Synthesis Of CdS Nanoparticles Research Articles

Green Synthesis of CdS Nanoparticles and their Potential Application towards Adsorption of Lead and Cadmium ions

Watermelon rind aqueous extract mediated synthesis of CdS nanoparticles was investigated for its efficiency towards removal of lead and cadmium ions from aqueous solutions. Batch adsorption investigations were performed to optimise the experimental conditions. The optimised conditions were found to be pH 6, 1 g L-1, 30 min and 303 K respectively for the removal of lead and cadmium ions. The equilibrium data obtained was analysed with isotherm models and it was found that Langmuir and Freundlich isothersm explain better and the loading capacities were found to be 332.2 and 318.7 mg L-1 respectively for Pb2+ ad Cd2+ ions. Kinetic investigations suggest that pseudo second order kinetic model fits well to the experimental data suggesting that chemical reactions govern the rate limiting step. The spontaneous and exothermic nature of the present process was successfully demonstrated by the thermodynamic investigations. Desorption and regeneration studies suggest that the CdS nanoparticles can be successfully regenerated 5 times and reused in the adsorption process.

One-pot synthesis of CdS nanoparticles with surface-phase junctions to catalyze the photo-reduction of CO2 into CO and CH4 selectively

Without any external template & surfactant, CdS nanoparticles (NPs) with surface-phase junctions were synthesized directly from CdCl2 and the CS2-storage material (CS2SM) with a simple one-pot strategy, in which only stirring was needed. Under visible light irradiation, the as-synthesized CdS NPs could selectively catalyze the reduction of CO2 to produce CO and CH4 sustainably with a perfect catalyst stability even after 33 h. At 4 °C and the optical power density of 370 mW/cm2, the as-synthesized CdS NPs from 0.5 g CS2SM exhibited 195.41 μmol/gcat CH4 generation capacity and the 9.01 μmol·gcat−1·h−1 maximum average yield, in which the generation ratio of CH4/CO was at 8:2; and the as-synthesized CdS NPs from 2.0 g CS2SM exhibited 119.95 μmol/gcat CO generation capacity and the 3.75 μmol·gcat−1·h−1 maximum average yield, in which the generation ratio of CH4/CO was at 1:3. The research results indicated that CdS NPs with higher hexagonal content and smaller particle size is more active in CO2 photoreduction, which may be due to the low potential CdS NPs surface phase junction reducing the recombination rate of electron hole pairs and improving photocatalytic activity. The simple preparation of CdS NPs and their further photocatalytic CO2 reduction provide a green and sustainable foundation for the application of sulfide photocatalysts.

Starch-Assisted Stable Synthesis of CdS Nanoparticles for Enhanced Electrical and Optical Properties

Starch-Assisted Stable Synthesis of CdS Nanoparticles for Enhanced Electrical and Optical Properties

Microinjection titration synthesis of CdS nano-particles with S-type interface-phase junctions for efficient photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B

Currently, water scarcity caused by pollution is a serious threat to human survival and development. To address this problem, impurity energy levels of -NH2 groups using CS2-storage material (CS2SM) as an S source were introduced in this study, and CdS nano-particles (NPs) with enhanced sulfur vacancies (Vs-CdS NPs) and S-type interface-phase junctions were synthesized through a simple microinjection titration strategy. Moreover, rhodamine B (Rh B) with a volume of 100 mL and a concentration of 100 mg/L could be 99.7% degraded over 60 min using 20 mg of CdS NPs at pH = 6.0, T = 28 °C, and 300 W xenon lamp (optical power of 150 mW) irradiation. The high photocatalytic activity of the as-synthesized CdS NPs is owing to the intrinsic electric field, energy band bending, and Coulomb forces that occur between the hexagonal and cubic phases. In addition, the presence of Vs-CdS NPs can easily capture the photogenerated carriers of CdS NPs during recombination. Moreover, the photogenerated carriers are affected by the high and low energies between the Vs-CdS NPs, resulting in the transfer of the photogenerated carriers between the Vs-CdS NPs, which ultimately prolongs the lifetime of photogenerated carriers in the CdS NPs. Subsequently, a photocatalytic mechanism of S-type interface-phase junctions was proposed to explain the highly efficient photocatalytic activity and excellent optoelectronic properties of CdS NPs.

