Syntactic Properties Research Articles

JSON document clustering based on schema embeddings

The growing popularity of JSON as the data storage and interchange format increases the availability of massive multi-structured data collections. Clustering JSON documents has become a significant issue in organising large data collections. Existing research uses various structural similarity measures to perform clustering. However, differently annotated JSON structures may also encode semantic relatedness, necessitating the use of both syntactic and semantic properties of heterogeneous JSON schemas. Using the SchemaEmbed model, this paper proposes an embedding-based clustering approach for grouping contextually similar JSON documents. The SchemaEmbed model is designed using the pre-trained Word2Vec model and a deep autoencoder that considers both syntactic and semantic information of JSON schemas for clustering the documents. The Word2Vec model learns the attribute embeddings, and a deep autoencoder is designed to generate context-aware schema embeddings. Finally, the context-based similar JSON documents are grouped using a clustering algorithm. The effectiveness of the proposed work is evaluated using both real and synthetic datasets. The results and findings show that the proposed approach improves clustering quality significantly, with a high NMI score of 75%. In addition, we demonstrate that clustering results obtained by contextual similarity are superior to those obtained by traditional semantic similarity models.

Exploring Primary School Students’ Morphological Awareness in Thailand

Understanding how words are formed is a crucial component of learning new words. A child’s ability to manipulate the morphological elements of words is related to their subsequent vocabulary development. Morphological awareness can also enhance learning new syntactic and semantic properties of morphologically complex words to meet the demands of language production. However, there is a dearth of research on how receptive-productive morphological awareness is acquired, especially in an EFL context. This study used a quantitative design to explore the nature of morphological awareness in 104 Thai primary school students and to investigate the relationships between receptive-productive morphological awareness and vocabulary knowledge. All participants were given six measures of morphological awareness and two vocabulary knowledge tasks. The results revealed the close relationship between the students’ morphological awareness and vocabulary knowledge, both receptively and productively. The results also indicated that Thai primary school students’ morphological awareness grows gradually along the receptive and productive continuum and that morphological knowledge is learned at varying rates and improves with learners’ increased education levels. Indeed, all aspects of morphological awareness contributed to receptive and productive vocabulary knowledge. Overall, the current study highlighted the importance of the word family construct for teaching and learning morphologically complex words. It was also shown that morphological awareness is a crucial mechanism for vocabulary acquisition and growth and a facilitative scaffold for forming morphologically complex words.

The Syntax of the Negation Marker Laa in Najdi Arabic: An HPSG Approach

Negation is considered one of the controversial cross-linguistic areas of research. One of its interesting topics is the syntax of negation markers. This paper aims to contribute to the current linguistic research in negation through exploring one of the negation markers in Najdi Arabic: the negator laa. It first categories laa into three types according to its meaning and the syntactic constructions in which it occurs: the imperative laa, the conjunct particle laa, and the clausal laa. The syntactic properties of each one of these are described with sufficient examples illustrating them. Where appropriate, these properties are compared to those of the negator laa in Standard Arabic and other negators. In addition to the syntactic description of laa in its three types or uses, the paper presents a theoretical account for all the relevant syntactic properties of each type of the negator laa by using the framework of Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar.

The Syntactic and Discourse Properties of Second Person Singular Forms of Address inPaisaSpanish

AbstractIn this study we examine the linguistic complexity and lexical properties of the discourse associated with second person singular forms of address (2PS) in the Spanish spoken in Medellín, Colombia. This Spanish variety exhibits the use of a tripartite system of 2PS, in whichvoseo,tuteo, andustedeoare used, and sometimes interchanged, according to sociopragmatic factors. By means of a discourse completion task (DCT), 672 responses were collected from 38 informants. Data was parsed and tagged using UDPipe to train an annotation Spanish model. Syntactic and lexical properties were extracted automatically in Python. Results revealed the syntactic properties and the existence of collocations significantly associated with each 2PS. The discourse associated withvosdiffers in terms of the predicate structure, DCT response length, pragmatic function, and use of colloquial speech markers. Results of this work shed further light on the variable use of 2PS in this intriguing Spanish dialect.

