Synthesis Of Flavonoids Research Articles

4-Coumarate-CoA ligase (4-CL) enhances flavonoid accumulation, lignin synthesis, and fruiting body formation in Ganoderma lucidum

It is now understood that 4-Coumarate-CoA ligases (4-CL) are pivotal in bridging the phenylpropanoid metabolic pathway and the lignin biosynthesis pathway in plants. However, limited information on 4-CL genes and their functions in fungi is available. In this study, we cloned the 4-CL gene (Gl21040) from Ganoderma lucidum, which spans 2178 bp and consists of 10 exons and 9 introns. We also developed RNA interference and overexpression vectors for Gl21040 to investigate its roles in G. lucidum. Our findings indicated that in the Gl21040 interference transformants, 4-CL enzyme activities decreased by 31 %-57 %, flavonoids contents decreased by 10 %–22 %, lignin contents decreased by 20 %-36 % compared to the wild-type (WT) strain. Conversely, in the Gl21040 overexpression transformants, 4-CL enzyme activity increased by 108 %-143 %, flavonoids contents increased by 8 %-37 %, lignin contents improved by 15 %-17 % compared to the WT strain. Furthermore, primordia formation was delayed by approximately 10 days in the Gl21040-interferenced transformants but occurred 3 days earlier in the Gl21040-overexpressed transformants compared to the WT strain. These results underscored the involvement of the Gl21040 gene in flavonoid synthesis, lignin synthesis, and fruiting body formation in G. lucidum.

Copper- or Zinc-Fortified Nutrient Solution in Vertical Farming System Enriches Copper or Zinc and Elevates Phenolic Acid and Flavonoid Contents in Artemisia annua L.

Artemisia annua L. is a well-known therapeutic herb that is widely used in folk medicine in Asian and African countries. A. annua can alleviate fever, wounds, and inflammation and is also popular as an anti-malarial agent. Cu and Zn are essential nutrients for human wellness and are vital to plants; they sometimes act as elicitors and induce stress mechanisms in plants to stimulate the production of secondary metabolites, which have bioactivities. Therefore, we added Cu or Zn to a nutrient solution and cultivated A. annua to enhance the Cu or Zn content. The Cu or Zn treatment during A. annua cultivation elevated their accumulation, and Zn showed a dramatic accumulation level in harvests. The aerial part of Zn16X contained 35 times higher Zn content than that of the control. Although the Cu or Zn contents were elevated, the plant height and yield were not affected, indicating the absence of toxic effects. The Cu or Zn treatment decreased the artemisinin content; however, these treatments increased the amounts of phenolic acids and flavonoids in A. annua. In particular, Zn4X showed a notable increase in the phenolic acids and flavonoids amounts. Moreover, the contents of certain types of caffeoylquinic acids were also highly elevated in Zn4X. Overall, Cu or Zn treatment in A. annua increased Cu or Zn accumulation and stimulated phenolic acid and flavonoid synthesis, which may have enhanced the therapeutic efficacy of A. annua.

Haplotype-resolved genome assembly of Phanera championii reveals molecular mechanisms of flavonoid synthesis and adaptive evolution.

Phanera championii is a medicinal liana plant that has successfully adapted to hostile karst habitats. Despite extensive research on its medicinal components and pharmacological effects, the molecular mechanisms underlying the biosynthesis of critical flavonoids and its adaptation to karst habitats remain elusive. In this study, we performed high-coverage PacBio and Hi-C sequencing of P. championii, which revealed its high heterozygosity and phased the genome into two haplotypes: Hap1 (384.60 Mb) and Hap2 (383.70 Mb), encompassing a total of 58 612 annotated genes. Comparative genomes analysis revealed that P. championii experienced two whole-genome duplications (WGDs), with approximately 59.59% of genes originating from WGD events, thereby providing a valuable genetic resource for P. championii. Moreover, we identified a total of 112 genes that were strongly positively selected. Additionally, about 81.60 Mb of structural variations between the two haplotypes. The allele-specific expression patterns suggested that the dominant effect of P. championii was the elimination of deleterious mutations and the promotion of beneficial mutations to enhance fitness. Moreover, our transcriptome and metabolome analysis revealed alleles in different tissues or different haplotypes collectively regulate the synthesis of flavonoid metabolites. In summary, our comprehensive study highlights the significance of genomic and morphological adaptation in the successful adaptation of P. championii to karst habitats. The high-quality phased genomes obtained in this study serve as invaluable genomic resources for various applications, including germplasm conservation, breeding, evolutionary studies, and elucidation of pathways governing key biological traits of P. championii.

