Perspective Of Syntax Research Articles

The Role of Cultural Landscape in Shaping the Urban Spatial Context of Changzhou (1843–2021) from a Spatial Syntax Perspective

Changzhou is a city situated in the eastern region of China and serves as a pivotal juncture of the UNESCO World Cultural Heritage site, the Grand Canal of China. The study employed spatial syntax foreground and background network analysis to examine the cultural landscape characteristics and determinants of the urban spatial context in Changzhou, influenced by the Grand Canal, with a focus on rivers, streets, and social networks. The findings revealed that: (1) Foreground network construction: serving as the fundamental framework of urban space, street and river networks exhibited distinct functionalities in terms of structural configuration, functional organization, and potential impact. (2) Background network construction: social networks identified through spatial structure recognition demonstrated sustainable characteristics, as their layout was not directly correlated to the foreground network but contributed to the identification of the identity and the traits of social networks. (3) Dual network adaptability to contemporary urban space: it was imperative to redefine the role of river networks to augment their potential impact in shaping scenic leisure systems. This study provides novel insights into preserving and acknowledging the urban spatial context while offering valuable references for safeguarding regional cultural landscapes.

句法学视角下探究V-V型复合动词的非宾格性和非作格性

句法学视角下探究V-V型复合动词的非宾格性和非作格性

Decoding Spontaneous Informal Spaces in Old Residential Communities: A Drone and Space Syntax Perspective

Old residential communities are integral parts of urban areas, with their environmental quality affecting residents’ well-being. Spontaneous informal spaces (SIS) often emerge within these communities. These are predominantly crafted by the elderly using discarded materials and negatively impact the environmental quality of communities. Understanding SIS emergence patterns is vital for enhancing the environmental quality of old communities; however, methodologies fall short in terms of the quantification of these emergence patterns. This study introduces a groundbreaking approach, merging drone oblique photography technology with space syntax theory, to thoroughly analyze SIS types, functions, and determinants in five Tianjin communities. Utilizing drones and the Depthmap space syntax tool, we captured SIS characteristics and constructed topological models of residences and traffic patterns. We further explored the intrinsic relationships between architectural layout, road traffic, and SIS characteristics via clustering algorithms and multivariate correlation analysis. Our results reveal that architectural layout and road traffic play decisive roles in shaping SIS. Highly accessible regions predominantly feature social-type SIS, while secluded or less trafficked zones lean towards private-type SIS. Highlighting the elderly’s essential needs for greenery, interaction, and basic amenities, our findings offer valuable insights into the revitalization of outdoor spaces in aging communities, into the fostering of urban sustainability and into the nurturing of a balanced relationship between humans and their surroundings.

Adverbs versus Adverbials: Disparities from the Perspective of Syntax

Adverbs versus Adverbials: Disparities from the Perspective of Syntax

On the Unmarked Passivized Unergative Construction in Mandarin

This paper introduces a particular construction named the unmarked passivized uneragtive construction (UPUC). The aim of this paper is to explore the underlying structure of UPUC from generative syntax perspective. In this construction, the subject is an Affectee, affected by the following VO sequence. The VO sequence denotes a passive meaning. In the second part, this paper summarizes the unique grammatical properties of UPUC, then points out that the UPUC are a benefit construction and the Affectee has the inalienable possessive relation with the Theme. Then the paper analyzes the derivational process of UPUC.

Historical Analysis of the Example of Nowy Sącz in Space Syntax Perspective. Guidelines for Future Development of Urban Matrix in Medium-Sized Cities

This paper presents the development of the public space of Nowy Sącz, taking into account the space syntax analysis of the historical maps of the city and the structure of its development. Nowy Sącz is a city located in southern Poland, with over 80,000 residents. A space syntax analysis of historical maps helps to explain the urban space’s growth and development structure. The scientific goal of this paper was to build model solutions and urban typologies of Nowy Sącz; to present the logic of the model; and to compare simulation results with reality and historical knowledge. The application goal was to explain the processes and popularize the insight using clear space syntax visualizations. Axial maps of street networks were developed using current and historical city plans (publicly available plans from the late 18th century to the present day). The space syntax methodology was employed to measure Integration and Choice variables for each stage of the city’s spatial development. The results indicating areas of the highest Integration value were verified against historical studies. A strong correlation was demonstrated between the foci of urban life of super-local reach and their places in a growing city’s structural network.

