Synthesis Of Carbon Research Articles

Metaboric acid-catalyzed synthesis of cyclic carbonates from epoxides and CO2

Metaboric acid-catalyzed synthesis of cyclic carbonates from epoxides and CO2

Synthesis of pure ZnO and carbon nanoparticle/ZnO nanostructures for highly efficient glucose sensors

Synthesis of pure ZnO and carbon nanoparticle/ZnO nanostructures for highly efficient glucose sensors

Efficiency of the TEMJOUHERT date palm kernel as activated carbon in wastewater treatment for the Ghardaia region

This study aims to determine the potential for using activated carbon prepared by local agricultural waste for the treatment of wastewater loaded with organic pollutants. The activated carbon was prepared by chemical activation using phosphoric acid H3PO4 at an “85%” concentration, from local date kernels TEMJOUHERT (TMG) from the Ghardaïa region, Algeria. The activated carbon synthesis yield is equal to 28.56%. The adsorbent prepared was characterized by determining its physical and chemical characteristics, in particular the bulk density, the ash content, the iodine number, the surface functions by the Boehm method and the pH at the point of zero charge. Thus the textural properties are determined by scanning electron microscopy SEM and the Burnauer-emmett-Teller (BET). The surface area and micropore volumes of activated carbon TMG; were found to be 639.9190 m2/g and 0.420779 cm3/g respectively. All the results obtained from the treatment of wastewater from the Atteuf "kef doukhane area in the Ghardaia region. are clear that: the best pollutant removal rates are 84.75% for PO3-4; 85.21% for COD and 74.55% for NH4+ by activated carbons; using a mass of 1g of adsorbent per 100 ml of water, 90 min contact time and 250rpm stirring speed.

Hybrid Particle Size Template Method for Controllable Synthesis of Nitrogen-doped Multilevel Porous Carbon as High-rate Zn-ion Hybrid Supercapacitor Cathode Materials.

Achieving high rate performance without compromising energy density has always been a critical objective for zinc-ion hybrid supercapacitors (ZHSCs). The pore structure and surface properties of carbon cathode materials play a crucial role. We propose utilizing a hybrid particle size (20 and 40 nm) magnesium oxide templates to regulate the pore structure of nitrogen-doped porous carbon derived from the soybean isolate. The multilevel pore structure enhanced ion transport efficiency while also improving the utilization of micropores. Nitrogen doping and oxygen-containing functional groups enhanced the wettability of carbon materials with aqueous electrolytes and facilitated the chemisorption of Zn2+ on the carbon material surface. The nitrogen-doped multilevel porous carbon material (HT-NMPC-1/1) prepared with a 1:1 mass ratio of the two templates exhibited a specific capacity of 146.65 mAh g-1 at 0.2 A g-1. Moreover, the Swagelok cells assembled with HT-NMPC-1/1 and Zn foil achieved a high energy density of 121.5 W h kg-1, high power output of 166 W kg-1, and 93.09% capacity retention after 8000 cycles at 2 A g-1. Therefore, HT-NMPC-1/1 is a highly promising candidate for ZHSCs cathode materials. Furthermore, the novel pore regulation strategy and straightforward preparation method offer valuable reference points for other porous carbon-based functional materials.

CeO2/Beta composite catalysts in dimethyl carbonate synthesis from CO2: effect of preparation method on surface oxygen species

CeO2/Beta composite catalysts in dimethyl carbonate synthesis from CO2: effect of preparation method on surface oxygen species

Platelet Ceria Catalysts from Solution Combustion and Effect of Iron Doping for Synthesis of Dimethyl Carbonate from CO2.

Solution combustion (SC) remains among the most promising synthetic strategies for the production of crystalline nanopowders from an aqueous medium, due to its easiness, time and cost-effectiveness, scalability and eco-friendliness. In this work, this method was selected to obtain anisometric ceria-based nanoparticles applied as catalysts for the direct synthesis of dimethyl carbonate. The catalytic performances were studied for the ceria and Fe-doped ceria from SC (CeO2-SC, Ce0.9Fe0.1O2-SC) in comparison with the ceria nanorods (CeO2-HT, Ce0.9Fe0.1O2-HT) obtained by hydrothermal (HT) method, one of the most studied systems in the literature. Indeed, the ceria nanoparticles obtained by SC were found to be highly crystalline, platelet-shaped, arranged in a mosaic-like assembly and with smaller crystallite size (≈6 nm vs. ≈17 nm) and higher surface area (80 m2 g-1 vs. 26 m2 g-1) for the undoped sample with respect to the Fe-doped counterpart. Although all samples exhibit an anisometric morphology that should favor the exposition of specific crystalline planes, HT-samples showed better performances due to higher oxygen vacancies concentration and lower amount of strong basic and acid sites.