Spatio-temporal variation in synthesis of some nutraceutical components of thorowax foldwing (Dicliptera bupleuroides Nees)

The present research was carried out to determine the spatiotemporal variation in accumulation of different nutritional and medicinal components in Dicliptera bupleuroides from the Soone valley in the Salt Range of Punjab, Pakistan. Most of the biochemical attributes were higher in the spring season than those in the other seasons; this might have been due to high soil pH during spring. High amounts of minerals and high pH are necessary for the synthesis of alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, and fibers. Proteins, N, dry matter, fats and nitrogen free extract (NFE) were higher in summer, which might have been due to considerable availability of macro-nutrients during this season due to high moisture content because of high rainfall during the season. Spatial variation showed that phenols and flavonoids were associated with the population from Khabeki site (despite enough minerals and moisture availability) which might have been due to physical injuries caused by grazing and cutting. Minerals, proteins and N were also associated with the Khabeki population probably due to large amounts of minerals and moisture retention in the soil of the site and prevalent optimum environmental conditions therein. Alkaloids, fats, moisture and some minerals were associated with Anga and Knotti Garden sites which might have been due to high pH and prolonged salt stressed conditions at both sites.

Application of Bacillus tequilensis for the control of gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea in blueberry and mechanisms of action: inducing phenylpropanoid pathway metabolism.

Botrytis cinerea a blueberry gray mold, is one of the main diseases affecting postharvest storage, causing significant losses. Several studies have shown that Bacillus tequilensis can prevent the growth of plant pathogens by producing various antibacterial substances, and can induce plant resistance. However, research on the biological management of post-harvest gray mold in blueberries using B. tequilensis remains unclear. To better control the postharvest gray mold of blueberry, the effects of B. tequilensis KXF6501 fermentation solution (YY) and KXF6501 cell-free supernatant (SQ) on the induction of disease resistance in blueberry fruits were studied using biochemical and transcriptomic analyses. We found that YY controlled the conidial germination and mycelial growth of B. cinerea in vitro, followed by SQ. After 3 d of culture, the lesion diameter and incidence of gray mold in blueberry fruits inoculated with YY and SQ were smaller than those in the control group. Therefore, gray mold in blueberries was effectively controlled during the prevention period, and the control effect of YY was better than that of SQ. Transcription spectrum analysis of blueberry peel tissue showed that the YY- and SQ-induced phenylpropane metabolic pathways had more differentially expressed genes (DEGs) than other biological pathways. In addition, biochemical analyses showed that YY treatment effectively enhanced the activity of enzymes related to the phenylpropane pathway (phenylalanine ammonialyase [PAL], cinnamate 4-hydroxylase [C4H], 4-coumarate CoA ligase [4CL], and polyphenol oxidase [PPO]) and stimulated the synthesis of lignin, total phenols, and flavonoids, followed by SQ. Compared with the control, the YY and SQ treatments reduced the weight loss rate and better maintained the appearance and nutritional quality of the blueberry fruits. Our findings suggest that B. tequilensis KXF6501 is potentially useful as a suitable bio-control agent in harvested blueberries.

Transcriptomics and metabolomics revealed the synthesis and potential role of flavonoids in pea roots under continuous cropping obstacles

AbstractWith the continuation of intensive and monoculture production in modern agriculture, the harm of continuous cropping obstacles is becoming more prominent. Pea has important nutritional and economic value, but it is easy to have continuous cropping obstacles in production. However, there is limited knowledge of the regulatory mechanisms of pea to cope with continuous cropping obstacles. In this study, we found that the number of differential expressed genes (DEGs) and differential metabolites (DAMs) increased in the pea roots with increasing continuous cropping times, and the number of DEGs and DAMs in roots of sensitive pea was more than that of continuous cropping tolerant pea. Comprehensive analysis of the omics data revealed that the flavonoid and isoflavonoid biosynthesis pathways play key roles in the response of pea roots to the continuous cropping obstacles. Most of the DEGs involved in these two pathways were up‐regulated. Meanwhile, most of the flavonoid compounds and total flavonoid content increased. With increasing continuous cropping times, the isoflavones category in DAMs increased, and the isoflavones category in the roots of continuous cropping tolerant pea were higher than in sensitive pea. Additionally, the isoflavonoid (biochanin A, calycosin, genistein) in the roots of continuous cropping tolerant pea have the ability to inhibit the growth of fungi in pea soil and possess antioxidant activity. These findings revealed the important role of flavonoids in pea continuous cropping obstacles and laid a foundation for effectively alleviating pea continuous cropping obstacles in the future.