Microwave assisted effective synthesis of CdS nanoparticles to determine the copper ions in artichoke leaves extract samples by flame atomic absorption spectrometry

In this study, an accurate and sensitive analytical strategy based on cadmium sulfide nanoparticles assisted dispersive solid phase extraction (CdS-NPs-DSPE) was developed for the preconcentration/separation of copper ions in the extract of artichoke leaves. The CdS-NPs-DSPE method was combined with slotted quartz tube-flame atomic absorption spectrometry (SQT-FAAS) for the first time. The CdS-NPs were synthesized using microwave-assisted reaction as a new and rapid synthesis method for the CdS precursor solution. The morphology and structure of the synthesized sorbent were characterized using SEM, XRD, and FT-IR. The optimum conditions of the method were as follows: 40 mL sample volume, 0.10 mL of pH 4.0 buffer solution, 7.5 mg CdS NPs, 30 s sonication period, and 100 µL of concentrated HNO3. According to the experimental results, the calibration plot was linear in the concentration range of 2.5–30 µg/L, with a detection limit of 0.71 µg/L. The enhancement in detection power was calculated as 162-folds based on LOD comparison. The reliability and applicability of the proposed method were validated by spiking artichoke leave extracts at different concentrations. The percent recoveries calculated for 50 and 150 µg/L piked samples were 87 ± 12.6 % and 116.8 ± 3.2 %, respectively. These findings verify that the proposed method can be used for accurate and precise determination of copper ions in artichoke leaves.

Synthesis of CdS nanoparticles in water/DMF medium: an investigation on the effect of time and microwave irradiation

Nanostructured semiconductors are a pillar of the newly developed ‘artificial photosynthesis’ field of research. Cadmium sulfide is amongst the most studied semiconductors due to its suitable band structure which can utilize a sizable portion of the visible part of solar irradiation. Additionally, the band energies of this material are perfect for carrying out photochemical reactions in the aqueous medium. A wide variety of methods have been considered with the purpose of morphology engineering for this material. Herein, we report a simple yet rapid method for the synthesis of CdS nanoparticles in the realm of quantum confinement without using additives for particle growth suppression. In-situ UV–Vis spectrophotometry was used to study the formation and growth of CdS nanoparticles over time. Furthermore, the particles were characterized by XRD, XPS, DRS, FESEM, EDS, and TEM and a possible reaction mechanism has been postulated.

Facile Carbonyl Sulfide (COS) Fixation into Novel COS-Storage Materials Towards Preparation of CdS Photocatalyst for CO<sub>2</sub> Reduction and Promotion of Plant Growth

An effective approach to the COS capture and fixation using the alcohol-amine binary systems contained Ethylene Glycol-based polyols (EGs) and Ethylenediamine-based polyamines (EDAs) under ambient conditions is developed. Fourier-Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and X-Ray powder Diffraction (XRD) analyses reveal that COS is converted into thio-alkylcarbonate salts with the special chemical structures of [+H3NR1NH3 +-OC(=S)OR2(R3)O(S=)CO-]n, which are named as a COS-Storage Material (COSSM). Notably, the COSSM is successfully applied to the synthesis of CdS Nano-Particles (NPs) for the photocatalytic conversion of CO2 to CO and CH4, and used as a nitro-sulfur compound fertilizer to promote plant growth. Our work has provided a readily available strategy for the green storage and sustainable utilization of COS.

Recent, Eco-friendly Approach for Controlling Culex pipiens (L.) using Novel Synthesized Cadmium Sulphide Nanoparticles of Ocimum basillicum Extract

Mosquitoes are the key vector for the transmission of serious parasites and pathogens which affect many people worldwide. The massive overuse of synthetic mosquito insecticides had developed resistance in mosquitoes. Therefore, the need for reliable and eco-friendly control techniques became crucial. Nanoparticle fabrication is a cutting-edge and trending method. The green production of cadmium sulphide nanoparticles (CdS NPs) utilizing Ocimum basillicum leaves as a sophisticated and effective strategy against Culex pipiens was demonstrated in this study. CdS nanoparticles are characterized by a series of techniques including UV-Vis spectrophotometry, High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscope (HRTEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). CdS nanoparticles (CdS NPs) were highly effective against the larvae (3rd instars) of Culex pipiens after 24 hours of treatment. The LC50 of CdS NPs was 0.0113 g/l. Meanwhile, the LC50 of Ocimum basillicum aqueous extract of leaves was 52.36 g/l. There was no mortality in the control group. CdS NPs also increased larval and pupal duration significantly. Furthermore, it had a deleterious impact on pupation and adult emergence rates. Post-treatment imaging using a light microscope and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results in larvae had deformities and constrictions in the head and thorax area. The abdomen (digestive tract and respiratory canal) was completely deformed, however, the syphon remained unaffected with typical spiracular valves and very minor abnormalities on the tracheal trunk surface and muscle fibre. Conclusion: Overall, this study suggested that the use of Ocimum basillicum leaves extract mediated synthesis of CdS nanoparticles can be used for controlling Culex pipiens. This is the first study to look at the larvicidal potential of CdS NPs synthesized by Ocimum basillicum leaves extract against Culex pipiens and the potential impacts.

