Synthesis Of Biodegradable Plastics Research Articles

Plastiana Revolution: Tangents of Peels Converging the Dimensions of Bioplastic into Sustainable Treasure

To overcome the disastrous effects on the environment and human health due to plastic pollution, bioplastic is one of the most innovative and prominent alternatives for petroleum-based plastics. Bioplastics from organic waste, agriculture waste, vegetable oil, fruit, and vegetable stach are sustainable at the same time biodegradable. The present investigation gives insight into the synthesis of biodegradable plastic from Musa acuminata banana peels as it contains polymer chains called amylose and amylopectin which bond together to form bioplastic and also aim to study its characterization using FTIR, antibacterial, biodegradability, water solubility, and moisture content tests. From the observation, we found that the prepared bioplastic film with the optimum amount of plasticizer shows water solubility of about 3.27% which makes it worth commercial viability. With 100% biodegradability of prepared bioplastic within 42 days. Natural ingredients like lemon, neem, and Aloe Vera were added to further enhance its properties with the aim of creating an affordable yet natural product. The biofilm with lemon showed significant results in all the tests resisting water, microbes, and moisture. Through the antimicrobial properties of the bioplastic, a wider yield in films, bags, and wrappers can be acknowledged to reduce the use of plastics further. We believe that our research will play a pivotal role in the ongoing transition towards sustainable clean solutions and rejuvenate a compelling case for the adoption of bioplastic films, promoting a greener and more responsible approach to jeopardize plastic.

Degradable biopolymers from agro and food waste: potentials and challenges

The synthesis of biodegradable plastics from various biological resources has been receiving considerable interest in the past few years. The demand for petroleum-based plastics is increasing in day-to-day life. These plastics, in turn, are very hazardous since it is non-degradable and produced from harmful chemicals. Generally, disposing of solid waste is a great threat in highly populated countries like India. In particular, biodegradable waste from various sectors like agriculture, industries and domestic plays a major role in environmental threats and controlling such waste has been a great challenge to date. Hence, it is essential to give importance to waste management in various aspects which are having a greater impact on the environment. Such biologically treated waste has been found to have various organic materials from which biodegradable plastic can be synthesized. Biodegradable plastics are considered to be nature-friendly plastics synthesized from renewable biomass. The synthesis of biodegradable plastic from various biomaterials is the current and future technology in regulating the environmental threats caused by commercial plastics and waste being dumped in landfill. Hence, this review provides data about the importance of bio-based plastics from various biological waste resources and their applications in various fields.

Synthesis of biodegradable plastic from corn starch and corn husk filler with addition of glycerol as plasticizer and variation of chitosan composition

Cellulose, contained in corn husk, is one of natural polymer that can be used as filler for bioplastics. Corn starch flour (maize) as matrix and corn husk powder in different grain size as filler is then synthesized with chitosan and glycerol. The resulting bioplastics is a thin film with muddy-brown color. Alternating the corn husk powder grain size from 150 mesh to 200 mesh modifies the physical characteristics, especially mechanical properties. The most optimal bioplastics were obtained with 200 mesh grain size of corn husk powder and 0.04 % chitosan composition with tensile strength of 286.31 N/cm2, elongation of 10.19 %, Young modulus of 28.11 N/cm2 and tear resistance of 705.61 mN. There are changes in molecular structure of some functional groups as compared to the elements. Bioplastics were degraded 30–35 % for 21 days in soil, started moldy after 10 days in open air and endured for one hour in temperature 100 °C.