Innovative synthesis and practical application of graphitic carbon nitride/α-zirconium phosphate in visible light-activated Knoevenagel condensation

To advance the development of efficient photocatalysts activated by visible light for environmental applications. We employed a simple approach to synthesize g-C3N4/α-ZrP composite in different mass ratios, followed by comprehensive characterization through several techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), and UV–Visible diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS). Furthermore, the g-C3N4/α-ZrP with mass ratio 6:1 was demonstrated high performance catalytic activity in Knoevenagel condensation (Yield 88 %–96 %) in a short reaction time (5–20 min) under visible light irradiation. The use of g-C3N4/α-ZrP has transformed the traditional synthesis of carbon–carbon double bonds, offering improved reaction rates and reduced by-products. These next-generation photocatalysts also exhibit remarkable properties that facilitate the activation of substrates under milder conditions, opening up new possibilities for green and sustainable synthesis. This advancement contributes to the development of environmentally friendly and efficient synthetic methodologies.

Adsorptive behavior of Rhodamine B dye over hierarchical N-doped carbons from hexamine-based complexes: Equilibrium and kinetics

Pollution from water-soluble dyes is a common issue due to high toxicity and diffiulty in degradation, and its effectively removal is critical for human health and sustainability. In this work, N-doped hierarchical carbons were derived by facile pyrolysis of Co-including hexamine-based complex using glucose as a cross-linker, showing high removal ability using Rhodamine B (RhB) as a model dye. Porous architecture and N-coordination can be easily altered by pyrolysis temperature, where the GNC-900 sample obtained at 900 °C exhibits the best removal ability even outperforming several classical carbons under equal conditions, owing to synergistic effects from large surface areas, high ratio of pyrrolic-N, enhanced interaction between RhB molecules and pore walls, and possible Co-Nx active sites. Adsorptive behaviour is better fitted by pseudo-second-order kinetic model, and the maximum RhB capacity over GNC-900 determined by Langmuir model is highly up to 400.1 mg/g, following mechanisms of pore filling, π-π conjugation, electrostatic, surface complexation and H-bonding. Thermodynamics indicate that RhB removal is exothermic and spontaneous process. Moreover, GNC-900 can be readily regenerated using ethanol and reused at least six times without notable loss in capacity. This novel method facilitates synthesis of N-doped carbons from metal-based complexes, exhibiting high efficiency as adsorbents for water remediation.

Synthesis of Sodium Carbonate Based Solid Adsorbents and Their CO2 Adsorption Performance

AbstractPorous carbon is considered a promising adsorbent for carbon capture and sequestration, and pore structure and surface activity must be optimized in order to achieve high capture capacity and recycling performance. In this study, terephthalic acid and sodium hydroxide were used as raw materials to prepare sodium carbonate based porous carbon and metal oxide composites at TPA:NaOH:X(X = MgO, CaO, MgO/CaO, Mg(NO3)2,C, and Al2O3) = 1:1:2 and 600 °C. The analysis results show that the material MgO/Na2CO3 has the best CO2 adsorption capacity, and the adsorption capacity is 10.56cm3/g at 0 °C and 1 bar. The material Al2O3/Na2CO3 has the best thermal stability, and the MgO/Na2CO3 shows good recycling performance in the five cycle test. The high‐temperature calcination process makes the mesoporous structure of the material form, which makes the carbon composites show good capture performance, and sodium carbonate based solid adsorbents have good development and application prospects as CO2 capture and separation materials.

Synthesis of biomass-derived porous carbon functionalized with polyionic liquids and electrochemical sensing detection of bisphenol A

Synthesis of biomass-derived porous carbon functionalized with polyionic liquids and electrochemical sensing detection of bisphenol A

Magnesium Bicarbonate-Walnut Shell Dual-Template Synthesis of Multifunctional Layered Porous Carbon for Enhanced Adsorption of Aqueous Chlorinated Organic Compounds.