Plant Mediated Synthesis of CdS Nanoparticles, their characterization and application for photocatalytic degradation of toxic organic dye

In this work, environmentally friendly and cheap method for the synthesis of CdS nanoparticles for the first time using extract of Dicliptera Roxburghiana is presented. The present method is found to be reproducible and rapid. Structural analysis is carried out by UV-visible, FTIR, XRD, EDX, SEM, and TEM. XRD and TEM analysis revealed that the nanoparticles have spherical shape and size in the range of 2.5-8nm. FTIR studies showed the presence of functional groups which belong to the phytochemicals of plant extract that surrounds the nanoparticle preventing them from agglomeration. Thus the prepared CdS NPs exhibit excellent stability even after 2 months. The optical band gap was calculated using Tauc Plot i.e. 3.31 eV. Their activity as photocatalysts against an aqueous solution of methylene blue degradation under solar irradiation in a comparative manner is also reported and the particle has a % degradation of 87.12% in just 120 minutes under solar light irradiation.

Construction of Amorphous CoS/CdS Nanoparticles Heterojunctions for Visible–Light–Driven Photocatalytic H2 Evolution

Due to the poor photocatalytic hydrogen evolution ability of pure CdS, we need to develop a photocatalytic hydrogen evolution catalyst with high activity and no precious metal doping. Therefore, in this article, we used a simple hydrothermal synthesis of CdS nanoparticles, using water as a carrier, loading a small amount of amorphous CoS, by changing the loading ratio of amorphous CoS, synthesized TYPE–II type heterojunction composite catalyst CCS. The successful synthesis of the composite catalyst CCS was verified by XRD, SEM and other characterization methods. UV–vis, PL and other characterization showed that the supported amorphous CoS could significantly improve the photocatalytic activity of CdS, and the photochemical detection also showed that the performance of composite catalyst CCS was better than that of pure CdS. Using Na2S and Na2SO3 mixed solution as electron sacrificial agent, the hydrogen production performance of CCS composite catalyst was determined through hydrogen evolution experiment and cyclic stability experiment. It was found that the sacrificial agent had a great promotion effect on the hydrogen production performance of photocatalyst. It was found that the hydrogen production rate of the composite catalyst could reach 2.01 mmol·g−1·h−1, which was 6.3 times of the pure CdS. This study offers a novel approach for the design of amorphous–based nanostructures as efficient hydrogen evolution cocatalysts. First, CdS are excited by light, consuming S2− and SO32− ions in the sacrificial agent, generating a large number of electrons and holes. Due to the energy difference between the conducting band (CB) of CdS and amorphous CoS, the electrons are transferred from the surface of CdS to the conducting band (CB) of amorphous CoS, while the electrons obtained from water and H+ in the sacrificial agent are reduced to H2. The amorphous CoS is used as the transfer medium of electron acceptor, and the synergistic effect between heterojunctions is used to improve the charge separation efficiency and electron transfer rate. Therefore, the photocatalytic hydrogen production effect of the composite catalyst CCS–7 has been greatly improved.

Photoinduced charge transfer interaction between citrus limon extract passivated colloidal CdS with Methyl Violet & Beta Vulgaris dyes

Recently, use of different plant extracts for the green synthesis of CdS nanoparticles has appealed significant attention throughout the world. The components contained in antioxidant rich citrus fruits e.g. orange and lemon have attracted significant attention due to their chemical and biological properties. To date, the the synthesis of CdS nanoparticles using citrus limon extract as a surface functionalizing agent has not been explored. In the present study a reliable green synthesis method was developed by introducing Citrus Limon Extract (CLE) as a new surface functionalizing agent for the development of colloidal CdS quantum dots (CCQDs). Photo induced interaction between CLE functionalized colloidal CdS quantum dots with Methyl Violet (MV) & Beta Vulgaris (BV) dyes have been explored. Dyes adsorption on CdS surface results in quenching of dye molecules emission intensity. UV–Visible spectroscopic studies evidently reveal idiosyncratic photo-induced charge transfer interaction of CdS QDs with Methyl Violet (MV) dye noticeably differs from its interaction with Beta Vulgaris (BV) dye. Beta vulgaris dye shows H-aggregation on CLE capped CdS QD surface. Photo-induced quenching of both the dyes attributed to electron (e-) transfer to the conduction band (CB) of CdS from the excited state of the dyes.

