Synthesis Of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Research Articles

Aspergillus Oryzae Mediated α‐Fe2O3 Nanoparticles for Photocatalytic Remediation of Basic Fuschin Dye and Antimicrobial Activities

AbstractGreen synthetic approach for the synthesis of Iron oxide (α‐Fe2O3) nanoparticles were successfully carried out using Aspergillus oryzae culture mediated biogenic route. The synthesized nanoparticle was confirmed by structural and optical characterization with the help of hematite phase. The α‐Fe2O3 nanoparticles show antimicrobial activity against bacterial strains Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and fungal strain Candida albicans. Under visible light, the α‐Fe2O3 nanoparticles demonstrate remarkable antibacterial action, confirming their superior efficacy for photocatalytic remediation. The present study discloses that the α‐Fe2O3 nanoparticles are efficient photocatalysts for 96 % degradation of basic fuchsin dye and highly active antimicrobial agent.

Extraction and Identification of the Essential Oil of Russian knapweed Compounds and their Valorization in Green Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles During a Surfactant-free Nano-emulsions System

Extraction and Identification of the Essential Oil of Russian knapweed Compounds and their Valorization in Green Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles During a Surfactant-free Nano-emulsions System

Innovative Agrowaste Banana Peel Extract-Based Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Eco-Friendly Oxidative Shield and Freshness Fortification

AbstractThis study presents the synthesis of agro-waste banana peel extract-based magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (BPEx-MIONPs), emphasizing antioxidant capacity and food preservation. Using iron (III) chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3 · 6 H2O) as a precursor and a reducing agent from agro-waste peel extract, a precisely controlled process yielded BPEx-MIONPs. Characterization involved X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). XRD revealed tetragonal Fe2O3, cubic magnetite structure, and monoclinic FexOy-NPs with an average size of 14.8 nm. TEM and SEM revealed diverse morphologies. TEM displayed both spherical and elongated nanoparticles, with some appearing as thin fibrils. In contrast, SEM images depicted an array primarily consisting of spherical nanoparticles, resembling coral reef formations. FTIR confirmed Fe–O bonds (1000 –400 cm-1). The antioxidant assessment showed robust DPPH free radical scavenging; BPEx achieved 100% inhibition at 18 min, and BPEx-MIONPs had an IC50 of ~ 136 µg/mL. BPEx-MIONPs, stabilized with banana-based bioplastic, effectively preserved grapes, reducing weight loss to 6.2% on day 3, compared to the control (19.0%). This pioneering study combines banana peel antioxidants with magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, providing sustainable solutions for food preservation and nano-packaging. Ongoing research aims to refine conditions and explore broader applications of BPEx-MIONPs. Graphical Abstract

Synthesis and characterization of iron oxide nanoparticles from Lawsonia inermis and its effect on the biodegradation of crude oil hydrocarbon.

Crude oil hydrocarbons are considered major environmental pollutants and pose a significant threat to the environment and humans due to having severe carcinogenic and mutagenic effects. Bioremediation is one of the practical and promising technology that can be applied to treat the hydrocarbon-polluted environment. In this present study, rhamnolipid biosurfactant (BS) produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa PP4 and green synthesized iron nanoparticles (G-FeNPs) from Lawsonia inermis was used to evaluate the biodegradation efficiency (BE) of crude oil. The surface analysis of G-FeNPs was carried out by using FESEM and HRTEM to confirm the size and shape. Further, the average size of the G-FeNPs was observed around 10nm by HRTEM analysis. The XRD and Raman spectra strongly confirm the presence of iron nanoparticles with their respective peaks. The BE (%) of mixed degradation system-V (PP4+BS+G-FeNPs) was obtained about 82%. FTIR spectrum confirms the presence of major functional constituents (C=O, -CH3, C-O, and OH) in the residual oil content. Overall, this study illustrates that integrated nano-based bioremediation could be an efficient approach for hydrocarbon-polluted environments. This study is the first attempt to evaluate the G-FeNPs with rhamnolipid biosurfactant on the biodegradation of crude oil.