A new raspberry ketone synthesis gene RinPKS4 identified in Rubus idaeus L. by transcriptome analysis.

Raspberry ketone accounts for the characteristic aroma of the raspberry fruit. In order to explore the genes involved in raspberry ketone synthesis, the transcriptome in fruit tissues of two red raspberry varieties "Polka" and "Orange legend", were sequenced and 24213 single genes were obtained. As the red raspberry fruit ripening, genes involved in flavonoid and anthocyanin synthesis were up-regulated, while those associated with lignin synthesis were down-regulated. A gene (RinPKS4) highly related to raspberry ketone synthesis was identified by transcriptome analysis, and RinPKS4 gene was over-expressed in raspberry in order to further understand the function of RinPKS4 gene in raspberry ketone synthesis. The results showed that the gene expression level of RinPKS4 in the leaf tissues of a transgenic lines increased by about 4-fold and the content of raspberry ketone increased by 42.64% compared with the wide type. This study lays a theoretical foundation for further study on the synthesis and regulation of raspberry ketone in red raspberry.

Iodine-PEG as a unique combination for the metal-free synthesis of flavonoids through iodonium-triiodide ion-pair complexation.

An efficient metal-free single-step protocol has been developed for the direct synthesis of flavones from 2-hydroxyacetophenone and substituted benzaldehydes. This chemical transformation is exclusively promoted by the iodonium-triiodide ion couple formed through iodine and PEG-400 complexation. The triiodide anion not only helps in the abstraction of a proton from the acetophenone but also promotes the cyclization of intermediate chalcone to the corresponding flavones. The flavones were obtained in very high yields without using any toxic metal catalysts or harsh reaction conditions. The reaction mechanism was established through a series of test reactions and entrapping of reaction intermediates. The developed protocol provides direct access to flavones in high yields under milder reaction conditions with great substrate compatibility, including hydroxylated derivatives.

A practical and economic route for regioselective cyclization of β-phenoxyl ynones to flavonoid derivatives

A green, efficient and highly regioselective synthesis of flavonoids and their derivatives from β-phenoxyl ynones using wet 1,3-propanediol as reaction medium was developed, without any metal catalysts, bases, acids or additives.

Transcriptome dynamics in Artemisia annua provides new insights into cold adaptation and de-adaptation.

Plants adapt to cold stress through a tightly regulated process involving metabolic reprogramming and tissue remodeling to enhance tolerance within a short timeframe. However, the precise differences and interconnections among various organs during cold adaptation remain poorly understood. This study employed dynamic transcriptomic and metabolite quantitative analyses to investigate cold adaptation and subsequent de-adaptation in Artemisia annua, a species known for its robust resistance to abiotic stress. Our findings revealed distinct expression patterns in most differentially expressed genes (DEGs) encoding transcription factors and components of the calcium signal transduction pathway within the two organs under cold stress. Notably, the long-distance transport of carbon sources from source organs (leaves) to sink organs (roots) experienced disruption followed by resumption, while nitrogen transport from roots to leaves, primarily in the form of amino acids, exhibited acceleration. These contrasting transport patterns likely contribute to the observed differences in cold response between the two organs. The transcriptomic analysis further indicated that leaves exhibited increased respiration, accumulated anti-stress compounds, and initiated the ICE-CBF-COR signaling pathway earlier than roots. Differential expression of genes associated with cell wall biosynthesis suggests that leaves may undergo cell wall thickening while roots may experience thinning. Moreover, a marked difference was observed in phenylalanine metabolism between the two organs, with leaves favoring lignin production and roots favoring flavonoid synthesis. Additionally, our findings suggest that the circadian rhythm is crucial in integrating temperature fluctuations with the plant's internal rhythms during cold stress and subsequent recovery. Collectively, these results shed light on the coordinated response of different plant organs during cold adaptation, highlighting the importance of inter-organ communication for successful stress tolerance.

A Systematic Analysis of the Correlation between Flavor Active Differential Metabolites and Multiple Bean Ripening Stages of Coffea arabica L.

