Syntactic Patterns Research Articles

КУЛЬТУРНАЯ СПЕЦИФИКА ЖАНРА НАУЧНОЙ СТАТЬИ: КАТЕГОРИЯ АВТОРИТЕТНОСТИ

. Recent studies of various discourse types, including the scientific one, show that in communication process the authority of the participants is one of the important communicative categories realized with a set of linguistic and graphic means. They can have some specifics in the texts belonging to the same genre but different linguistic cultures. The purpose of our study is to identify the most typical lexical and grammatical means (markers) used to realize the category of authority in scientific articles genre in the English and Russian linguistic cultures. The objects of the study were three groups of markers: the authority of general scientific facts and theories; the authority of top experts in a particular field and the authority of the author of a scientific article. The research material included a number of articles in Russian and English in the field of pedagogy, management and energy. The analysis revealed significant differences in the quantity of these markers depending on the scientific field and the particular language culture, as well as a direct correlation with the quantitative use of graphic markers of the category (tables, graphs, etc.). In addition, some differences were observed in the choice of language means, particularly, the lexical and grammatical content of speech clichés, as well as some differences in syntactic patterns of the means. Theoretical importance of the analysis proves the need to study and systematize language tools used to realize the main communicative parameters of a scientific text. The practical results can be used to develop recommendations for academic writing.

O claro é certo? Os marcadores discursivos claro (PT) e certo (ITA): estudo contrastivo

"O claro é certo? Discourse markers claro (PT) and certo (ITA): a contrastive study. The present study aims to compare the dialogical uses of two discourse markers (DM), namely the European Portuguese claro and the Italian certo, by analysing the data extracted from two corpora of spoken language (the Corpus de Referência do Português Contemporâneo and the KIParla corpus). Both claro and certo are part of the group of conversational markers of epistemic modality, which includes a vast set of linguistic expressions revolving around the semantics of ""right"", ""clear"", and ""obvious"". This study shows that in European Portuguese, claro is the most frequent and polysemic DM (the “pivot form”), playing different functions in the construction of interpersonal cooperation and negotiation of meaning: in dialogical contexts, claro can mark cooperative attention, emphatic response, or agreement. To mark such functions, claro can occur within different syntactic and functional patterns, such as repetitions and co-occurrence with other DMs. In the comparison with Italian, data show that certo functions similarly in a great extent of communicative situations, thus concluding that semantic and functional parallelism can be drawn between the two DMs. However, a noteworthy difference in use relies on the speakers’ choice of DM during their communicative exchanges: in European Portuguese, speakers seem to utter different epistemic DMs in a sequence of dialogical turns to signal the same functions, while it does not appear as natural in Italian. On the contrary, Italian speakers appear to use one epistemic DM at a time. This difference, although subtle, may constitute a critical area for translation. Keywords: discourse markers, epistemic discourse markers, dialogue, certo, claro."

DIRECTIONAL MOTION VERB CONSTRUCTION IN MADURESE LANGUAGE: A STUDY OF LANGUAGE TYPOLOGY

Semantically, the construction of directional motion verbs has two significant points: manner of motion, which refers to the way the motion is performed, and path, which conveys the directional meaning. In the context of verbal construction with directional motion, the path component can be constructed through directional verbs or prepositional phrases as markers of the goal. Based on these patterns, Talmy (1975) and Slobin (2006) classified languages into three frameworks: verb-framed languages, satellite-framed languages, and equipollent-framed languages. This research aims to describe the construction of direct motion verb in Madurese language and critically analyze the position of Madurese as an Austronesian language based on the classification proposed by Talmy and Slobin. Using a descriptive-qualitative approach, this study collects primary data from native Madurese speakers, and the secondary data from article journal related to Madurese language as comparison. In conclusion, Madurese language can be categorized as a verb-framed language overall. Based on the analysis, there are several directional verbs in Madurese that can simultaneously carry meanings consistent with prepositional phrases, although in other sentence contexts, they may exhibit different semantic and syntactic patterns. Furthermore, Madurese tends to fall into the verb-framed language category as it lacks a resultative-adjective pattern, and its directional verbs are not main verbs but rather open-class adjuncts.