Antifungal, antioxidant, and photocatalytic activities of greenly synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles

Abstract The build-up of synthetic dyes in the environment and aquatic ecology is a significant environmental issue due to their inability to break down naturally. The overuse of chemical fungicides also poses a threat to the environment due to their accumulation and fostering of fungal resistance. Hence, the study was conducted to detect the antifungal properties and photocatalytic activity of greenly synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) prepared using the Hibiscus sabdariffa flower extract. The biogenic IONPs showed the highest photocatalytic activity against rhodamine B dye at a concentration of 4.0 mg/ml. The biogenic IONPs also demonstrated effective antifungal properties against Penicillium digitatum and Aspergillus niger strains, with relative inhibition percentages of mycelial growth being higher than those with the metalaxyl + mancozeb fungicide at 800 ppm concentration. The efficient photocatalytic activity of the biogenic IONPs against rhodamine B dye and their effective antifungal properties suggest their potential use as safe substitutes for commercial fungicides.

Green synthesis and optimization of iron oxide nanoparticles as MRI contrast agent

Iron nanoparticles (FeNPs) derived from herbal plants are being explored as potential magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents due to their biocompatibility and ability to perform targeted drug delivery. For the first time, the usage of various novel combinations of leaf extracts such as those of Azadirachta indica and Piper betle and extracts of two other Ayurvedic herbs – namely, Asparagus racemosus and Symplocos – was attempted for eco-friendly green synthesis of FeNPs. The nanoparticles were coated onto nanofibers made from a banana pseudo-stem (FENPs-NF) to enhance their biocompatibility. The synthesis process was optimized using response surface methodology, and techniques such as ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, vibrating-sample magnetometry, atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) were used for characterization. Hemolytic and immune cell assays, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and MRI analysis were carried out. A peak at 325 nm observed in UV–Vis spectroscopy, AAS, FE-SEM, EDX and FT-IR proved the presence of FeNPs. Hemolytic and immune cell assays indicated biocompatibility, and the MTT assay (MCF-7) showed inhibition at 250 μg/ml. FeNPs and FeNPs-NF showed a good signal loss in MRI analysis at 1.5 T, proving their contrast agent nature. Thus, FeNPs synthesized from herbal plant sources may open a new door for potential application in the biomedical field as a chemical-free and biocompatible MRI contrast agent.

Iron oxide nanoparticle (Fe3O4 NPs) synthesized from B. subtilis reduced arsenic (as) toxicity in rice (Oryza sativa L.) plant

Arsenic (As) is one of the most important water pollutant of global concern due to its extreme hazard. In the present study, B. subtilis synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) were used for mitigation of harmful metalloid As from the aqueous solution. Initially, the arsenic removal efficiency was tested in a batch culture experiment across various concentrations (5, 10 and 15 ppm) of B. subtilis synthesized Fe3O4 NPs at different pH, time interval and agitation speed. Optimal removal efficiency of As by using B. subtilis synthesized Fe3O4 NPs was observed at pH 7, after 80 min, and with agitation at 200 rpm. Additionally, hydroponic culture experiment was designed to assess B. subtilis synthesized Fe3O4 NPs efficiency in removal of As from As-contaminated water used to irrigate rice plants. Results revealed that B. subtilis synthesized Fe3O4 NPs effectively removed As from the contiminated water and reduced its uptake by the different parts of rice plants (root, shoot and leaf). Furthermore, these B. subtilis synthesized Fe3O4 NPs also reduced the bioaccumulation and enhanced plant tolerance to As, suggesting their potential in mitigating heavy metal toxicity, especially As and promoting plant growth. Thus, this study proposes B. subtilis synthesized Fe3O4 NPs as nano-adsorbents in reducing arsenic toxicity in rice plants.