Coffee cherries contain a crucial flavor-precursor and chemical substances influencing roasted bean quality, yet limited knowledge exists on metabolite changes during cherry ripening. Our study identified 1078 metabolites, revealing 46 core differential metabolites using a KEGG pathway analysis. At the GF vs. ROF stage, amino acid synthesis dominated; ROF vs. BRF featured nucleotide catabolism; BRF vs. PRF exhibited glycoside and flavonoid synthesis; and PRF vs. PBF involved secondary metabolite synthesis and catabolism. The PRF stage emerged as the optimal cherry-harvesting period. A correlation analysis identified core differential metabolites strongly linked to taste indicators, suggesting their potential as taste markers. Notably, nucleotides and derivatives exhibited significant negative correlations with glycosides and flavonoids during ripening. This research systematically analyzed flavor and active substances in green coffee beans during cherry ripening, offering valuable insights into substance formation in Coffea arabica L.

Synthesis and biological activities of flavonoid sulfamates as steroid sulfatase inhibitors

Synthesis of potent flavonoid sulfamate inhibitors of the enzyme steroid sulfatase (STS), a topical target in treating postmenopausal women with hormone-dependent breast cancer, is described in the current article. Novel compounds were examined for estrone sulfatase (E1-STS) inhibition in intact MCF-7 breast cells. The strategies adopted to develop STS inhibitors which, while active in vivo, are devoid of any estrogenicity that would limit their use for breast cancer therapy (e.g. estrone 3-O-sulfamate, EMATE), were broadly successful. Several molecules of flavonoid sulfamates were synthesized that potentially possess both aromatase and steroid sulfatase inhibitory properties. The isoflavane-4',7-O,O-bis-sulfamate (equol bis-sulfamate) and flavone-6,4'-O,O-bis-sulfamate were found to be the most potent inhibitors of all the flavonoid sulfamate analogs in vitro, inhibiting STS by about 99% at 0.1μM in MCF-7 cells. Some of these flavonoid sulfamates were also found to be active against both enzymes’ STS and aromatase (e.g., 5-hydroxy-7-methoxyflavone-4'-O-sulfamate, 5-hydroxy-flavone-4',7-O,O-bis-sulfamate, and 5,7-dihydroxy flavanone-4'-O-sulfamate), thus demonstrating the novel concept of a dual inhibitor. The availability of flavonoid sulfamates as STS inhibitors may enable to use of them as a therapy in the treatment of breast cancer.

Combined metabolome and transcriptome analyses of quality components and related molecular regulatory mechanisms during the ripening of Huangjin Peach

Huangjin Peach is highly nutritious with cinsiderable market potential. Flavonoids, sugars, and acids are among the key compounds affecting the quality of yellow peaches. In this study, we analyzed the metabolites and gene expression of Huangjin Peach to explain the quality formation mechanism during the ripening period (including the young fruit, color change, and mature stages). We explored the biosynthetic pathways of flavonoids, sugars, and organic acids through metabolomics (LC-MS/MS) and transcriptomics (RNA-seq) approaches. A total of 864 metabolites were identified during the ripening of Huangjin Peach. Flavonoids increased significantly mainly at the color change stage and accumulated at the mature stage. During the combined transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses, CHS, F3′H, DFR, and A3GT were identified as the main enzyme genes regulating flavonoid synthesis, as well as the key factors affecting fruit color. Sugar alcohols accumulated significantly in Huangjin Peach during the ripening period, and organic and phenolic acids decreased significantly during the color change stage, which affect the quality and taste of fruits. Most metabolites and genes changed dramatically during the color change stage, indicating that the color change stage is critical for fruit quality formation. The expression of key genes was verified by qRT-PCR. Our results explained some of the key fruit quality formation mechanisms of Huangjin Peach, which provide a valuable foundation for the improvement and development of functional foods.

Metabolome combined with transcriptome profiling reveals the dynamic changes in flavonoids in red and green leaves of Populus × euramericana 'Zhonghuahongye'.