A review on environmentally benevolent synthesis of CdS nanoparticle and their applications

The word ‘Nano’ received great attention of world, due to their fabulous and novel applications in numerous fields. Cadmium sulphide nanoparticles (CdS NPs) are unique in their properties due the size and shape, and are popular in the area of biosensor, bio-imaging, nano-medicine, molecular pathology, antimicrobial activities, photovoltaic cells, semiconductor, and drug delivery, etc. Due to its fascinating applications, it was synthesized using several methods and explored for its all possible applications. The most affordable, efficient, friendly and biocompatible way of creation of CdS NPs is biogenic synthesis using microorganisms such as bacteria, fungus, algae, enzymes, proteins and parts of plants. In biogenic synthesis of CdS, cadmium undergoes bio-reduction by the variety of natural products present in microorganism as well as in plants. In present review, inclusive study was piloted on the nano-synthesis, characterization and various applications of CdS NPs made using different plant sources and microorganism. • The CdS nanoparticles have been effectively produced by green synthesis using biological substrates. • The effort is made to categorize variety of biomaterials such as plants and microbes under green synthesis approach. • The study made here brings forward minute details of types of green protocols, bio-materials used, particle size, morphology, and multifunctional applications carried out of CdS nanoparticles. • The current review highlights on the diverse approaches of bio-inspired synthesis of CdS nanoparticles and their potential use towards biomedical, energy, and environmental applications.

Synthesis of hollow and spherical cadmium sulphide nanoparticles by an unconventional design of bioelectrochemical system

The synthesis of CdS nanoparticles was developed based on the unconventional design of bioelectrochemical system (BES) inoculated with Shewanella sp. HN-41. The BES configuration included two bottle chambers separated by silicon membrane but directly connected by a graphite electrode perforating through silicon membrane, namely, non-external circuit bioelectrochemical system (nec_BES). Shewanella sp. HN-41 in the anode of nec_BES consumed lactate and transferred electrons to the graphite electrode end in the anode and, in its turn, the graphite electrode end in the cathode reduced directly thiosulfate to sulphide, forming CdS nanoparticles after 21 days. CdS nanoparticles with the average size of approximately 17 nm were synthesized in the cathode solution. The hollow, spherical, and void structure of particles was observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. The energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) study confirmed the nanoparticles contained Cd and S elements, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) data showed a strong crystalline phase and mixed crystallites of CdS nanoparticles. The UV-Vis absorption spectra of CdS nanoparticles revealed the blue shift in excitonic transition with respect to CdS bulk material, suggesting its potential application in optical studies. The bioelectrochemical system can be applied for the removal and preparation of other sulphide heavy metals.

Theoretical Analysis of XRD Data by X-Ray Peak Profile Analysis for Estimation of lattice Strain and crystallite Size and study of the Effect of Growth Temperature in CdS Nanoparticles

CdS is an important material of low cost photovoltaic devices. Use of capping agents during synthesis of nanomaterials has drawn a lot of attention due to their size dependent properties. Here we reported the synthesis of CdS nanoparticles using a simple chemical precipitation method at 40°C to 70°C. The reaction was carried out at constant temperature in aqueous medium with stirring. The hydrazine hydrate was used as capping agent. The as prepared samples were characterized using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) technique for structural analysis. The effects of growth temperature on structural properties are evaluated. The lattice strain, crystallite size and dislocation densities were calculated using the Williamson-Hall (W-H) method. The results show that the crystallite size decreases with increase in growth temperature.

Sol-Gel Synthesis, Characterization, and Effect of CdS nanoparticles on activity of liver Enzymes


 
 This paper describes the synthesis of CdS nanoparticles by sol-gel route using organic molecules as gelatin media. At70ᵒC the CdS nanoparticles are formed with particle size 75.28nm.The nanoparticles are characterized by XRD,SEM, AFM and FTIR. The effect of nanoparticles on activity of liver enzymes (GPT and GOT)is also studied by using different concentration of NPs. It is found that the activity of GPT and GOT enzymes increases with decreases in nano particles concentrations and decreases in inhibition percentage. The greater activation of nano was demonstrated at concentration (10-1 M).
 