Green synthesis of Abutilon indicum (L) derived iron oxide (FeO) nanoparticles with excellent biological, anticancer and photocatalytic activities

Cancer is one of the most common causes of death all over the world. Although there are many treatments available none of them are without side-effect and most of them are very expensive. Similarly, Inflammation is one of another common medical condition worldwide but most of the therapies available are not environment and pocket friendly. Thus, the aim of our study was to synthesize environmentally friendly, cost-effective FeO NPs with significant anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial properties. The green synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (FeO NPs) using plant extract is one of the environmentally friendly, cost-effective, and a secure alternative to physical or chemical synthesis methods. In the present study we used Abutilon indicum leaf extract to synthesize the Ai-FeO NPs and performed various experiments to confirm the therapeutic potential of green synthesized Ai-FeO nanoparticles. In this method, an aqueous plant leaf extract (A. indicum: Ai) was used as a reducing and stabilizing agent for the synthesis of FeO nanoparticles. The synthesized Ai-FeO NPs were characterized by the ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) absorbance of the surface at a resonance band 415 nm. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy study confirmed the inherent bioactive functional groups as capping and stabilizing agents for Ai-FeO NPs. The X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) spectra revealed crystalline nature of the NPs. Further, the synthesized NPs have been isolated in highly stable, crystalline nature with spherical shape having size 10–95 nm. In addition, the green synthesized Ai-FeO-NPs demonstrated dose-dependent antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. The findings of this study suggested that A. indicum leaf extract mediated FeO nanoparticles could be potentially used as a therapeutic agent for many human diseases and breast cancer.

Facile Green Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Impact on Cytotoxicity, Antioxidative Properties and Bactericidal Activity.

Bioreductive processes are quite potent, effective and affordable for the synthesis of green NPs, as compared to the physical and chemical methods. The present study aimed to evaluate the bactericidal, antioxidative and anticancer activity of FeONPs derived from the turmeric rhizome (Curcuma amada) using ferric chloride as a precursor. With focusing on the manufacture of FeONPs via green approach, we characterized the NPs using FTIR, FT-Vis, DLS, and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The produced particles were tested for antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. The synthesized NPs were also examined using the MDA-MB-231 human epithelial breast cancer cell line and NCI-60 cancer cell lines. The antioxidant activity of TR-FeONPs was concentration-dependent. The scavenging activity of TR-FeONPs was 76.09% at a concentration of 140 µg/ml. Using different concentrations of TR-FeONPs in the MTT assay against the MDA-MB-231 cell line indicated a reduction of less than 50% in cell viability at 125 µg/ml. Moreover, TR-FeONPs exhibited an effective bactericidal property. The gTR-FeONPs synthesized bioreductively were found to be effective in renal cancer, UO-31 cell line, with GI50 value of 66.64%. Our study showcases a sustainable method based on green chemistry principles to produce FeONPs utilizing turmeric rhizome. We anticipate that the FeONPs produced through this biosynthesis process could serve as a promising drug delivery system in cancer treatment and as an effective antimicrobial agent against various diseases.

Synthesis, characterization and magnetic properties of iron oxide nanoparticles from reverse chemical co-precipitation method

Studying magnetic characteristics of iron oxide nanoparticles was highlighted as a key step in creating potential powder nanomaterials. The occurrence of electron spins parallel to the crystallographic orientations and single domain nanopartilces are the recognized causes of superparamagnetism in bulk magnetite. Nanoparticles whose size could be tuned exhibit this superparamagnetism effect. The reverse co-precipitation process is used to create the current magnetite nanoparticles. The iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by reverse chemical coprecipitation method and were confirmed based on XRD data. The room temperature magnetic property was studied and the tiny levels of coercivity and remanence indicate that the samples may exhibit superparamagnetic nature.