Flouting the Truth: A Pragmatic Study of Conspiracy Beliefs at the Time of COVID-19

Abstract Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2019, a multitude of conspiracy theories have started floating around which ascribe the origins of the virus to a range of causes. Against this backdrop, the chapter aims at demonstrating how conspiracy beliefs are linguistically created in news and social media. For this purpose, adopting an approach which combines Grice’s Cooperative Maxims with the principles of Cognitive Linguistics, our study delves into a set of documents available on free online fact-checking organizations as well as Tweets, Facebook posts and speeches released by influential voices and ordinary people. The research demonstrates how unconventional metaphors and metonymies, unexpected syntactic patterns and dispreferred windowing of attention, as well as other linguistic devices, contribute to flouting or violating the Maxims of Quantity, Quality, Relevance and Manner (Grice 1975; 1989) thus constructing false claims and mis-/dis-information.

Focused categorization power of ontologies: General framework and study on simple existential concept expressions

When reusing existing ontologies for publishing a dataset in RDF (or developing a new ontology), preference may be given to those providing extensive subcategorization for important classes (denoted as focus classes). The subcategories may consist not only of named classes but also of compound class expressions. We define the notion of focused categorization power of a given ontology, with respect to a focus class and a concept expression language, as the (estimated) weighted count of the categories that can be built from the ontology’s signature, conform to the language, and are subsumed by the focus class. For the sake of tractable initial experiments we then formulate a restricted concept expression language based on existential restrictions, and heuristically map it to syntactic patterns over ontology axioms (so-called FCE patterns). The characteristics of the chosen concept expression language and associated FCE patterns are investigated using three different empirical sources derived from ontology collections: first, the concept expression pattern frequency in class definitions; second, the occurrence of FCE patterns in the Tbox of ontologies; and last, for class expressions generated from the Tbox of ontologies (through the FCE patterns); their ‘meaningfulness’ was assessed by different groups of users, yielding a ‘quality ordering’ of the concept expression patterns. The complementary analyses are then compared and summarized. To allow for further experimentation, a web-based prototype was also implemented, which covers the whole process of ontology reuse from keyword-based ontology search through the FCP computation to the selection of ontologies and their enrichment with new concepts built from compound expressions.

The Influence of N+N English Loanwords on Romanian Morphosyntax Facilitated by Cognates

This study examines the morphosyntactic influences of English on Romanian, through English compound loanwords of the type noun/adjective-modifier + noun-head (N/AMOD + NHEAD). Some of these loanwords undergo a transformation process in the Romanian language, which involves changing the English head with a Romanian cognate (e.g. stand-up comedy becomes stand-up comedie), but especially changing the order of the elements of the compound so that two variants coexist: NMOD + NHEAD (e.g. stand-up comedie) and NHEAD + NMOD (e.g. comedie stand-up). These variants, if interpreted as having free order, can create a new syntactic pattern with English characteristics. In order to assess the degree of expansion of this phenomenon, the evolution of 241 compound loanwords (listed in the Annex) is followed quantitatively and qualitatively.

Demystifying the Morphosyntactic Features of the Tagalog and English Languages: A Contrastive Analysis

This study was conducted to analyze the morphological, syntactical, and morpho syntactical features of the Tagalog and English languages. This study employed a qualitative contrastive analysis research design. According to the findings, the two languages are made up of distinct morphological components: grammatical inflection is comprised of inherent inflections, pronoun and adjective inflections, and declensions; derivational affixation is comprised of verb conjugations; and grammatical markers are comprised of bound morphemes. When it comes to the syntactic patterns, Tagalog adheres to the predicate-initial pattern, also known as the V-S-O syntactic pattern, whereas English adheres to the S-V-O pattern. In contrast, in terms of morphosyntactic feature, the subject does not have a direct effect on the verb in Tagalog, whereas in English, the subject has a significant impact on the verb. Constructions using the active and passive voices are also different between the two.

Ontology engineering of automatic text processing methods

<span lang="EN-US">Currently, ontologies are recognized as the most effective means of formalizing and systematizing knowledge and data in scientific subject area (SSA). Practice has shown that using ontology design patterns is effective in developing the ontology of scientific subject areas. This is due to the fact that scientific subject areas ontology, as a rule, contains a large number of typical fragments that are well described by patterns of ontology design. In the paper, we present an approach to ontology engineering of automatic text processing methods based on ontology design patterns. In order to get an ontology that would describe automatic text processing sufficiently fully, it is required to process a large number of scientific publications and information resources containing information from modeling area. It is possible to facilitate and speed up the process of updating ontology with information from such sources by using lexical and syntactic patterns of ontology design. Our ontology of automatic text processing will become the conceptual basis of an intelligent information resource on modern methods of automatic text processing, which will provide systematization of all information on these methods, its integration into a single information space, convenient navigation through it, as well as meaningful access to it.</span>