The Pragmatic Functions of I think in Different Genres

The present paper aims to examine the occurrence of I think in different genres. A collected data of I think from graduate student research interview and objectivism group study within Michigan Corpus of Academic Spoken English (MICASE) is analyzed. Both quantitative and qualitative analyses are included and the selection tool Antconc 3.4.4 are adopted in the study. By using concordance, all the context including I think are collected. Meanwhile, some phrases (such as I think so, what I think, I think of, etc.) are deleted from the analysis. It is found that I think in different positions and with different collocations fulfill different pragmatic functions respectively. The phrase I think is very frequent in GSRI and OSG, which is due to the nature of the discourse, where the participants are engaged in the communication. From the perspective of syntax and collocation, a lot of examples are analyzed in details. It is found that the interpretation of I think cannot be reached without exploring its linguistic context. In addition, a more detailed observation of linguistic context of I think in OSG and GSRI is explored. Some epistemic certainty (certainly, really, etc.) are included in research interview, with the function of emphasis and deliberation. The study might help to reconsider the functions of I think in different genres.

Examining the diffusion of coronavirus disease 2019 cases in a metropolis: a space syntax approach

BackgroundThe urban built environment (BE) has been globally acknowledged as one of the main factors that affects the spread of infectious disease. However, the effect of the street network on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) incidence has been insufficiently studied. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, which causes COVID-19, is far more transmissible than previous respiratory viruses, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, which highlights the role of the spatial configuration of street network in COVID-19 spread, as it is where humans have contact with each other, especially in high-density areas. To fill this research gap, this study utilized space syntax theory and investigated the effect of the urban BE on the spatial diffusion of COVID-19 cases in Hong Kong.MethodThis study collected a comprehensive dataset including a total of 3815 confirmed cases and corresponding locations from January 18 to October 5, 2020. Based on the space syntax theory, six space syntax measures were selected as quantitative indicators for the urban BE. A linear regression model and Geographically Weighted Regression model were then applied to explore the underlying relationships between COVID-19 cases and the urban BE. In addition, we have further improved the performance of GWR model considering the spatial heterogeneity and scale effects by adopting an adaptive bandwidth.ResultOur results indicated a strong correlation between the geographical distribution of COVID-19 cases and the urban BE. Areas with higher integration (a measure of the cognitive complexity required for a pedestrians to reach a street) and betweenness centrality values (a measure of spatial network accessibility) tend to have more confirmed cases. Further, the Geographically Weighted Regression model with adaptive bandwidth achieved the best performance in predicting the spread of COVID-19 cases.ConclusionIn this study, we revealed a strong positive relationship between the spatial configuration of street network and the spread of COVID-19 cases. The topology, network accessibility, and centrality of an urban area were proven to be effective for use in predicting the spread of COVID-19. The findings of this study also shed light on the underlying mechanism of the spread of COVID-19, which shows significant spatial variation and scale effects. This study contributed to current literature investigating the spread of COVID-19 cases in a local scale from the space syntax perspective, which may be beneficial for epidemic and pandemic prevention.

