Change In Syntax Research Articles

DIRAC: A new version of computer algebra tools for studying the properties and behavior of hydrogen-like ions

During recent years, the Dirac package has proved to be an efficient tool for studying the structural properties and dynamic behavior of hydrogen-like ions. Originally designed as a set of Maple procedures, this package provides interactive access to the wave and Green's functions in the non-relativistic and relativistic frameworks and supports analytical evaluation of a large number of radial integrals that are required for the construction of transition amplitudes and interaction cross sections. We provide here a new version of the Dirac program which is developed within the framework of Mathematica (version 6.0). This new version aims to cater to a wider community of researchers that use the Mathematica platform and to take advantage of the generally faster processing times therein. Moreover, the addition of new procedures, a more convenient and detailed help system, as well as source code revisions to overcome identified shortcomings should ensure expanded use of the new Dirac program over its predecessor.

Time course of changes in Gambel's white-crowned sparrow song behavior following transitions in breeding condition

Seasonal changes in behavior and in its underlying neural substrate are common across animal taxa. These changes are often triggered by steroid sex hormones. Song in seasonally breeding songbirds provides an excellent example of this phenomenon. In these species, dramatic seasonal changes mediated by testosterone and its metabolites occur in adult song behavior and in the neural circuitry controlling song. While song rate can quickly change in response to seasonal breeding cues, it is unknown how quickly other aspects of song change, particularly the stereotypy of song phonology and syntax. In this study we determined whether and how quickly song rate, phonology, and syntax change in response to breeding and non-breeding physiological cues. We asked these questions using Gambel's white-crowned sparrows ( Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii), a closed-ended learner with well-characterized changes in the neural circuitry controlling song behavior. We exposed ten photosensitive sparrows to long-day photoperiod and implanted them with subcutaneous testosterone pellets (day 0) to simulate breeding conditions. We continuously recorded song and found that song rate increased quickly, reaching maximum around day 6. The stereotypy of song phonology changed more slowly, reaching maximum by day 10 or later. Song syntax changed minimally after day 6, the earliest time point examined. After 21 days, we transitioned five birds from breeding to non-breeding condition. Song rate declined precipitously. These results suggest that while song rate changes quickly, song phonology changes more slowly, generally following or in parallel with previously investigated changes in the neural substrate.

Modelling of personal identifiable information in a resource description framework

This paper introduces a Resource Description Framework (RDF)-based ontology to model Personal Identifiable Information (PII). The triples construct is applied to 'atomic' private statements. RDF is divided into two modes: personal information mode (PIRDF) and non-personal information mode. PIRDF is a restrictive version of RDF where its constructs follow the triple format so that the semantic subject of the atomic private statement coincides with the subject of the RDF triple. Related (compound) pieces of personal information are also made in an RDF-independent collection to preserve their relationship. Literals are not allowed to embed personal information. These restrictions do not introduce any change in the syntax of RDF. Privacy protection mechanisms can be constructed upon PIRDF.

Formal syntax and language change

In this article, I trace some of the some of the core issues and recent developments in formal approaches to syntactic change, with some special attention on how the development from the Principles and Parameters (PP §2 is on the relation between inflection and syntax; §3 is devoted to approaches to language variation.

バッファを破綻させないＭＰＥＧ‐２ビデオストリームへの電子透かし埋込み制御方法

We developed a technique for watermarking an MPEG-2 video stream. Our method keeps the bit rate strictly within that of the input stream. Although the need for keeping the rate of a watermarked stream under control has been recognized for many years, most proposals have controlled the watermark embedding at the DCT level. We have analyzed the syntax change due to watermarking and show that the change is closed in the slice containing the DCT coefficient to be modified, although it could propagate beyond the block boundary, sometimes even into successive macroblocks. Based on this analysis, we developed a new embedding algorithm to adjust the bit rate of the resulting stream precisely at the end of every slice. In our experiments, about 30-60% of watermarks were successfully embedded into 6-Mbps (bit/second) video stream without any increase in bit rate compared to unrestricted embedding.

