Zinc oxide and aluminum oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs and Al2O3NPs) enhance the fluorescence intensity in the presence of 0.5 mL and 1.0 mL of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS, 1.0% w/v) as organizing agent for the detection of OFX and CPFX, respectively. The optical detection of both drugs at λex/em range 250-700 nm displayed linearity with a main correlation coefficient >0.999 at 1-300 (OFX-SDS-ZnONPs) and 0.5-100 (OFX-SDS-Al2O3NPs) ng mL-1,10-400 (CPFX-SDS-ZnONPs) and 0.1-50 (CPFX-SDS-Al2O3NPs) ng mL-1. The detection and quantification limits were found to be 0.04, 0.03, and 0.02, 0.04 ng mL-1, 0.13, 0.10, and 7.24, 0.09 ng mL-1 for the above-mentioned fluorescence systems, respectively. The suggested spectrofluorometric probes were validated and potentially applied for the estimation of OFX and CPFX in their bulk and commercial formulations.