RDF for temporal data management – a survey

Over the years, a large amount of temporal data needs to be shared and exchanged on the Web. Resource Description Framework (RDF) has been widely accepted and has rapidly gained popularity to al RDF) model as mentioned in represent and share data in many application domains (e.g., the Data of Web, Linked Data, and Knowledge Graph). Accordingly, efficient management of temporal data based on RDF is of increasing importance. Much work has been devoted to the representation, querying, storage, and management of temporal RDF data. Therefore, to investigate and more importantly serve as helping researchers grasp the main ideas and results of temporal RDF data management, and to highlight an ongoing research on them, in this paper, we provide a full up-to-date overview of the current state of the art in temporal RDF data management, including representation, querying, storage, and other directions. In detail, regarding to the representation of temporal RDF models, we first classify the existing temporal RDF models into two main categories according to their focuses (including the new RDF extension models and the original RDF models based on timestamp). We summarize and compare each model from the perspectives of syntax, semantics, and etc. Then, we further summarize the temporal RDF querying and storage techniques in detail. Moreover, to well introduce the main idea of each approach, we use some examples to explain each approach. In addition, the directions for future research and some comparisons and analyses are discussed in our whole survey. This survey will help readers understand and catch some key techniques about the issue and also identify some future research directions.

Mapping spatial cultures: contributions of space syntax to research in the urban history of the nineteenth-century city

AbstractThe theory and methods of space syntax can help to rebalance the prevailing cultural perspective, which views maps as ideological representations, with an analytical approach that emphasizes maps as sources for understanding space and spatial relationships embedded in built forms. The quantitative descriptions of urban street networks produced by space syntax analyses can be used to formulate and test hypotheses about patterns of urban movement, encounter and socio-economic activity in the past that can help in the interpretation of other historical source materials to give an overall account of urban spatial culture. In this article, the authors explain how space syntax, a theory and method originally developed in the field of architectural research, is making a distinctive contribution to research in social and urban history. The key principles of the method are explained by clarifying the relationship of space syntax to HGIS (Historical Geographical Information Systems) and through a worked example of research undertaken into political meeting places. A survey of research into the urban history of the nineteenth-century city using space syntax is used to highlight a number of important methodological themes and also demonstrates the range of innovative contributions that this interdisciplinary approach is able to advance. A final, theoretical, section reflects on maps and the practice of ‘mapping’ from a space syntax perspective.

On the Explanation of Several Sentences from the Perspective of Syntax

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Another Look at Anonymous Communication

Anonymous communication is desirable for personal, financial, and political reasons. Despite the abundance of frameworks and constructions, anonymity definitions are usually either not well defined or too complicated to use. In between are ad-hoc definitions for specific protocols which sometimes only provide weakened anonymity guarantees. This paper addresses this situation from the perspectives of syntax, security definition, and construction. We propose simple yet expressive syntax and security definition for anonymous communication. Our syntax covers protocols with different operational characteristics. We give a hierarchy of anonymity definitions, starting from the strongest possible to several relaxations. We also propose a modular construction from any key-private public-key encryption scheme, and a new primitive—oblivious forwarding protocols, of which we give two constructions. The first is a generic construction from any random walk over graphs, while the second is optimized for the probability of successful delivery, with experimental validation for our optimization. Anonymity is guaranteed even when the adversary can observe and control all traffic in the network and corrupt most nodes, in contrast to some efficient yet not-so-anonymous protocols. We hope this work suggests an easier way to design and analyze efficient anonymous communication protocols in the future.

Phonological distortion as a humorous strategy in Folarin Falana’s comedy skits

Various studies exist on the social functions of humour and such studies have been carried out in diverse fields that range from the humanities to the sciences. In linguistics specifically, research shows that humour has been studied from the perspectives of syntax, pragmatics and semantics; moreover, there is a dearth of studies on the creation of humour through phonological processes. Therefore, this study aims to investigate humour and how it is achieved using phonological processes. The study engages mainly qualitative methods of analysis. Five comedy skits were purposively selected from Folarin Falana’s (Falz the Bahd Guy) eleven collections. These were chosen on the basis of their internet popularity among Nigerians; this popularity was determined on the basis of the rates of downloading the skits. McGraw & Warren’s (2010) Benign Violation Theory was used to account for the phonological violations in the comedies. The various phonological processes that were violated include liaison, deletion, insertion, monophthongisation, coalescence and vowel strengthening. It is argued that the phonological distortions are deliberately made to achieve humour in these Nigerian comedies, especially when the high educational level of the artist is considered. Also, there anti-Anglicism and pro-Nigerianism in the data as the artist identifies himself with Nigeria(ns) and creates a niche for himself in the entertainment industry using the phonological peculiarities among Nigerians’ language use, especially the Yoruba tribe. He also creates different personalities to project different messages which are not only peculiar to Nigeria but to the world, using these personalities to portray people’s feelings and views of the world and how these influence their attitudes.