Chloride ions readily react with organic matter and other ions, resulting in the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) that exhibit heightened levels of toxicity, carcinogenicity, and mutagenicity. This study creatively employed waste walnut shells as self-templates and low-cost magnesium bicarbonate as a rigid template to successfully synthesize multifunctional porous carbon derived from walnut shells. Employing a series of characterization techniques, it was ascertained that the porous carbon material (WSC/Mg) synthesized via the dual-template method exhibited a distinct layered microscopic surface structure, with a predominance of C and O elements on the surface. The material displayed a high degree of graphitization, significant specific surface area, and abundant oxygen-containing surface functional groups. The incorporation of magnesium bicarbonate as a hard template improved the structure of the walnut shell porous carbon, resulting in a significant enhancement in mass transfer efficiency for the target product on the adsorbent and a substantial improvement in removal efficiency. In comparison with walnut shell-derived carbon using only self-templating, WSC/Mg exhibited a 17.26-fold increase in adsorption capacity for 2,4-dichlorophenol. Furthermore, even after four adsorption-desorption cycles, WSC/Mg-12 maintained an adsorption efficiency above 90%. It is remarkable that WSC/Mg-12 demonstrated exceptional resistance to interference from natural organic matter and pH variations. Moreover, the adsorbed saturated WSC/Mg-12 effectively treated real coke wastewater, resulting in an 80% color removal rate, 20% COD removal rate, and 15% ammonia nitrogen removal rate. In conclusion, this study presents an innovative approach for cost-effective and versatile porous carbon materials with extensive applications in water environment purification and biomass utilization.

In situ dual-utilize of ZnCl2 for preparation of ZIF-8 functionalized biomass-based porous carbon for adsorption removal of volatile organic compounds

In this study, ZnCl2 was successfully dual-used for the chemical activation of biomass-based activated carbon (BAC) and ZIF-8 synthesis to prepare the functionalized porous carbon composite PC-Z/W. The findings indicated that the chemical activator ZnCl2 be directly recycled for the synthesis of ZIF-8 on BAC. The ZIF-8 functionalization provided the PC-Z/W composites with a well-developed porous structure and rich N- and O-containing surface functional groups, which enabled the PC-Z/W to exhibit superior adsorption properties (large adsorption capacity, temp adaptability, and competitive adsorption with water) for low-concentration gaseous pollutants. The PC-Z/W(P1000) exhibited the best adsorption performance for toluene, with a saturation adsorption capacity (qs) of 277 mg/g at 25 °C and retained 70 % of qs (192 mg/g) at 80 °C. It also has exceptional adsorption capabilities for acetone (qs = 170 mg/g) and ethyl acetate (qs = 227 mg/g), enabling it to show superior multi-component adsorption behavior and effective competition with water. In addition to VOCs, PC-Z/W is also noteworthy for the adsorption of inorganic substances like SO2 (203 mg/g) and CO2 (4.65 mmol/g), greatly broadening its application prospects.

Design and green synthesis of carbon Dots/Gold nanoparticles Composites and their applications for neurotransmitters sensing based on emission Spectroscopy

Changes in the neurotransmitters are indications for several diseases. Several sensors were reported for monitoring dopamine (DA), but the simple and accurate DA detection in biological samples still faces many challenges. The research proposal aims to develop an optical sensor for detecting neurotransmitters based on luminescence emission spectra in different biological samples. Carbon dots (CDs) were fabricated based on a green synthesis route. Then the prepared CDs were decorated with varying concentrations of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs). The synthesis process was optimized, and the obtained CDs/Au NPs nanocomposites were applied as neurotransmitters’ optical nanosensors. The optical nanosensor approach provides easy and sensitive multiplex analysis. A wide range of neurotransmitters was monitored. The developed sensor’s sensitivity, selectivity, and reproducibility were investigated. Au NPs act as CDs’ stabilizers, enhancing the emission effect, and scaffolds for binding DA with CDs’ surface. DA moieties bind to CDs through the interaction between the DA-NH2 groups and Au NPS. Due to electron transfer, the bonding of DA molecules leads to fluorescence quenching of AuNPs/CDs. The Au-CDs-based DA fluorescence showed high sensitivity with adetection limit, and limit quantification of 2.04 nM and 6.18 nM, respectively. Furthermore, the selectivity of the sensor was investigated in the presence of glucose, uric acid (UA), and ascorbic acid (AA), which showed no interference effect at 10 times higher concentrations. Moreover, the proposed sensor has been successfully utilized for DA detection in human serum samples with a high recovery efficiency between 98.83 % and 103.5 %.