Derivative Preposition "V Protivoves": Constructions and Specifics of Functioning

The article is devoted to the study of the function word «v protivoves» (counterweight). The subject of the research is syntactic and functional properties of the studied linguistic unit. Because of the processes of lexicalization and grammaticalization, the class of functional words is constantly replenished with special syntactic and functions words, which increases the relevance of this study. The aim of this article is to analyze prepositional constructions from the point of view of their structure and component composition as well as to describe the peculiarities of these syntactic structures functioning in a sentence and a text. The descriptive method and a corpus method of collecting and processing material were used. As a result of the study, it was found that the preposition forms adversarial relations between the components of constructions of two types - two-components and three-components. Components distributors participate in the formation of opposition relations. The preposition and the component it introduces create a complication of the sentence − additional predicativity. In the text, the preposition and anaphoric pronoun forms the relationship of opposition between the parts of the text, it is text-forming function.

Graph transformer for cross-lingual plagiarism detection

<span lang="EN-US">The existence of vast amounts of multilingual textual data on the internet leads to cross-lingual plagiarism which becomes a serious issue in different fields such as education, science, and literature. Current cross-lingual plagiarism detection approaches usually employ syntactic and lexical properties, external machine translation systems, or finding similarities within a multilingual set of text documents. However, most of these methods are conceived for literal plagiarism such as copy and paste, and their performance is diminished when handling complex cases of plagiarism including paraphrasing. In this paper, we propose a new graph-based approach that represents text passages in different languages using knowledge graphs. We put forward a new graph structure modeling method based on the Transformer architecture that employs precise relation encoding and delivers a more efficient way for global graph representation. The mappings between the graphs are learned both in semi-supervised and unsupervised training mechanisms. The results of our experiments in Arabic–English, French–English, and Spanish–English plagiarism detection show that our graph transformer method surpasses the state-of-the-art cross-lingual plagiarism detection approaches with and without paraphrasing cases, and provides further insights on the use of knowledge graphs on a language-independent model.</span>

The Colexification of Xià in Modern Chinese

Xià ‘down’ is a hot topic in the study of directional verbs in modern Chinese. Previous studies mainly focus on its syntactic property, syntax-semantics, and diachronic evolution. Few studies explore the lexical-semantic meanings of xià ‘down’, let alone taking a cross-dialectal or cross-linguistic perspective. This paper discusses the lexical semantics of xià ‘down’ in modern Chinese and builds the colexificational network for xià ‘down’ based on its 21 different meanings. Through analyzing the colexifications for xià ‘down’ in Mandarin Chinese and different languages, it is found that the common colexification between the two networks. This paper also discusses the mechanisms for colexification of xià ‘down’, i.e., similarity and metaphorical rules. The similarity mechanism calls for the Goldilocks principle: meanings are more likely to attach to the same word when they are related to an optimal degree. The metaphorical rules of xià ‘down’ map onto the space domain, time domain, state domain, and quantity domain, following the cline of “SPACE > TIME > STATE> QUANTITY”.

A study of the relationship between neighbourhood syntactic properties and walking and sitting behaviour in three urban contexts in Tehran

This paper studies the relationship between walking and sitting behaviour and the physical environment in the neighbourhood within the frameworks of behavioural setting and environmental affordance. It analyses the space syntax by using results obtained from a survey and software that uses correlation coefficients. The studied contexts include an organic (historical) context in Chizar, an orthogonal (modern) context with a combination of urban squares in Narmak, and another orthogonal (modern) context combined with hierarchical passages (cul-de-sacs) in the Khazane neighbourhood in Tehran. The results show a significant correlation between respondents' house location, their use of behavioural settings, and evaluation of environmental affordances for both walking and sitting. Correlations are generally highest for integration and mean depth attributes, and relatively higher in the organic context of Chizar. The orthogonal context with a combination of squares in Narmak is better for walking and the organic context in Chizar for sitting. The Khazane context shows medium results in both cases and lower correlations. Regarding the integration attribute, its correlation is direct with sitting or gathering, and inverse with walking. This result is inconsistent with the findings of numerous previous studies which may in turn be recognised as a characteristic of a specific spatial culture.

Erste Beobachtungen zur Genitivattribuierung in Magisterarbeiten polnischer Germanistikstudierender

The intention of this paper is to present first observations and findings from a study on attributes in academic texts written by students. The present paper analyses the use of genitive attributes in master’s theses written by students of German philology, who are Polish native speakers. The purpose of this study is to identify tendencies in the use of the genitive attribute and its prepositional counterpart in students’ works as well as to indicate some of the potential problems the Polish authors writing in German can have with using these constructions. The analysed collection of data encompasses 250 examples of noun phrases with at least one genitive attribute and 48 examples of phrases with the preposition von gathered from five students’ texts. Because of the limited number of examined texts the results of the analysis should be interpreted with caution and it would be advisable to extend the analysis to more texts in the future. The paper begins by describing the primary syntactic properties of academic texts. Section 3 focuses on the genitive attribute and its counterparts and discusses potential problems these constructions can present to Polish native speakers. The next section presents the results of qualitative analysis of the data. The concluding section 5 sums up the presented study and offers some recommendations for further research.