내적 재구 방법론을 통한 신약성경 그리스어의 자음 음가 재구

There are three reasons to reconstruct the original sound values of Hellenistic Greek consonants according to linguistic levels. At the phonological level, we can trace the phonological rules based on the phonological process if we know the exact sound values of Hellenistic Greek. At the level of morphology, we can teach the derivational affix and inflectional affix in an easier way. At the level of syntax, we can understand syntactic rules according to phonological process and phonological rules. We can explain some irregular morphological and syntactic rules into regular morphological and syntactic rules on the basis of reconstructed original sound values. From the perspective of syntax, a good grammar is to reduce irregular grammatical rules.<BR> The grammarians of Hellenistic Greek have suggested their reconstructed sound values of Hellenistic Greek consonants. But they have not applied General Linguistics to reconstructing the sound values because General Linguistics as an academic subject did not begin at that time. It is also probable that some recent scholars, in a sense, did not accept nor understand the outcomes of General Linguistics fully. In relation to reconstruction of sound values, linguists have generally used internal reconstruction to reconstruct the original sound values of a language. It is persuasive to use the method of internal reconstruction to reconstruct the sound values of Hellenistic Greek consonants. According to the linguistic analysis of internal reconstruction, the original sound values of Hellenistic consonants can be explained as follows:<BR> σ alveolar fricative<BR> β bilabial voiced plosive<BR> δ alveolar voiced plosive<BR> γ palatal voiced plosive<BR> π bilabial unaspirated voiced plosive<BR> τ alveolar unaspirated voiced plosive<BR> κ palatal unaspirated voiced plosive<BR> ϕ bilabial aspirated voiceless plosive<BR> θ alveolar aspirated voiceless plosive<BR> χ palatal aspirated voiceless plosive<BR> ψ bilabial voiceless affricate<BR> ζ alveolar voiced affricate<BR> ξ palatal voiceless affricate<BR> μ bilabial nasal<BR> ν alveolar nasal<BR> λ palatal lateral<BR> ρ gutteral rolled

Spatial Configuration and Online Attention: A Space Syntax Perspective

The spatial behavior of tourists is an important part of the research on congestion management and sustainable planning of tourism destinations. Combined with user-generated content (UGC) and site-based survey data, this study conducted an overlaying analysis between street network configurations that resulted from space syntax and tourist preferences. Based on space syntax, tourist movement is influenced by the distribution of scenic spots and the structure of tourist trails in scenic mountain areas. The results reveal that the distribution of scenic spots has a significant impact on tourist flow and visitors’ choices of entrance to the mountain; the volume of online sign-ins is highly correlated with landscape attention, axial control values and the local integration value of the trails; and tourists’ attention focuses on the entrance area and the few tourist-sight markers. This study advances the understanding of the spatial patterns of within-destination tourist behavior; this knowledge will be helpful in alleviating congestion in mountain scenic areas and providing effective guidance for tourists to plan an ideal tour route.

Quantification and definiteness/indefiniteness: integration and functional identity of semantic categories

AbstractThe reference theory popular in 1970-1990s, which aimed at integrating various forms of semantic determination of lexical units of the language analysed from the syntax perspective, provides the starting point for the author. Quantification and definiteness/indefiniteness were treated in numerous publications from that period as varieties of the same semantic category, i.e. determination of the referential status of nominal groups. The author assumes that both categories demonstrate functional independence, therefore their exponents form opposites. Consequently, the quantification model of definiteness/indefiniteness, cultivated by some researchers, is not supported in the language material, being rather a strictly logical structure. At the same time, the author demonstrates that certain relations and dependencies occur between the two categories. Four aspects of such dependencies: selection, implication, collocation and derivation, are examined in the paper using Polish language materials and materials of other European languages.