Unveiling the Pivotal Role of Ce Coordination Structures and Their Surface Arrangements in Governing 2-Cyanopyridine Hydrolysis for Direct Dimethyl Carbonate Synthesis from CO2 and Methanol

Unveiling the Pivotal Role of Ce Coordination Structures and Their Surface Arrangements in Governing 2-Cyanopyridine Hydrolysis for Direct Dimethyl Carbonate Synthesis from CO₂ and Methanol

One-step condensation synthesis of di-tertiary ammonium salt protic ionic liquid for efficiently catalytic CO2 cycloaddition reaction under cocatalyst- and solvent-free conditions

A novel protic ionic liquid di-tertiary ammonium bromide ionic liquid (DTAB-IL) was synthesized by one-step condensation at 0 ℃ with 85 % yield. DTAB-IL also exhibited effective catalytic activity for CO2 cycloaddition without cocatalyst and solvent. The catalytic reaction conditions were optimized to 90 ℃, 4 h, 1 MPa, and the yield of propylene carbonate was obtained 96 % with high selectivity 99 %. Under the optimal conditions, DTAB-IL catalyst exhibited good recyclability and universality to various epoxides. Furthermore, temperature influence and kinetic investigation for propylene carbonate synthesis were studied. The activation energy for DTAB-IL catalyzing CO2 cycloaddition reaction was 43.93 kJ/mol, and the reaction was found to follow first-order for propylene oxide. Efficient cycloaddition reaction of CO2 and epoxide was attributed to the activation of epoxide and CO2 by di-tertiary ammonium and epoxide ring-opening by bromide anion in DTAB-IL.

Calcination-Controlled Synthesis of Carbon Dots@MgF2 Composites with Yellow, White, and Ultraviolet-Blue Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence for Multilevel Information Encryption.

It is attractive but challenging to develop carbon dot (CD) based materials with tunable thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF), especially in the long wavelength region. Here, by simply calcinating the mixture of m-phenylenediamine and MgF2 at 300-500 °C, a series of CDs@MgF2 composites exhibiting yellow, white, and ultraviolet-blue TADF with high photoluminescence quantum yields of up to 37.6% are prepared. Photophysical studies reveal that the yellow TADF with long lifetimes of 810-1106ms originates from the surface emission centers of CDs, while the ultraviolet-blue TADF with short lifetimes of 266-379ms is related to the carbon core emission centers. The combination of yellow and ultraviolet-blue TADF in a single material triggers dynamic afterglow with time-dependent colors from white to yellow. The MgF2 matrix offers multiple confinement of CDs through a rigid network, strong space constraint, and robust covalent/hydrogen bonding, thus preventing the triplet excitations from non-radiative transitions. The electron-withdrawing fluorine atoms induce substantial spin-orbit coupling and reduce the singlet-triplet energy gap, consequently facilitating the reverse intersystem crossing to enhance TADF efficiency. Importantly, the CDs@MgF2 composites possess outstanding optical stability against water, organic solvents, strong acids, bases, and oxidants. The fascinating TADF features enable the successful demonstration of multilevel information encryption using CDs@MgF2.

Synthesis of graphitic carbon from empty palm oil fruit bunches through single-step graphitization process using K2FeO4-KOH catalyst as lithium ion battery anode

This research aims to optimize the graphitization process of carbon derived from Empty Palm Oil Fruit Bunches (EPOFB), a renewable biomass source, using a single-step K₂FeO₄-KOH impregnation-activation method. The results demonstrate that increasing the mass of K₂FeO₄, up to the optimal level, enhances the degree of graphitization, as confirmed by XRD and Raman spectroscopy. Optimal performance is observed with a catalyst mass of 0.11 g K₂FeO₄ in the C_ K₂FeO₄(0.11)KOH_800 sample, which exhibits a d002 spacing of 0.3356 nm, an IG/ID ratio of 2.42, a high surface area of 787.767 m²/g, and clearly defined graphitic layers in TEM images. Electrochemical testing of C_ K₂FeO₄(0.11)_KOH_800 reveals promising results, including the lowest charge transfer resistance (Rct) of 87.18 Ω, a significant area under the curve in cyclic voltammetry, a charging capacity of 330.3 mAh g⁻¹ at 0.1 C, with an excellent rate capability of 183 mAh g⁻¹ at 1 C after 100 cycles, maintaining a retention rate of 68.2 %. The single-step K₂FeO₄-KOH impregnation-activation method effectively enhances the graphitization of EPOFB-derived carbon, offering potential applications in high-performance lithium battery anodes.