Clause linkage and degrees of grammaticalization

AbstractThis paper deals with different types of verbal complementation of theGermanverbverdienen. It focuses on constructions that have been undergoing a grammaticalization process and thus express deontic modality, as inSie verdient geliebt zu werden(ʽShe deserves to be lovedʼ) andSie verdient zu leben(ʽShe deserves to liveʼ) (Diewald, Dekalo & Czicza 2021). These constructions are connected to parallel complementation types with passive and active infinitives containing a correlatees, as inSie verdient es, geliebt zu werdenandSie verdient es, zu leben, as well as finite clauses with the subordinatordasswith and without correlativees, as inSie verdient, dass sie geliebt wirdandSie verdient es, dass sie geliebt wird. This paper attempts to show a close comparative investigation of these six types of constructions based on their relevant semantic and syntactic properties in terms of clause linkage (Lehmann 1988). We analyze the relevant data retrieved from the DWDS corpus of the 20th century and present an expanded grammaticalization path forverdienen-constructions. The finite complementation withdassis regarded as an example of a separate structural option called “elaboration”. Concerning the use of correlativees, it is shown that it does not have any substantial effect on the grammaticalization of modalverdienen-constructions.

Deep Learning-Based Named Entity Recognition System Using Hybrid Embedding

Retrieval of meaningful information out of voluminous data available on the internet is a big challenge these days. Named entity recognition system deals with this challenge efficiently and achieves promising results in accessing information of interest in several NLP applications. The present study proposes a deep learning-based named entity recognition system using hybrid embedding which is the combination of fasttext and bidirectional LSTM based character embedding. These embeddings capture the contextual, syntactic and semantic properties of the text which improves the cognitive power of deep learning methods. We have performed different experiments with important variants of recurrent neural network (RNN) namely long short-term memory network (LSTM) and bidirectional LSTM as well as gated recurrent unit (GRU) and bidirectional GRU on manually annotated Punjabi dataset and annotated Hindi dataset collected from international joint conference on natural language processing (IJCNLP-08) website. We have also explored different word embeddings and character embeddings for named entity recognition task. Out of all the experiments, the bidirectional GRU model using hybrid embedding has outperformed with precision, recall, and f-score values of 84%, 83%, and 83.50% respectively for Punjabi named entity recognition and 75%, 77%, 75.99% respectively for Hindi named entity recognition.

Argument structure of emotive interjections: Evidence from Polish

The present article offers the first principled assessment of the argument structure of emotive interjections from a cognitive, constructional, and prototype-driven perspective. The evidence demonstrates that, in Polish, emotive interjections are tied to argument-structure patterns – they form constructions with (experiencer, causer, recipient, patient, theme, goal, locative, and addressee) complements which, from a categorial perspective, are most similar to arguments within the argument-adjunct continuum. Consequently, a radical view on the asyntagmatic, non-constructional, and syntax-external behavior of emotive interjections should be replaced by a more nuanced proposal: Emotive interjections – including their prototypical representative – exhibit syntactic properties that may approximate, to a greater or lesser extent, the syntax of other lexical classes traditionally viewed as syntagmatic and constructional.

The main types of usage of a multifunctional word "literally" in modern Russian

The object of this study is a polyfunctional word "literally". The subject of the study is the semantic and syntactic features of this lexeme, which determine its multifunctional character. The relevance of the research is due to its inclusion in the problems of studying the phenomenon of polyfunctionality in modern Russian. The purpose of the work is to establish the main types of use of the word literally, their morphological, syntactic, semantic qualification. From the point of view of pragmatics, the authors describe in detail the multifunctional lexeme literally, taking into account three grammatical implementations. The article comprehensively examines the syntagmatic characteristics of this unit using examples selected from the National Corpus of the Russian language. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that it presents for the first time all grammatical implementations of the word literally and their semantic and syntactic variants. It is established that the lexeme literally in modern Russian has three grammatical implementations: a short adjective of the neuter gender, an adverb and a particle, which differ based on syntactic properties and functions, but have an invariant semantic component ‘exact correspondence to words / the meaning of words’. It is proved that the main types of use of this word are an adverb and a particle connected by an intraverbial antonymy. The specificity of the types of adverb usage is determined up to the expansion of its syntagmatic and semantic possibilities. The revealed differences between the two types of particle use are syntagmatic and pragmatic. The results of the study can be used both in the study of other multifunctional units and in lexicographic practice.