An Integrated Modeling Approach Combining Multifractal Urban Planning with a Space Syntax Perspective

The United Nations Paris agreement of 2015 highlighted the need for urban planning to prevent and contain urban sprawl so as to reduce trip lengths through an efficient distribution of agglomerations and a well-balanced urban pattern distribution, all while considering travel behavior and accessibility to green areas, services, and facilities on different temporal scales. For the Vienna-Bratislava metropolitan region, our integrated modeling approach uses a combination of multifractal spatial modeling along with a space syntax perspective. Multifractal strategies are intrinsically multiscalar and adhere to five planning principles: hierarchical (polycentric) urban development to manage urban sprawl; sustainable transit-oriented development; locally well-balanced urban pattern and functions distribution to enhance vital urban systems, local centers, and neighborhoods; penetration of green areas into built-up areas; and the preservation of large interconnected networks of green areas to conserve biodiversity. Adding space syntax modeling to a multifractal strategy integrates how space relates to functional patterns based on centrality, thus applying a socio-spatial perspective. In this paper, we used the following workflow for an integrated modeling approach: (1) Space syntax to identify the urban systems’ hierarchy and so determine a spatial strategy regionally; (2) Fractalopolis to create a multifractal development plan for potential urbanization; and (3) Space syntax to design a strategic urban master plan for locating new housing and facilities vis-à-vis socioeconomic factors.

Syntactic Tense from a Comparative Syntax Perspective

Lin (2010) argues that an analysis without a Tense category for Chinese can better explain four syntactic properties of the language than an analysis with it: (a) no copula verb, (b) no expletive subject, (c) possibly no finite vs. nonfinite distinction, and (d) possibly no case-driven A-movement. In this article, we consider data from a variety of languages as well as some Chinese data that Lin does not take into account. We show that there is no principled reason for relating these four properties to syntactic Tense.

한국어 부정 구문 연구를 위한 말뭉치언어학적 접근

The objective of this study is twofold. First, it aims to investigate the extent to which Korean negation is used in written, spoken corpus and online product review corpus by contrast of affirmation. Second, it examines the co-relationship between the meta-function of negation and communicative purpose of each register. There have been few quantitative studies of Korean negation even though many studies have been performed from the perspective of syntax and semantics. This study analyses Korean negation forms in the level of clause unit and examines the function of negation according to registers. The results are summarized as follows: 1) The proportion of Korean negation is realized as the order of spoken corpus>written corpus>productive reviews. 2) `An` negations are much more frequently used in all registers than `mos` negation. 3) There seems to be strong correlation between the frequencies of negation types and communicative functions of registers.

Meanings and Funtions of 'adj+zhe' in Mandarin Chinese

‘Adj+zhe’ is State-adjectives combined with an Attribute meaning of adjective and time meaning of ‘zhe’. ‘Adj+zhe’ is not modified by degree adverbs and negative words, and has the characteristics of state adjectives from syntax perspective. ‘Adj+zhe’ as the predicate of the sentence often appear time words, the words can be divided into constant time words and variable time words. Constant time words and time character of adjective are same. But variable time words change in the properties of adjectives. Therefore, ‘Adj+zhe’ had Qualitative changes in terms of the time representation of adjectives, so that enriched time performance mode of ‘Adj+zhe’.BR In terms of the function word of semantic analysis, ‘Adj+zhe’ has 6 meanings, there are the state of speaking time, moment, continuation(a.from the past to the present, b.From now to the future), repetition, variables(attributes enhanced), imperative, subjective expectation on the bud state.