Flavonoids are secondary metabolites that have economic value and are essential for health. Poplar is a model perennial woody tree that is often used to study the regulatory mechanisms of flavonoid synthesis. We used a poplar bud mutant, the red leaf poplar variety 2025 (Populus × euramericana 'Zhonghuahongye'), and green leaves as study materials and selected three stages of leaf color changes for evaluation. Phenotypic and biochemical analyses showed that the total flavonoid, polyphenol, and anthocyanin contents of red leaves were higher than those of green leaves in the first stage, and the young and tender leaves of the red leaf variety had higher antioxidant activity. The analyses of widely targeted metabolites identified a total of 273 flavonoid metabolites (114 flavones, 41 flavonols, 34 flavonoids, 25 flavanones, 21 anthocyanins, 18 polyphenols, 15 isoflavones, and 5 proanthocyanidins). The greatest difference among the metabolites was found in the first stage. Most flavonoids accumulated in red leaves, and eight anthocyanin compounds contributed to red leaf coloration. A comprehensive metabolomic analysis based on RNA-seq showed that most genes in the flavonoid and anthocyanin biosynthetic pathways were differentially expressed in the two types of leaves. The flavonoid synthesis genes CHS (chalcone synthase gene), FLS (flavonol synthase gene), ANS (anthocyanidin synthase gene), and proanthocyanidin synthesis gene LAR (leucoanthocyanidin reductase gene) might play key roles in the differences in flavonoid metabolism. A correlation analysis of core metabolites and genes revealed several candidate regulators of flavonoid and anthocyanin biosynthesis, including five MYB (MYB domain), three bHLH (basic helix-loop-helix), and HY5 (elongated hypocotyl 5) transcription factors. This study provides a reference for the identification and utilization of flavonoid bioactive components in red-leaf poplar and improves the understanding of the differences in metabolism and gene expression between red and green leaves at different developmental stages.

Insights into the Superrosids phylogeny and flavonoid synthesis from the telomere-to-telomere gap-free genome assembly of Penthorum chinense Pursh.

The completion of the first telomere-to-telomere (T2T) genome assembly of Penthorum chinense Pursh (PC), a prominent medicinal plant in China, represents a significant achievement. This assembly spans a length of 257.5Mb and consists of nine chromosomes. PC's notably smaller genome size in Saxifragales, compared to that of Paeonia ostii, can be attributed to the low abundance of transposable elements. By utilizing single-copy genes from 30 species, including 28 other Superrosids species, we successfully resolved a previously debated Superrosids phylogeny. Our findings unveiled Saxifragales as the sister group to the core rosids, with both being the sister group to Vitales. Utilizing previously characterized cytochrome P450 (CYP) genes, we predicted the compound classes that most CYP genes of PC are involved in synthesizing, providing insight into PC's potential metabolic diversity. Metabolomic and transcriptomic data revealed that the richest sources of the three most noteworthy medicinal components in PC are young leaves and flowers. We also observed higher activity of upstream genes in the flavonoid synthesis pathway in these plant parts. Additionally, through weighted gene co-expression network analysis, we identified gene regulatory networks associated with the three medicinal components. Overall, these findings deepen our understanding of PC, opening new avenues for further research and exploration.

The physiological and biochemical responses to dark pericarp disease induced by excess manganese in litchi

Dark pericarp disease (DPD), a physiological disorder induced by excess Manganese (Mn) in litchi, severely impacts the appearance and its economic value. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms of DPD, this study investigated the variations of phenolic compound, antioxidant defense system, subcellular structure, and transcriptome profiles in both normal fruit and dark pericarp fruit (DPF) at three developmental stages (green, turning, and maturity) of ‘Guiwei’ litchi. The results reveal that excess Mn in DPF pericarp resulted in a significant increase in reactive oxygen species, especially H2O2, and subsequent alterations in antioxidant enzyme activities. Notably, SOD (EC 1.15.1.1) activity at the green stage, along with POD (EC 1.11.1.7) and APX (EC 1.11.1.11) activities at the turning and the maturity stages, and GST (EC 2.5.1.18) activity during fruit development, were markedly higher in DPF. Cell injury was observed in pericarp, facilitating the formation of dark materials in DPF. Transcriptome profiling further reveals that genes involved in flavonoid and anthocyanin synthesis were up-regulated during the green stage but down-regulated during the turning and maturity stages. In contrast, PAL (EC 4.3.1.24), C4H (EC 1.14.14.91), 4CL (EC 6.2.1.12), CAD (EC 1.1.1.195), and particularly POD, were up-regulated, leading to reduced flavonoid and anthocyanin accumulation and increased lignin content in DPF pericarp. The above suggests that the antioxidant system and phenolic metabolism jointly resisted the oxidative stress induced by Mn stress. We speculate that phenols, terpenes, or their complexes might be the substrates of the dark substances in DPF pericarp, but more investigations are needed to identify them.