Hydrothermal Green Synthesis of Aloe Vera Gel-Biotemplated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Robust Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue, Chromium (VI) Reduction, and Antibacterial Efficacy

Hydrothermal Green Synthesis of Aloe Vera Gel-Biotemplated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Robust Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue, Chromium (VI) Reduction, and Antibacterial Efficacy

Influence of Baccharis salicifolia Extract on Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in MCM-41@IONP and Its Application in Room-Temperature-Fabricated Metal–Insulator–Semiconductor Diodes

This work presents the green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) using Baccharis salicifolia extract and their incorporation in mesoporous silica MCM-41, obtaining an MCM-41@IONP composite. The MCM-41@IONP composite was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nitrogen adsorption and desorption, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The use of the natural reducing agent Baccharis salicifolia resulted in nanoparticles with an average size of 31 nm. Furthermore, we showcase the application of the MCM-41@IONP nanocomposite in a metal–insulator–semiconductor (MIS) diode, which was fabricated at room temperature. The current–voltage and capacitance–voltage curves of the MIS diode were carefully measured and subjected to detailed analysis. The results demonstrate the potential utility of MCM-41@IONP nanocomposite-based MIS diodes, suggesting their applicability in the design of biosensors or as discrete components in electronic devices.

Green synthesis of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide and Silver Nanoparticles in Satureja hortensis Leave Extract: Evaluation of Antifungal Effects on Botryosphaeriaceae Species.

In recent years, green synthesis methods of metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) have been attractive because of the more facile, cheaper, and appropriate features associated with biomolecules in MNPs biosynthesis. This research represented an easy, fast, and environmentally friendly method to biosynthesis of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONPs) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by the Satureja hortensis leaf extract as stabilizer and reducer. The SPIONPs synthesized in co-precipitation method. The biosynthesized SPIONPs and AgNPs were studied their antifungal effects against three Botryosphaeriaceae plant pathogens, Botryosphaeria dothidea, Diplodia seriata, and Neofusicoccum parvum. UV-visible spectra (UV-Vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (Fe-SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and vibrating-sample magnetometer (VSM) analyses were used to evaluate the physicochemical properties and verify the formation of green synthesized SPIONPs and AgNPs. UV-Vis spectra revealed absorption peaks at 243 and 448 nm for SPIONs and 436 nm for AgNPs, respectively. Microscopic and XRD analysis showed that SPIONPs and AgNPs was found spherical in shape with an average particle size of SPIONPs and AgNPs 10 and 12 nm, respectively. The antifungal test against Botryosphaeriaceae species showed that SPIONPs and AgNPs possessantifungal properties against B. dothidea, D. seriata, and N. parvum. However, AgNPs exhibits greaterantifungal activity than SPIONPs. Theresultsof thecytotoxicitytests of SPIONs and AgNPs on the MCF-7 cell line showed that AgNPs was significantly more cytotoxictowardsthe MCF-7 cell line, whereas nosignificant cytotoxiceffect was recorded by SPIONs. Therefore, these biosynthesized MNPs could be substituted for toxic fungicides that are extensively applied in agriculture and contribute to environmental health and food safety.

Tuning Surface, Phase, and Magnetization of Superparamagnetic Magnetite by Ionic Liquids: Single-Step Microwave-Assisted Synthesis.

Achieving colloidal and chemical stability in ferrofluids by surface modification requires multiple steps, including purification, ex situ modification steps, and operation at high temperatures. In this study, a single-step microwave-assisted methodology is developed for iron oxide nanoparticle (IONP) synthesis utilizing a series of imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs) with chloride, bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, and pyrrolide anions as the reaction media, thus eliminating the use of volatile organics while enabling rapid synthesis at 80 °C as well as in situ surface functionalization. The characterized surface functionality, hydrodynamic particle size, magnetization, and colloidal stability of the IONPs demonstrate a strong dependence on the IL structure, ion coordination strength, reactivity, and hydrophilicity. The IONPs present primarily a magnetite (Fe3O4) phase with superparamagnetism with the highest saturation magnetization at 81 and 73 emu/g at 10 and 300 K, respectively. Depending on the IL coating, magnetization and exchange anisotropy decrease by 20 and 2-3 emu/g (at 35 wt % IL), respectively, but still represent the highest magnetization achieved for coated IONPs by a coprecipitation method. Further, the surface-functionalized superparamagnetic magnetite nanoparticles show good dispersibility and colloidal stability in water and dimethyl sulfoxide at 0.1 mg/mL concentration over the examined 3 month period. This study reports on the intermolecular and chemical interactions between the particle surface and the ILs under synthetic conditions as they relate to the magnetic and thermal properties of the resulting IONPs that are well suited for a variety of applications, including separation and catalysis.