A Generative-Adversarial Approach to Low-Resource Language Translation via Data Augmentation

Language and culture preservation is a serious challenge both socially and technologically. This paper proposes a novel, data augmentation approach to using machine learning to translate low-resource languages. Since low-resource languages, such as Aymara and Quechua, do not have many available translations that machine learning software can use as reference, machine translation models frequently err when translating to and from low-resource languages. Because models learn the syntactic and lexical patterns underlying translations through processing the training data, an insufficient amount of data hinders them from producing accurate translations. In this paper, I propose the novel application of a generative-adversarial network (GAN) to automatically augment low-resource language data. A GAN consists of two competing models, with one learning to generate sentences from noise and the other trying to tell if a given sentence is real or generated. My experiments show that even when training on a very small amount of language data (< 20,000 sentences) in a simulated low-resource setting, such a model is able to generate original, coherent sentences, such as "ask me that healthy lunch im cooking up,” and “my grandfather work harder than your grandfather before.” The first of its kind, this novel application of a GAN is effective in augmenting low-resource language data to improve the accuracy of machine translation and provides a reference for future experimentation with GANs in machine translation.

Α tool for requirements engineering using ontologies and boilerplates

The most popular technique for specification requirements is natural language. The disadvantage of natural language is ambiguity. Boilerplates are syntactic patterns which limit the ambiguity problem associated with using natural language to specify system/software requirements. Also, using boilerplates is considered a useful tool for inexperienced engineers to define requirements. Using linguistic boilerplates, constrains the natural language syntactically. Furthermore, a domain-specific ontology is used to constrain requirements semantically, as well. In requirements specification, using ontologies helps to restrict the vocabulary to entities, properties, and property relationships which are semantically related. The above results in avoiding or making fewer mistakes. This work makes use of the combination of boilerplate and ontology. Usually, the attributes of boilerplates are completed with the help of the ontology. The contribution of this paper is that the whole boilerplates is stored in the ontology and attributes and fixed elements are part of the ontology. This combination helps to correct semantically and syntactically requirement construction. This paper proposes a tool based on a domain-specific ontology and a set of predefined generic linguistic boilerplates for requirements engineering. We create a domain-specific ontology and a minimal set of boilerplates for an ATM (Automated Teller Machine). We carried out an experiment in order to obtain evidence for the effectiveness and efficiency of our method. The experiment took the form of a case study for the ATM domain and our proposed method was evaluated by users. The contribution and novelty of our methodology is that we created a tool for defining requirements that integrates boilerplate templates and an ontology. We exploit the boilerplate language syntax, mapping them to Resource Description Framework triples which have also a linguistic nature.

Platʼe tsveta moloko (A milk-coloured dress): on one stable grammatical variation type

The article considers reasons and conditions for the spread of a new syntactic colour designation pattern, i. e. an attributive phrase with a colour identifier and a noun in the nominative case (X tsveta moloko / milk-coloured X, X tsveta baklazhan / aubergine-coloured X). The new model (X tsveta moloka / milk-coloured X, X tsveta baklazhana / aubergine-coloured X), which is inconsistent with Russian grammar, coexists in modern speech with the normative pattern. The study aims to determine the route of dynamic changes in this language area subject to variation. Using contexts extracted from the Russian National Corpus (the main and newspaper sub-corpora), the research identifies all grammatical variants of compound colour names and their qualitative and quantitative correlation. As a result, the body of colour terms having no codified variant is established. At the next stage, the research employed the "Media Archive" service (since 1996) of the electronic media bank "Integrum" as a source. Based on its materials and using a hypothetically specified search, the study has specified the composition of grammatically varying composite colour terms, as well as the composition of colouronyms that have no variants (tsveta diplomat / diplomat-coloured, tsveta kardinal / cardinal-coloured, and so on). The reasons for actualising the new analytical colour designation pattern include the novelty factor (tsveta cosmos / space-coloured, tsveta "beeline" / "beeline"-coloured) which is supported in writing by quotation marks and/or in the case of borrowings by writing in the original script. Other factors are the influence of a similar analytical pattern with an unchangeable adjective (tsveta electric / electric blue), regular use of a nomenclatural name (in advertising texts, in merchandise catalogues, and the like), and the tendency towards analyticity. The results of the research can be used in the practice of teaching Russian at school when studying the styles of the Russian literary language and their differences. In addition, they are relevant to lexicography when compiling specialised linguistic dictionaries, especially those that codify new colour terms in the Russian language.