On the Question of Particularization in Russian: the adjective "literal"

The article is devoted to the problem of the relationship of particles as a grammatical and functional class with words of other parts of speech. The relevance of the research is determined by its involvement in the problems of studying the phenomenon of transitivity between grammatical classes of words, in particular, the process of particularization in modern Russian. The object of the study is the adjective "literal". The subject of the study is the syntagmatic, semantic and pragmatic features of this lexeme. The purpose of the work is to establish the types of use of the word literal, their syntagmatic and semantic qualifications. The paper uses a descriptive method, as well as elements of comparative and quantitative analysis. The scientific novelty of the study consists in the fact that the range of meanings of the adjective literal is determined on the basis of the material of the NKRR and the specificity of its use in the function of the particle is revealed. It is established that the "literal" lexeme in modern Russian appears both in characteristic compatibility (with nouns with the meaning of speech or mental activity or its result) and in less or uncharacteristic compatibility (with words whose meaning is not related to speech activity). The features of the use of the adjective as a communicative-pragmatic unit functioning literally by the type of particle are determined: the presence of the pragmatic meaning ‘not real’, ‘similar’ while preserving the morphological and syntactic properties of the significant word. The main conclusion concerns the qualification of the word literal in such cases as a particle-like unit with hybrid properties. The results of the study can be used both in the study of other adjectival units involved in the process of particularization, and in lexicographic practice.

English Linguistics Theory for subtype complementary feature in comparison to Javanese Linguistics

Dixon is one of the most influential linguists in English Language Studies that proposed the idea of semantic approach in English grammatical analysis. He divided the types of verbs into six categories, including Primary A and Primary B types; and Secondary A, Secondary B, Secondary C, and Secondary D types. In Primary B types, he mentioned “attention” verbs with all of their possible syntactic properties. The “look” subtype, which is one of the subcategories of these “attention” verbs were mentioned of not allowing the existence of that-complement in the O slot. This study was initiated to illicit an extension of Dixon’s idea regarding this syntactic property of that-complement in the O slot of “look” subtype through the analysis of Javanese language structure. Based on the findings from the Javanese language corpus on SEALang Library, there were eight out of 22 samples of verbs (around 36 percent) that Dixon mentioned in the “look” subtype having that-complement in the form of “sing”, “kang”, and “ingkang” in their O slots. In the Javanese translation, these eight verbs consisted of “mirengaken”, “madosi”, “mandeng”, “ndeleng”, “mirsani”, “nginguk”, and “mriksa”. Most of the verbs appeared in the register of ngoko lugu, as this type of language records the most common utilization by the Javanese society. The findings confirmed that Dixon’s idea regarding the disallowance of that-complement in O slot of “look” subtype verbs could not be universally applied.

Negative concord in Russian Sign Language

In this paper, we provide the first systematic description of negative concord in Russian Sign Language (RSL). Although non-manual markers have been argued to participate in negative concord in sign languages, negative concord involving only manual signs has been shown to be much rarer. The RSL pattern thus fills this typological gap, providing one of the first clear cases of negative concord of manual signs in sign language. We show that RSL contributes important new data to the typology of negative concord known from spoken language. First, we show that RSL (like Hungarian) shows characteristics of both strict and non-strict patterns of negative concord. In neutral contexts without movement, NC items in both subject and object position require a negative licensor; on the other hand, in contexts with appropriate information structure, focused NC items may appear in specific structural positions without a licensor. These facts provide evidence against analyzing the strict/non-strict divide as a language-level property. Second, focusing on non-strict concord, we show that RSL diverges from other languages with respect to important macro-syntactic properties. In RSL, like in a number of other sign languages, negative elements may appear in a structure on the right edge. It is precisely this position that allows NC items to appear without a licensor; in this respect, RSL is a mirror-image of languages like Italian. These syntactic properties provide new evidence that structural hierarchy, not linear order, is responsible for explaining the presence or absence of a licensor in patterns of non-strict concord.