Synthesis of Biodegradable Plastics from Dyeing Wastewater and Optimization of Continuous Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate) Fibrous Membranes via Electrospinning Process

The Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are promising biodegradable materials exhibit similar thermal and mechanical properties as conventional plastics. However, the current production cost for PHAs is high and less application examples were found. In addition, the development of electrospun nanofibrous membrane has attracted more attention in recent years. This study aims to investigate the production of PHAs using dyeing wastewater as the carbon source to reduce the major operation cost and prepare Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB)-based fibrous membrane with controlled surface microstructure through electrospinning technique. At the optimal Carbon to Nitrogen (C:N) ratio (100:1) by using dyeing wastewater, the reactor achieved 0.2562 g PHAs from unit mass of activated sludge and 0.0571 g PHAs from unit mass of COD consumed. By using industrial glucose as carbon source adjustment, 1.180 g polymer per 1 RMB could be synthesized at the optimal C:N ratio. As a feasible study, the industrial PHB was used for electropining. The influence of the process parameters (applied electric field, solution flow rate and polymer concentration) on the electrospun fiber microstructure was investigated and optimized in order to achieve smooth, bead-free fibers with diameter range of 1 - 10 mm. The morphological transition from bead-like microstructure to smooth fiber was investigated under control of three major process parameters: applied voltage increased from 9 kV to 20 kV, flow rate de-creased from 5 mL.hr-1 to 0.5 mL.hr-1 and polymer concentration increased from 9 wt% to 15 wt%. It was observed that well-defined fibrous film was achieved at applied electric field of 12 kV, flow rate of 1 mL.hr-1 and solution concentration of 14 wt%. The optimally processed electrospun fibers exhibited large area, continuous network with good distribution of fiber diameter distribution. Fibrous membrane fabricated by well-developed electrospinning technique has potentially offered application interest in the design of barrier coatings, adhesive interlayers for biological materials, and membranes for filtration of particulate matters and fiber-based food packaging materials.

Synthesis of biodegradable plastics using corn starch and corn husk as the fillers as well as chitosan and sorbitol

Bio plastics are polymers prepared from renewable materials. In this study, maize-derived cornstarch and milled corn husk were used as the base material and filler, respectively. Corn husk powder with two-grain sizes of 150 mesh and 200 mesh, respectively, were used. Chitosan was used at concentrations of 0.02 %, 0.04 %, 0.06 %, 0.08 %, and 0.1 % by weight at a constant ratio of 1:1 to cornhusk powder and maize for improving the mechanical properties of bio plastics. The mixture was diluted using a solution containing 2.5 mL of acetic acid (25 %), 1.75 mL of sorbitol, and 70 mL distilled water. Optimum mechanical properties were observed using a cornhusk grain size of 150 meshes with 0.04% of chitosan by weight. This sample exhibited a tensile strength of 11.7164 MPa, elongation of 10.05 %, a Young’s modulus of 1.1668 MPa, and tear strength of 763.86 mN. A biodegradability of 70–100 % was achieved in 21 days with the evidence of fungal growth after 14 days. In addition, the sample was able to withstand a temperature of 140 °C for 1 h.

Simulated Annealing-Based Optimization of Biodegradable Plastic Synthesis

Modeling has been done in order to determine the effect of raw material composition of biodegradable plastic on the tensile strength, elongation, water absorption and biodegradability. The novel synthesis of biodegradable plastic has been the addition of cinnamon oil to the raw materials of NIPAM-chitosan and glycerol. The methods used have been linear and nonlinear regression. Based on statistical tests, linear regression has yielded significant results for all the tests. After the mathematical model has been done, the optimum composition of the biodegradable plastic has been formulated. The method used in the optimization has been the simulated annealing. The results show that the maximum tensile strength has been obtained at the best composition, which has been 9% NIPAM-Chitosan, 45% Glycerol and 0% Cinnamomum Burmannii. The maximum elongation has been determined at 9.9487% NIPAM-Chitosan, 49.5902% Glycerol, and 1.1084% Cinnamomum Burmannii. The minimum biodegradability has been reached at 2.9273% NIPAM-Chitosan, 46.9772% Glycerol and 10% Cinnamomum Burmannii.