The effect of standardisation on collocations in Colombian and European Spanish translations of the work "Rootless"

The empirical study of syntactic, stylistic, and lexical patterns through corpora has frequently revealed a tendency towards standardisation, as Toury (1995/2012) defines it, in translated texts. In this vein, some studies have found that diatopy tends to become blurred in translations, particularly into transnational languages. In the case of Spanish, it has been stated that the enormous geographical richness of the language is not really reflected in translated Spanish. This paper argues that the translation of the work Rootless by Chris Howard into Colombian Spanish exhibits traits more typical of the European Spanish than of the Colombian Spanish variety. For this purpose, diatopic distribution of verb + noun (object) collocations extracted from a parallel corpus and a monolingual corpus of Rootless and its translations published in Colombian and European Spanish, is examined in a reference Spanish corpus.
 Keywords: parallel corpus; translated Spanish; Colombian Spanish; standardisation in translation; diatopic variation

Flexibility management and decision making in cyber-physical systems utilizing digital lean principles with Brain-inspired computing pattern recognition in Industry 4.0

ABSTRACT Industry 4.0 and its accompanying Cyber-Physical Manufacturing Systems in digitized have recently made new approaches to optimising production operations in manufacturing. The objective of this article is to evaluate how digital lean principles can support Industry 4.0 in pursuit of reducing non-value-added tasks from production processes, flexibility management and decision-making process with machine learning techniques. This research study comes under three levels, such as data level, information level, and knowledge level. Initially, the data from the CNC machine are collected via a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). The collected data are stored in the cloud platform where the unwanted wastes of 7 Muda are removed by using the Value Stream Mapping (VSM 4.0) tool. It is critical in the big data world to have a systematic method for gathering, managing, and analysing data to gain valuable insights from it. Predictive maintenance provides a detailed examination of the detection, location and diagnosis of faults in related types of machinery. Accordingly, Big Data Analytics empowers the lean principle technique of Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) is suggested for avoiding potential failures to predict maintenance by allowing KPIs to be calculated in real-time. This approach requires high-performance procedures and adaptable manufacturing systems in the current digitalized lean. The information is then processed in the knowledge layer, utilizing the algorithm, rule and lean knowledge bases. The flexibility of manufacturing firms is determined by the adaptability of their shop floor processes. To meet these requirements the article developed pull control techniques of capacity slack CONWIP (CSC) control in digital lean production systems to guide the CPS deployment to offer flexible production systems. Reliable software systems are hoped to facilitate data analysis and autonomous decision-making. Finally, in the decision-making process, the article proposed the Brain-Inspired Computing of Structural and Syntactic (BIC-SS) pattern recognition method. The performance analysis of these findings is simulated in MATLAB software. Simulation can be done with the identification of ideal Kanban parameters like cycle time, lead time, delivery frequency and lot size. Furthermore, lean manufacturing improves company quality and productivity by decreasing waste and production costs, as well as adapting well to the many innovative systems that encourage the culture of change and quality inside organizations.

RENDERING THE BEST RESULTS INTO ROMANIAN – A MATTER OF TYPOLOGICAL VARIATION

English (Germanic) and Romanian (Romance) are typologically different in the expression of both change-of-location and change-of-state events (cf. Talmy 1985, 2000). English favours Goal of Motion (GM) and resultative constructions, which combine manner verbs with directional PPs and Result Phrases, respectively; Romanian typically opts for inherently directed motion and change-of-state verbs to achieve the same goals. At the same time, the existing typological differences have been shown to impact both the translation strategies rendering change events, and the syntactic structures they produce (Slobin 2004, 2005, 2006; Capelle 2012; Alonso 2018 et al.). The present article examines the strategies used by professional translators to translate resultatives into Romanian, and the resulting syntactic patterns, shown to be dependent on the type of resultative translated (fake/true). It demonstrates that the mostly compensatory techniques generate structures which, overall, reflect Talmy's lexicalization patterns for Romance and support the uniform treatment of GM and resultatives crosslinguistically. It also argues that the higher syntactic/semantic variation of resultatives (vs. GM) is responsible for the higher number of strategies and patterns translating them.