Variation and Imperfection Their Implications to the Concept of Language

The many various definitions of the term ‘language’ make it improbable to account for the nature of the variations within the languages of the world. It seems that the recent and dominant concept of language has certain shortfalls with regard to the accountability and definitions of variations. By giving a different account of certain parameters and by arguing that the human language should be seen as a system of thought having only syntactic and semantic properties, the cross-linguistic variations are considered as various morpho-phonological systems of the many languages of the world, which ought not to be considered as part of the generative language computation. Such arguments will have significant implications to the understanding and definitions of the concept of language. The findings indicate that, if the goal of the linguistic theory is to seek a perfect system and to minimize variations within and across the languages, the term ‘language’ should be seen as a single, natural, universal, and invariant system without assuming that its computation is a double-interface. In such an understanding, the ‘one’ human language should be perceived as a system of thought which has only syntactic and semantic properties; whereas the ‘many’ languages of the world are considered to be the conventional morpho-phonological systems that should not be part of the generative language computation.

PRO vs pro in Arabic Syntax: Theoretical Analysis

The objective of this work is to investigate the syntactic and semantic properties of the empty categories PRO and pro in Modern Standard Arabic syntax. The problem: both of them are always syntactically covert at PF; semantically, though PRO bears same / or different theta roles from its anaphor at spell out, it leads to correct interpretation at LF; however, pro bears different theta roles that determine correct c-selection at spell out and lead to correct interpretations at LF. Conclusions: Syntactically PRO occupies, merely, the subject position of non- finite phrases; it does not check the nominative case since the phrases lack [Agrs, T]. However, pro occupies the subject position of finite clauses in (i) independent clause, (ii) embedding, (iii) subordinate and (iv) independent clauses related to weather (expletive) verbs; it checks the nominative case by [Agrs, T]. Semantically, PRO checks, merely, the theta roles of agent and experiencer; however, pro checks the theta roles of agent, patient, experiencer, theme, instrument and location.

DETERMINATION OF THE SMALLEST INTER-TRANSITION AND INTEGRAL COMMON ALLOWANCES FOR THE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY OF AUTOMATION OF MACHINING PRODUCTION PREPARATION

The transition to deterministic information technology of automation in solving the problems of the full cycle of technological preparation of production by cutting (CCI) is possible only on the basis of formalization of its knowledge base. Formalization, in particular, is aimed at updating the syntactic and semantic properties of concepts, assigning formalized symbols to concepts that perform any work functions. All functional concepts of information and logically should be linked into their strict system by levels and between levels of the hierarchical structure of the knowledge base. Formalized designations of concepts allow them to operate by means of logical opeotrators of set theory and Venn diagrams of graph theory. Operation is necessary to determine the structure elements of functionally different basic objects of knowledge, relationships and relationships of mutual location, respectively, between their functionally different coordinate and geometric axes, as well as centers in the totality of their coordinate systems. The information support of the CCI knowledge base defines the base of its normative and reference information. The concept of “allowance” in the structure of the regulatory reference information base is defined by two on-directives: the interchange smallest, integral common. The updating of the characteristics of these activities and the expansion of their knowledge functions in the information and logical relationship with other elements of the framework of the reference database are of great practical importance. Extensive formalization of knowledge ensures solution of CCI problems by information and logical modeling of solutions.

Gated tree-structured RecurNN for Detecting Biomedical Event Trigger

It is critical to deeply mine semantic features for information extraction. Tree-structured model is a linguistically attractive option due to its linguistic representations of sentence syntactic structure. Tree-LSTM has been introduced to represent tree-structured network topologies for the syntactic properties. To alleviate the limitation of the Tree-LSTM, we work towards addressing the issue by developing gated mechanism variants for the tree-structured network. The gated mechanism is more complex and diverse for the tree-structured model. We apply Child-Sum Tree-LSTM and Child-Sum Tree-GRU for recognizing biomedical event triggers, and develop two new gated mechanism variants incorporating peephole connection and coupled mechanism into the tree-structured model. The experimental results showed the advantage of gated units. The Child-Sum Tree-LSTM achieved the best results among the gated tree-structured models, and the performance of variants is nearly the same as Child-Sum Tree-LSTM. However, Child-Sum Tree-GRU and Child-Sum Tree-coupled reach reduction in computation time.