Syntax friendly and syntax amendment approaches to error resiliency in the MPEG-4 Simple Scalable Profile

This work discusses two approaches to incorporating error resiliency in the Simple Scalable Profile SSP of the ISO/IEC MPEG-4 14496-2 visual standard. As such scalable MPEG-4 is made suitable for deployment in a mobile communication environment. When it was defined in 2000, the syntax of the Simple Scalable Profile (SSP) prohibited the use of the error resiliency tools which were available in the base layer of the MPEG-4 codec. GPRS simulations are employed to illustrate the need for error resiliency in the SSP profile. Two solutions are then proposed based on whether or not bitstream syntax modifications are employed. The first solution is syntax friendly and emulates the use of the Video Packet resiliency tool whilst remaining compliant with standardized decoders. The limitations and constraints of such an approach are then elaborated upon. It is shown that syntax modifications are inevitable. Thus, the second solution proposes the syntax modifications to incorporate the error resiliency tools of the base layer into the enhancement layers of the SSP profile. The new syntax is verified through subjective testing using Multi Media Double Stimulus Continuous Quality Evaluation (MMDSCQE). Subsequently, the new syntax was approved by the ISO/IEC MPEG-4 committee and resulted in a new profile known as the Error Resilient Simple Scalable Profile (ER-SSP). It is shown that minor modifications are required in the Header Extension tool to synchronize the decoding process between the enhancement and the base layer. Thus, it is shown that base layer error resilience tools are equally applicable to the enhancement layer with nominal syntax changes.

The Development of Greek and the New Testament De ontwikkeling van het Grieks en het Nieuwe Testament: Opmerkingen naar aanleiding van een recente publicatie

This review article discusses the recent book by Chris Caragounis on the development of the Greek language in its relevance to the study of the New Testament. Special attention is paid to the elements of continuity and change in pronunciation, semantics and syntax. In spite of the fact that Caragounis overstates his case in some respects, this book undoubtedly throws new light on several problems of NT interpretation.

Syntactic synonymy: a case study

The present paper outlines a historical change in Hungarian syntax by focusing on participial constructions and their clausal equivalents in ten different Hungarian translations of the Bible. The first part investigates the relative frequency of the relevant structures and, relying upon statistical data, it characterises the process of a shift from analytic to synthetic constructions. Then we analyse secondary semantic differences among the various structures (participial constructions, subordinate clauses and coordinate clauses) and propose that in the case of subordination the semantic relationship between the matrix sentence and the dependent clause is expressed in an explicit manner. However, if the meaning of the related participial construction is complex (combining features of temporal, causal, and instrumental relationships), a subordinate clause can express only one of these, and the other features are not represented in it. Coordination, on the other hand, especially asyndetic (conjunctionless) ...

Child second language attrition: a longitudinal case study

This paper examines the second stage of natural second language attrition in the first language environment as observed in a Japanese male returnee child. The second stage is the second part of a longitudinal study encompassing a total of 33 months of observation. The first stage, which is reported elsewhere (Tomiyama 1999), commences with month 2 of his return and continues until month 19. The second stage comprises month 20 through month 33, The stages are so labeled retrospectively because of a natural division in the qualitative changes observed in the subject's production data rather than because of absolute chronological periods. The subject, who spent seven years in the United States, was 8;0 at the time of his return. The overall baseline data shows that he was highly proficient in English. The second stage is characterized as a period of change in syntax and morphology yet stability in lexicon and fluency. A structural change in the modification of nouns, from post-nominal to pre-nominal, is noted. The reason for the structural change is attributed in part to syntactic reduction and in part to interlingual transfer to cope with the deficiency in L2. Some attrition in morphology, plural and past irregular morphemes, in particular, is also observed. On the other hand, no substantial amount of loss in productive vocabulary is observed; there is even recovery of some items. Also it is noted that the level of fluency at the beginning of the second stage remains constant throughout this stage. Overall, the study reveals the differential attrition pattern in the subject's linguistic subsystems and fluctuation in the subject's performance. It also illustrates the value and relevance of examining data over a long span of time to capture a macroscopic view of language behavior patterns