Synthesis and Characterization of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: A Series of Laboratory Experiments.

The following laboratory procedure provides students with hands-on experience in nanomaterial chemistry and characterization. This three-day protocol is easy to follow for undergraduates with basic chemistry or materials science backgrounds and is suitable for inclusion in upper-division courses in inorganic chemistry or materials science. Students use air-free chemistry procedures to synthesize and separate iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles and subsequently modify the nanoparticle surface by using a chemical stripping agent. The morphology and chemical composition of the nanoparticles are characterized using electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering measurements. Additionally, magnetic characterization of the particles is performed using an inexpensive open-source (3D-printed) magnetophotometer. Possible modifications to the synthesis procedure, including the incorporation of dopants to modify the magnetic response and alternative characterization techniques, are discussed. The three-day synthesis, purification, and characterization laboratory will prepare students with crucial skills for advanced technology industries such as semiconductor manufacturing, nanomedicine, and green chemistry.

Dye adsorption onto iron oxide prepared by green method mediated by leaf extract of Falcaria vulgaris

ABSTRACT Iron oxide nanoparticles were green synthesised by Falcaria vulgaris extract. Characterisation of samples was carried out by scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Investigating factors, such as pH, adsorbent dosage, temperature, contact time and the dose effect of the initial concentration of methylene blue dye, was done on adsorption of methylene blue. The synthesised nanoparticles exhibited a relatively spherical and irregular surface, with a size of about 35 nm, a haematite crystal phase and a saturation magnetisation of 8.3 emu/g. The highest adsorption of methylene blue (76%) was achieved at a pH value of 6, with an optimal adsorbent quantity of 0.004 g/L and a starting concentration of 80 mg/L. The adsorption behaviour of synthesised iron oxide nanoparticles follows from Langmuir isotherm and has a maximum adsorption capacity of 49.169 mg/g. The kinetics of methylene blue dye removal using iron oxide nanoparticles followed a second-order kinetic equation. The adsorption activity of iron oxide nanoparticles showed very little change even after two regeneration cycles. Therefore, the obtained adsorbent regained its adsorption capacity with the help of the photo-Fenton process and is reusable again.

Lychee peel extract-based magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: Sustainable synthesis, multifaceted antioxidant system, and prowess in eco-friendly food preservation

The quest for sustainable synthesis methods has led to the exploration of lychee peel extract (LCPEx) as an eco-friendly alternative in the field of nanomaterials. This groundbreaking study introduces the synthesis of lychee peel extract-based magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (LCPEx-MIONPs) and delves into their diverse applications. The meticulous methodology involved a multistep process for lychee peel extraction, resulting in the creation of LCPEx. The subsequent synthesis of LCPEx-MIONPs, achieved by combining the extract with iron chloride as a precursor and sodium hydroxide as a pH adjustor (set to 7.5), yielded nanoparticles with nanoscale dimensions (8.7± 0.4 nm) and diverse morphologies (cubic, hexagonal, spherical). Comprehensive characterization techniques, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), unveiled the structural attributes of LCPEx-MIONPs. The LCPEx exhibited robust antioxidant activity against DPPH, reaching its maximum inhibitory within only 5 minutes in a simple disc diffusion. The multifaceted antioxidant system of LCPEx-MIONPs exhibited an IC50 value of 202.3 µg/mL, highlighting the synergistic effects of lychee phytochemicals and magnetic ions. Beyond antioxidant capabilities, LCPEx-MIONPs, when incorporated into banana-based food preservation films, demonstrated significant prowess in grape preservation. The controlled release properties led to a notable reduction in water loss (9.3% on day 3 and 19.7% on day 6) compared to control grapes without LCPEx-MIONPs incorporated (18.2% on day 3 and 34.8% on day 6). This study significantly contributes to green nanotechnology, food preservation, and the development of eco-friendly hydrogels and bioplastic films, emphasizing the versatile applications of LCPEx-MIONPs in antioxidants, sustainable food preservation, and hydrogel-based bioplastics.