Integrated metabolomics and transcriptomics analysis reveals γ-aminobutyric acid enhances the ozone tolerance of wheat by accumulation of flavonoids

Wheat is susceptible to atmospheric ozone (O3) pollution, thus the increasing O3 is a serious threat to wheat production. γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is found to play key roles in the tolerance of plants to stress. However, few studies elaborated the function of GABA in response of wheat to O3. Here, we incorporated metabolome and transcriptome data to provide a more comprehensive insight on the role of GABA in enhancing the O3-tolerance of wheat. In our study, there were 31, 23, and 32 differentially accumulated flavonoids in the carbon-filtered air with GABA, elevated O3 with or without GABA treatments compared to the carbon-filtered air treatment, respectively. Elevated O3 triggered the accumulation of dihydroflavone, flavonols, and flavanols. Exogenous GABA enhanced dihydroflavone and dihydroflavonol, and also altered the expression of genes encoding some key enzymes in the flavonoid synthesis pathway. Additionally, GABA stimulated proline accumulation and antioxidant enzyme activities under elevated O3, resulting in the less accumulation of H2O2 and malondialdehyde. Consequently, GABA alleviated the grain yield loss from 19.6% to 9.6% induced by elevated O3. Our study provided comprehensive insight into the role of GABA in the alleviating the detrimental effects of elevated O3 on wheat, and a new avenue to mitigate O3 damage to the productivity of crops.

Phenological Fluctuations of Secondary Metabolites in Dracocephalum charkeviczii

Plants from the genus Dracocephalum are a source of biologically active compounds, including rosmarinic acid and different flavonoids. Their concentration varies during the vegetation period. In order to examine changes in their content in Dracocephalum charkeviczii Prob., an endemic species of Sikhote Alin and South Kuriles, wild and cultivated plants were collected in three phenological stages: vegetation, flowering/start of fructification, and preparation for withering. By means of HPLC with UV and mass selective detection, 15 polyphenol compounds were detected in methanol extracts from the leaves. Several new compounds—coumaric acid glycoside, quercetin glycoside and rutinoside, and acacetin coumaroylglycoside—were identified in D. charkeviczii. Synthesis of most flavonoids was found to be the highest in the beginning of the vegetation period, and gradually decreased by its end. The concentration of caffeic acid derivatives (chlorogenic acid, rosmarinic acid glycoside, and dehydrorhabdosiin) increased, but the total concentration of compounds decreased by the end of vegetation.

UV-C radiation promoted flavonoid synthesis during early healing in potato tuber wounds with the possible involvement of ABA and related transcription factor regulation

UV-C radiation has been widely proven to promote flavonoid synthesis in fruit and vegetables as an environmentally friendly treatment. However, it is unknown whether UV-C promotes flavonoid synthesis in potato tuber wounds during early healing and its possible regulatory mechanism. In this study, UV-C radiation increased the gene expression and activities of zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP) and 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED), and increased ABA levels. Meanwhile, UV-C upregulated the expression levels of StPYR1, StPYR2, StPYR3, StPP2C, SnRK2.1 and StABF, and promoted ABA signaling in tuber wounds. In addition, UV-C upregulated the expression levels of related transcription factors, including StMYB12, StMYB308, StbHLH93 and StbHLH143. Furthermore, UV-C regulated the gene expression and activities of chalcone synthase (CHS), chalcone isomerase (CHI), flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H) and flavonol synthase (FLS), and promoted the accumulation and synthesis of flavonoids in tuber wounds. It is suggested that ABA and related transcription factors, including StMYB12, StMYB308, StbHLH93 and StbHLH143, may be involved in the regulation of UV-C radiation-driven flavonoid synthesis in potato tuber wounds during early healing.

Organocatalytic Enantioselective Syntheses of Flavonoids and Cannabinoids

AbstractFlavonoids and cannabinoids comprise two large families of natural products that contain a chromane moiety in their structure. Their therapeutic potential has been extensively investigated as potential treatments to several diseases, ranging from cancer to infectious and neurodegenerative diseases. Despite their relative structural simplicity, in recent years creative synthetic methodologies were designed to overcome limitations from the previous synthetic strategies applied to these compounds. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of all the enantioselective organocatalytic strategies that have been applied to the synthesis of flavonoids and cannabinoids to date.