A Study of a Generic Schema for Management of Multidatabase Systems

Currently, a great deal of effort is being directed toward the development of heterogeneous database concepts in order to achieve system interoperability. This paper presents a conceptual model that was used in a study for developing an automatic means of translating one database structure into another with minimal human intervention. Our prototype— developed from this model—demonstrates the usefulness of an approach that would allow many of today’s systems to be more accessible when platform, syntax or semantic changes occur. This preliminary study is limited to the automatic conversion of one specific relational database into a different, yet still relational, database format. The paper concludes with a summary of findings in order to provide a foundation for future work on the use of the proposed model as a generic, extensible framework.

Marking of verb transitivity by Hebrew-speaking children

The study examines children's command of transitivity permutations in Hebrew, where a change in verb-argument syntax entails a change in verb-morphology. 30 children aged two, three and eight were required to produce existing and novel Hebrew verbs differing in transitivity. Younger children showed a good grasp of the syntax and semantics, but not the morphological marking of transitivity, three-year-olds did much better, and eight-year-olds produced mainly adult-like responses. Results were higher on existing verbs than on novel forms. Direction of change had little effect with existing verbs, but with novel verbs success was much higher in changing intransitive to transitive forms than the converse. Some alternations proved easier than others, e.g. intransitive activity verbs in the basic pa'al verb-pattern yielded more causative hif'il forms than intransitive inchoative verbs in the nif'al pattern. Findings throw light on the development of derivational morphology, item-based versus class-based learning, and the impact of lexical productivity and language-particular properties on acquisition.

A pipe has two ends …

A proposal for a flexible but easy to use syntax. Many mechanisms have been proposed for accessing data, and running processes external to APL. For some of these, the syntax is bizarre, for others a detailed knowledge of some other language (sometimes even assembler) is necessary to do the simplest thing. Some, such as shared variables, offer a highly efficient method of passing data between two processes in the same processor, without having to copy the data. A number of methods either allow the passing of data and/or commands to an external shell (such as the C-shell under Unix), or allow the results of commands to the shell to be imported into APL. These in effect connect APL to one end (but not both ends) of a pipe of shell commands. I offer for general consideration a device that allows data to be piped out of APL, through (a series of) shell commands, and back into APL. It works by connecting both ends of a pipeline of shell commands to an APL statement. The output of the first part of the APL expression fills the pipe connected to the standard input of the first command in the pipeline of shell commands; the next part of the APL expression receives the output of the pipe connected to the standard output of the the last command in the pipeline. The commands may be executed in the same processor, or remotely, with no change in syntax.

APL two by two-syntax analysis by pairwise reduction

Benkard explains the precedence rules of APL with a syntactic binding hierarchy [1,2]. This paper uses the hierarchy as a basis for developing a more formal description of APL syntax which can be applied directly in a syntax analyzer. The flexibility of this approach makes it useful as a basis for examining the effect of proposed syntax changes and the consequences of previous design choices.

A proposed standard for extending high-level languages for microprocessors - IEEE Task P755

Over the years language implementers have found it desirable to provide additional statements allowing users to get to some of the features of the hardware and operating system. Such new features partially eliminate the need for dropping into assembly language. With the wide use of microprocessors and microcomputers, and with the growing number of language implementations being made on them, it is time to ask, what is the minimal, common set of language extensions that will address the greatest number of needs of microprocessor users? The proposed standard published here tries to address this question with the following thoughts in mind: (1) suitability for common languages (we chose Basic, Fortran, and Pascal for demonstration purposes); (2) minimum number of syntax changes needed to implement the features. The text of the proposed standard is included.