Synthesis of biodegradable plastic from tapioca with N-Isopropylacrylamid and chitosan using glycerol as plasticizer

One of natural polymers that can be used as raw material in the manufacture of biodegradable plastic is tapioca and chitosan. The addition of other compounds such as glycerol as plasticizer is to improve the characteristics of the plastic that already produced. N- Isopropylacrylamid (NIPAm) is an organic compound that can be synthesized into a polymer or polymer grafting which also biodegradable too. This research aims tostudy the synthesis of biodegradable plastics from tapioca with the addition of chitosan, NIPAm, poly(NIPAm) and analyze the characteristics of biodegradable plastics that already produced. This research was done in three stages, there are (1) polymerization NIPAm, (2) the grafting of chitosan-poly NIPAm and (3) the synthesis of biodegradable plastics from starch mixture with variation of addition chitosan, NIPAm, poly(NIPAm), chitosan-graft-poly(NIPAm) and also variations of glycerol as plasticizer. The results of this research is a thin sheet of plastic which is will get analyzed for the characteristics of functional groups, mechanical, morphological and its biodegradability. FTIR spectra showed the grafting process with the new group formation of CO single-bond at 850 cm-1. Plastic with the addition of NIPAm and 1 ml glycerol has the highest tensile strength value about 31.1 MPa. Plastic with poly(NIPAm) and 4 ml glycerol produces the highest elongation value about 153.72%. Plastic with Chitosan-graft-poly(NIPAm) with 1 ml glycerol has the longest biodegradation because of the small mass-loss for six weeks which is about 6.6%.

Improvement of L(+)-lactic acid production from cassava wastewater by Lactobacillus rhamnosus B 103

L(+)-Lactic acid is used in the pharmaceutical, textile and food industries as well as in the synthesis of biodegradable plastics. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different medium components added in cassava wastewater for the production of L(+)-lactic acid by Lactobacillus rhamnosus B 103. The use of cassava wastewater (50 g L(-1) of reducing sugar) with Tween 80 and corn steep liquor, at concentrations (v/v) of 1.27 mL L(-1) and 65.4 mL L(-1) respectively led to a lactic acid concentration of 41.65 g L(-1) after 48 h of fermentation. The maximum lactic acid concentration produced in the reactor after 36 h of fermentation was 39.00 g L(-1) using the same medium, but the pH was controlled by addition of 10 mol L(-1) NaOH. The use of cassava wastewater for cultivation of L. rhamnosus is feasible, with a considerable production of lactic acid. Furthermore, it is an innovative proposal, as no references were found in the scientific literature on the use of this substrate for lactic acid production.

Single step fermentation of starch to l(+) lactic acid by Lactobacillus amylophilus GV6 in SSF using inexpensive nitrogen sources to replace peptone and yeast extract – Optimization by RSM

Wheat bran, an inexpensive underutilized agricultural byproduct, was used as support and substrate for production of l(+) lactic acid by amylolytic Lactobacillus amylophilus GV6 in a single step anaerobic solid state fermentation (SSF). l(+) Lactic acid has wide applications in food, pharmaceuticals, leather, textile industries and in synthesis of biodegradable plastics. L. amylophilus GV6 is found to be efficient than reported amylolytic wild strains at higher substrate concentrations with crude starches in SSF. Substitution of peptone and yeast extract with low cost protein/nitrogen sources, red lentil flour (RL) and bakers yeast (yeast cells, YC) was studied. Central composite rotatable design (CCRD) was employed to determine maximum production of lactic acid at optimum values of the process variables, red lentil flour, yeast cells, CaCO 3 and incubation period. A satisfactory fit of the model was realized. Lactic acid production was significantly effected by interactions of yeast cells (YC)-incubation period (IP) and CaCO 3-IP. YC, CaCO 3 and IP had a linear effect on lactic acid production while RL had no significant linear effect. In square terms RL and CaCO 3 were significant. The maximum lactic acid production of 46.3 g/100 g wheat bran having 60 g of starch was obtained at optimized concentration of RL, YC, CaCO 3 and IP of 0.6%, 0.9%, 1.3 g (per 10 g wheat bran), 5 days, respectively. Peptone and yeast extract were completely replaced by inexpensive RL and YC in modified MRS medium. There are no reports on utilization of inexpensive nitrogen sources for direct fermentation of starch present in wheat bran to l(+) lactic acid at high substrate concentrations in SSF. L. amylophilus GV6 showed 96% lactic acid yield efficiency (g lactic acid produced/g substrate utilized) and 77.6% lactic acid production efficiency (g lactic acid produced/g substrate taken).