Synthesis Of Gemini Surfactants Research Articles

Convenient synthesis, characterization and surface active properties of novel cationic gemini surfactants with carbonate linkage based on C 12 C 18 sat./unsat. fatty acids

Abstract Cationic imidazoline surfactants have already gained much interest due to their wide range of industrial applications. In the present scenario on surfactants research, surfactants are being converted into their corresponding gemini surfactants because of their uncommon self-assembling characteristics and unique interfacial activity. Gemini surfactants are showing many times better performance properties than their conventional monomeric counterparts because of their much lesser CMC and far better ability to reduce surface tension. These extraordinary properties make them potential candidates in surfactant industries. Conventional methods used in the synthesis of gemini surfactants are suffering with few disadvantages. Long reaction duration is one of the major issues involved in the synthesis of gemini surfactants. Current research involves the microwave synthesis of C 12 C 18 saturated/unsaturated fatty acids based cationic gemini imidazoline surfactants in much lesser time. An effort has also been made to make them readily degradable through incorporating a carbonate linkage into their spacer moiety. Structural characterization of synthesized gemini surfactants have been achieved through 1 H-NMR and FT-IR. Cheaper and easily available plant based materials and microwave assisted organic synthesis of cationic gemini imidazoline surfactants with easily degradable chemical moiety make them to be considered as novel and green surfactants.

Waste Cooking Oil‐Based Novel Gemini Imidazolinium Surfactants With Carbonate Linkage: Green Synthesis, Characterization and Properties Evaluation

AbstractImidazolinium surfactants belong to the category of cationic surfactants that have already gained the great interest of researchers due to their varied range of commercial applications. With the advancement in the field of surfactants research, imidazolinium surfactants are being converted into their corresponding gemini surfactants. Gemini surfactants are known to have exceptional self‐assembling characteristics and exclusive interfacial activity that include much lower CMC and better ability to reduce surface tension than their conventional monomeric counterparts. Long reaction time associated with conventional thermal synthetic procedures and high production costs are the two major issues involved in the synthesis of gemini surfactants. The present research work involves the microwave synthesis of novel gemini imidazolinium surfactants with carbonate linkage. In order to synthesize cost effective gemini surfactants, waste cooking oils have been used as raw materials. Structural characterization of synthesized gemini surfactants has been achieved through 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR and FT‐IR.

Synthesis of gemini surfactants with twelve symmetric fluorine atoms and one singlet 19F MR signal as novel 19F MRI agents

A family of fluorinated gemini surfactants derived from perfluoropinacol has been synthesized as novel 19F magnetic resonance imaging (19F MRI) agents. These fluorinated surfactants with 12 symmetric fluorine atoms and one singlet 19F MR peak can be conveniently prepared from perfluoropinacol and oligo(ethylene glycols) on multi-gram scales. Solubility, hydrophilicity (log P), and critical micelle concentration (CMC) measurements of these fluorinated surfactants indicated that high aqueous solubility can be achieved by introducing oligo(ethylene glycols) with appropriate length into perfluoropinacol, i.e., manipulating the fluorine content (F%). One of these fluorinated surfactants with high aqueous solubility and excellent 19F MR properties has been identified by 19F MRI phantom experiments as a promising 19F MRI agent.

Synthesis of Gemini Surfactants and Evaluation of Their Interfacial and Cytotoxic Properties: Exploring the Multifunctionality of Serine as Headgroup

AbstractTwo series of novel cationic gemini surfactants based on the amino acid serine have been synthesized. These compounds contain long alkyl chains linked to the nitrogen atoms of the amino acid residues, as well as spacers interconnecting two carboxylic acid groups, through amide or ester bonds. The most efficient synthetic pathway was established; it involves the introduction of the spacers into the N,N‐dialkylated monomeric precursors by peptide condensation methods with diamines or diols, with subsequent methylation and deprotection to yield the final target surfactants. The effects of molecular structure, type of spacer linkage, and spacer length on the interfacial and cytotoxic properties of these gemini surfactants are reported and discussed; studies on gemini surfactants with amine linkages and other relevant homologous compounds (conventional bis‐quat gemini and monomeric surfactants) are also included. Overall, it is shown that cationic serine‐based gemini surfactants have enhanced interfacial properties and low cytotoxicities, offering potential use in technical and biological applications.

Synthesis of Gemini Surfactants from N-Halosuccinimide−Dimercaptoethane Cohalogenation of Olefinic Fatty Methyl Esters

Olefinic fatty methyl esters (undec-10-enoate (1), octadec-Z,9-enoate (2), methyl 12-hydroxyoctadec-Z,9-enoate (3)), on reaction with N-halosuccinimides (4 and 5), i.e., N-bromosuccinimide (NBS, 4) or N-chlorosuccinimide (NCS, 5), and dimercaptoethane (6) in diethylether gave the gemini surfactants (β,β‘-dibromodithioethers) (7−12).

A selective and convenient synthesis of gemini surfactants over heterogeneous basic catalyst

Abstract Tri-ethanolamine (C6H15O3N) and fatty acid (C10H20O2, C12H24O2, C14H28O2 and C16H32O2) using MgO–ZrO2 selectively gave the corresponding 2-(bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino)ethyl alkanoate in good yield. Further the reaction of 2-(bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino)ethyl alkanoate with epichlorohydrin or 1,2-dichloroethane (in the presence of the 2-(alkanoyloxy)-N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)ethanaminium chloride) over same heterogeneous catalysis to afford novel N,N-bis(2-(alkanoyloxy)ethyl)-N,N,N,N-tetrakis(2-hydroxyethyl) propane-1,3-diaminium or N,N-bis(2-(alkanoyloxy)ethyl)-N,N,N,N-tetrakis(2-hydroxyethyl)ethane-1,2- diaminium (gemini surfactants), respectively. The ease of the diaminium reaction was found to be due to the neighboring-group participation (NGP) in the quaternization step. Results of esterification and diaminium reactions, reported herein were optimized for several catalytic effects to understand the probable mechanism. The catalysts can be easily separated from reaction and showed good recyclability.