 
 
 
 
 

Optical properties of pure and doped CdS nanoparticles under solvothermal method

The synthesis of CdS nano particles have been widely studied for their potential usage in the field of optics. The Semi conductor nanoparticles doped with transition metal ions have attracted a wide attention due to their excellent luminescent properties. The transition metal doped nano particles have different optical properties corresponding to their host counter parts. These nano particles have tremendous applications in the fabrication of optical light emitting diodes and to design a suitable window material in fabrication for solar cells. The microwave assisted solvothermal method is used to prepare the nano particles in this study. The nano structured materials of CdS were characterized by XRD and UV techniques. The size of the crystallite is determined by XRD to be 18.26 nm depending on the amount of the molar ratio of the reactants present in the sample. The nanocrystalline nature of CdS particles and the diffused pattern shows the presence of hexagonal phase in the present system. The quantum size dependent effect and the optical quality of the CdS and Mn-doped CdS are studied. The optical absorption and transmitance spectrum of the Pure and Mn-doped CdS nanocrystals are synthesized in this work. CdS is a commercially important II-VI semiconductor having wide optical band gap, rendering it a very attractive material for optical application especially in nanocrystalline form. The UV-absorption edge provides a reliable estimate of the band gap of any system. It is found that the band gap of the pure CdS nanosystem in the present study is 2.45 eV and this value is found to be larger than that of bulk CdS. This variation of the band gap may be useful to design a suitable window material in fabrication for solar cells. In optoelectronics, it finds use as light emitting diode, reflector, dielectric filter and window material.

Greatly enhanced luminescence efficiency of CdS nanoparticles in aqueous solution

A simple shell-creating technique for the synthesis of CdS nanoparticles covered by ZnS is presented, which also contributes to the understanding of their low quantum yield and luminescence intensity in water, which is usually below 0.01%. The CdS nanoparticles with about 0.8 nm thick ZnS shell were synthesized in a colloidal aqueous solution and stabilized by EDTA. The CdS carrier lifetime and the quantum efficiency is greatly increased. For the latter, values up to 2.7% were achieved. A mechanism for the CdS nanoparticle luminescence in the aqueous solution is proposed, which is based on radiative recombination of charge carriers with structural defects. It was found that the synthesis of CdS in air leads to the inclusion of oxygen atoms in the structure of nanoparticles, which strongly effects the luminescence spectrum. These results show that most of the CdS luminescence centers are localized inside the nanoparticle.

One-pot green synthesis of CdS quantum dots using Opuntia ficus-indica fruit sap

A simple and novel one-pot synthesis of CdS, quantum dots from naturally available fruit sap Opuntia ficus-indica was performed. We have investigated a green route for the synthesis of CdS QDs using eco-friendly and naturally renewable Opuntia ficus-indica fruit sap as green template. Synthesized CdS QDs were determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, UV–visible (323 nm), X-ray diffraction (cubic structure), X-ray fluorescence, Dynamic light scattering (d50 = 9.56 nm), High resolution transmission electron microscopy (Spherical shaped). Overall the present work describes the green synthesis of CdS nanoparticles from Opuntia ficus-indica fruit sap with extrinsic crystallite size control in the quantum confinement range.

Facile and large scale aqueous synthesis of CdS nanoparticles at room temperature towards optoelectronic applications

CdS nanoparticles (NPs) with high quantity and quality were successfully synthesized by co-precipitation method at air atmosphere in room temperature. The structure, morphology and optical properties of CdS NPs were investigated by x-ray powder diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern, ultra-violet visible (UV–vis) absorption spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and photoluminescence (PL) studies. XRD study confirmed the formation of crystalline CdS NPs with actual size as 2.73 nm. Raman spectroscopy was used to study the confinement of optical phonons modes in CdS NPs. The electrical properties examined with current-voltage characteristics well coincide with space-charge-limited conduction mechanism of inorganic semiconductors. The synthesized CdS NPs could be a great candidate for low-cost and efficient optoelectronic applications.

A Novel Thermochemical Method for Fabrication and Theoretical Explanation of High Luminescent Mn-Doped CdS Nanoparticles

In this paper, fabrication and characterization of bare and doped CdS nanoparticles as well as investigating the luminescence properties of these particles as an important II-VI semiconductor are presented. A novel Thermochemical method was used for synthesis of these quantum dots. Thiols were used as the capping agent to prevent further growth during fabrication process. The application of TGA as a capping agent instead of TG was studied as a novel idea in this paper and was used practically in the synthesis of semiconductor nanoparticles. Using this process resulted in particles with sizes between 3 - 7 nm. Several samples were synthesized and characterized under various Mn ions doping ratio from 1:10 to 1:180, different temperatures from 40℃ to 96℃ and different pH values from 6 to 10. Synthesis of CdS nanoparticles with high Mn ions concentration resulted in luminescence decrement, while luminescence of nanoparticles was increased by decreasing Mn/Cd doping ratio until Mn:Cd = 1:180. The best fabrication temperature was obtained at 96℃ and the highest luminescence was observed at the pH value of 9. A theoretical explanation for the behavior of fabricated high luminescent quantum dots is presented based on the principles of quantum mechanics.