Iron oxide nanoparticle synthesis: Simulation-based comparison of laboratory- and pilot plant-scale spray-flame synthesis

This study analyzes burner scale-dependent effects for iron-oxide nanoparticles synthesis in spray flames through a combined experimental and numerical approach. A laboratory- and a pilot plant-scale synthesis facility generate iron oxide nanoparticles from iron nitrate dissolved in ethanol/2-ethylhexanoic acid solvents on the 0.5 and 15 g/h scale, respectively. Phase Doppler measurements supply initial conditions for spray development in the numerical approach, while in situ OH* chemiluminescence and multi-line nitric oxide laser-induced fluorescence (NO-LIF) thermometry provide experimental data for comparison with simulation results of the pilot plant burner. Ex situ particle sizing by gas adsorption according to Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), along with phase composition determination via X-ray diffraction (XRD), are used to compare products of both burners and the corresponding simulations. The numerical approach employs a Reynolds-averaged Eulerian-Lagrangian description of the flow in combination with a flamelet/progress variable (FPV) combustion and monodisperse particle model to reflect spray-flame synthesis. Despite similar chemiluminescence between experiment and simulation, more significant discrepancies are observed in NO-LIF thermometry and particle sizing. Nanoparticle formation and growth at both burner scales is investigated using the numerical method. Special attention is directed to the high-temperature particle residence time (HTPRT). Notably, the average temperature–time profiles particles experience are almost identical in the burners, although their geometric scales and designs differ substantially. Simulation results show that while the primary particle diameter remains mostly consistent, the pilot-scale burner produces larger particle agglomerates than the laboratory burner. The difference is attributed to an increased particle number concentration during the initial formation of soft agglomerates. The findings demonstrate that, despite retaining a similar HTPRT, the overall flow conditions and liquid spray dispersion, which impact the distribution of the particle number concentration, influence the final agglomerate size.

Synthesize Iron Oxide and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Plant Extracts

Recently, a plant-mediated approach to synthesizing nanoparticles via unconventional, eco-friendly technique-based techniques involving natural materials was developed. In this work, the microwave method has been used, where Hibiscus rosa sinensis flower extract and Myristica Fragrans have been used as reducers and stabilizers to synthesize iron oxide nanoparticles (α-Fe2O3) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO), respectively. The melting point and ultraviolet-visible spectrometer (UV-Vis) have been utilized to investigated and characterized the synthesized iron oxide and Zinc oxide nanoparticles. The results showed that the melting point of Fe2O3-NPs and ZnO-NPs were above ~300 °C, which indicated the melting of nanoparticle. Nanoparticles exhibit a significant in melting point as their size goes below ≈10 nm. in addition, the UV-Vis absorption spectra of the synthesized iron oxide NPS show peak surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band around 320 nm and Zinc oxide NPS shown peak surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band around 370 nm. The microwave method has been successfully used in this study, which has advantages over the other methods.

Innovative transdermal doxorubicin patches prepared using greenly synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles for breast cancer treatment

ABSTRACT An innovative strategy was formulated to overcome the challenges in delivering doxorubicin (DOX) for breast cancer treatment. Transdermal patches were prepared using carbopol 971 (CP) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) loaded with starch-coated iron oxide nanoparticles conjugated to DOX (DOX@St-IONPs). The patches’ physicochemical properties, in vitro drug diffusion, alongside the physical properties of DOX@St-IONPs, and their impact on breast cancer cell lines’ viability were examined. The M1 patch, with a 1:1 CP:PVA ratio and DOX@St-IONPs, showed unique properties, indicating effective delivery. It maintained consistent thickness, weight, and 97% DOX loading. Demonstrated flexibility and acceptable surface pH. M1 displayed fivefold increased drug penetration compared to free DOX patches (flux of 14.85 µg/cm2/h and permeability of 0.95 cm/h), with higher cytotoxicity against triple-negative breast cancer. These results propose promising non-invasive DOX delivery through the developed patches.