Controlling synthesis of defect state lignin-derived carbon and application for U(VI) removal from aqueous solution: Effects of oxygen-defect and grain-size

Lignin has deemed to be the main polluting component of paper industry wastewater. But developing a potential strategy for utilization of lignin is a challenges problem. Lignin derived materials present potential performance for heavy metal wastewater treatment due to their unique physicochemical properties, and were found to be promising candidate materials in U(VI) removal. However, it is still lacking of a comprehensive understanding that the influences of surface oxygen-defect and grain-size on U(VI) removal processes. Here, using lignin as the raw material, combining plasma treatment technology to prepare defect states Lignin Derived Carbon (LDC), and exploring the influences of surface oxygen-defect and grain-size on their removal U(VI) process. The results indicated that with the reducing of LDC particle size (from ∼4 to ∼ 1 μm), the removal performance of U(VI) was improved. And the U(VI) removal performance of LDC was further improved by introducing of oxygen defect via H2 plasma etch. The characterization analysis of defect states LDC before and after reaction with U(VI) shown that the U(VI) removal mechanism was dominated by defects site complexation. These finding provide deep insight into the recycling of industrial solid wastes lignin and improving of U(VI) removal performance via defect controlling technology.

Enhanced graphitization of CO2-derived carbon anodes via Joule heating reformation for high-performance lithium-ion batteries

Molten salt electrolysis of CO2 represents a promising technology for highly efficient CO2 capture and the production of economically valuable CO2-derived carbon materials. In this study, we established a 100-A-scale molten salt CO2 electrolysis cell to synthesize hundreds of grams of CO2-derived carbon. Subsequent Joule heating at 2800 °C transformed these materials into high-quality graphite. Further composite modification with asphalt and petroleum coke effectively reduced surface area, resulting in high-performance graphite for lithium-ion battery. The CO2-derived graphite anodes demonstrated high reversible capacities ranging from 297.7 to 378.1 mAh g−1, exhibiting outstanding rate capability and stability over 300 charge-discharge cycles at a current density of 1 A g−1. Finally, we assembled a coin full-cell using AG-2/2/6 anode and LFP cathode, which demonstrated good cycling performance. XPS analysis revealed a significant reduction in oxygen content by the post-reformation, facilitating the formation of highly graphitized structures. This study not only pioneers the up-class synthesis of CO2-derived carbon but also underscores its potential for sustainable energy applications, particularly in lithium-ion battery technology.

Rapid adsorptive removal of congo red using Cu/Fe/Al mixed metal oxides obtained from layered double hydroxide nanomaterial: Performance and optimization evaluation using BBD-RSM approach

This work utilized a one-pot synthesis method to synthesize Cu/Fe/Al mixed metal oxide (MMO) from layered double hydroxide (LDH) calcination. The adsorption potentials of Cu/Fe/Al LDH and Cu/Fe/Al MMOs were evaluated using Congo Red (CR) aqueous solution. Various advanced techniques were used to characterize the synthesized nanomaterial. XRD confirmed the successful synthesis of trimetallic carbonate intercalated LDH and MMO, while FE-SEM revealed their flaky morphology. EDX and FT-IR analyses supported the dye removal mechanism, showing that MMOs had greater adsorptive removal of CR molecules than LDH. This was primarily due to the MMOs' larger surface area and microporous structure (132 m²/g) which favoured greater adsorption. The adsorption kinetics reveal that the adsorptive removal of CR on LDH and MMOs follows a pseudo-second-order reaction. Moreover, as predicted by Freundlich the maximum adsorptive removal was obtained by LDH-derived MMO (96%) which was higher than the LDH (90%). The thermodynamics indicates that adsorption was exothermic and thus more favorable at room temperature. In addition, the Box-Behnken Design (BBD) was adopted for Response Surface Methodology (RSM) due to its simplicity in analysis and effectiveness in systematically evaluating the impact of pH, dosage of adsorbent, dye concentration, contact period, and temperature variables. The pHzpc of 7.9 indicated that lower pH enhances adsorption, and a +5.1 mV charge on the MMO surface, measured by zeta potential, supported electrostatic interaction with the anionic dye. Lastly, LDH and LDH-derived MMO were regenerated using 1 M NaOH and effectively reused for up to 5 cycles. MMOs demonstrated superior reusability compared to LDH for anionic dye removal. Thus, the synthesised Cu/Fe/Al MMO, with its large surface area, offers a superior adsorbent for removing organic pollutants.