In the prime of life: ERP evidence for syntactic comprehension priming in older adults

Background: Recent studies suggest older adults’ implicit learning of syntactic patterns remains largely intact. Syntactic priming has proven to be a sensitive tool to examine this implicit sensitivity. However, most priming studies with older adults have focused on production, and none have included an electrophysiological component. This study explores the neural correlates of syntactic priming in older adults’ comprehension. Method: We used a self-paced reading and event-related potential paradigm with groups of older and younger adults. Reduced Relative targets were primed, unprimed, or lexically boosted, while reading times and EEG recordings were obtained. Pre-tests of Working Memory and Processing Speed were also recorded. Results: Older adults showed intact priming and lexical boost on reading times, while lexical facilitation was dependent on syntactic overlap in the older but not the younger group. Syntactic priming was evident on N400 and P600 modulations on verbs and nouns in Reduced Relatives, and generally did not differ by age group. This suggests older and younger adults are equally susceptible to syntactic facilitation, and makes the case for more non-declarative, electrophysiological measurements of older adults’ sentence processing ability in future studies.

Exploring the Unique Morphological and Syntactic Features of Singlish (Singapore English)

Singapore is home to a number of significant ethnic groups, including Chinese, Malay, and Tamil, whose contributions have shaped the distinctive characteristics of Singlish in comparison to standard English. This study aims to examine the morphological and syntactic characteristics of Singlish, an English-based creole spoken in Singapore, emphasizing its impact on interethnic communication. Using comparative analysis, Singlish's morphological and syntactic characteristics were compared to those of standard English and the languages of the three largest ethnic groups in Singapore (Chinese, Malay, and Tamil). Examining grammatical patterns, word order, sentence structure, and the use of particular linguistic features would be required. The findings demonstrate that Singlish utilizes distinctive syntactic patterns that frequently incorporate Malay, Chinese, and Tamil grammatical formulas. Singlish, in contrast to standard English, lacks subject and object pronouns and frequently employs "sentence-ending particles" such as what, leh, lor, hah, and meh, in addition to lah. In addition, the copula be is frequently omitted before adjectives, nouns, and locatives in Singlish. In addition, the presence of word repetition and word drop in Singlish can be traced back to the Chinese dialect Hokkien. The Singaporean government has attempted to discourage the use of Singlish; however, this has sparked controversy due to the significance of the language in interethnic communication and its reflection of interethnic identity. As a result, Singlish is a fascinating subject for linguistic and sociological study, with significant implications for language education and policy.

Action Nominal Constructions and Their Use in a Swedish COVID-19 Corpus

Swedish has two main types of action nominal constructions (ANCs), either compounding or phrasal (incorporating or nominal, in Koptjevskaja-Tamm 1993), which contain deverbal nouns in -ande or -(n)ing, along with dependent elements. This study investigates Swedish ANCs in use, based on a limited data set from a COVID-19 corpus. It adopts a lexeme-based approach, where deverbal nouns (simplex action nominals), whether including -ande or ‑(n)ing, are morphological constructs and contain a verb lexeme, specified for a list of arguments and an event structure. The study focusses on two questions: to what extent do the two suffixes occur in the compounding versus phrasal ANCs, and to what extent and by what means are the arguments of the verbal base expressed in the compounding versus phrasal ANCs. The data of 328 ANCs (type) show that compounding ANCs predominate over phrasal ANCs, whether combined with -ande or -(n)ing, and that -(n)ing is much more frequent than -ande. As for the expression of arguments, the compounding ANCs contain equally often a modifier (similar to NN-compounding) or an Arg2/internal argument, whereas the phrasal ANCs more often express the Arg2. The Arg1/external argument tends to be expressed as a preposed genitive in one out of ten cases in both compounding and phrasal ANCs. Within a lexeme-based account, we can speak of a gradual transition from morphological constructions, more typically primary compounds (noun-noun) and less typically deverbal compounds (such as compounding ANCs), over to syntactic constructions (such as phrasal ANCs). In conclusion, the study suggests that compounding ANCs are the preferred option in contemporary Swedish for both suffixes, with compounding ANCs, in particular those with -(n)ing, bordering on NN-compounding. Given that both phrasal and compounding ANCs with -ande or -(n)ing occur, albeit to different extents, competition between the morphological and syntactic patterns remains unresolved.

Frame semantics in the lexical database SciE-Lex

Abstract This paper presents the introduction of frame semantics in SciE-Lex, a lexical database of biomedical English, in order to establish frame-based semantic networks among the lexical units contained in the database and draw attention to the domain-specific meanings and syntactic patterns that they exhibit. Taking the general English FrameNet database as a reference and the verbs diminish, compete, and perturb as an illustration, this paper shows how modelling the syntacticosemantic properties of biomedical English results in three scenarios: (a) the general English FrameNet analysis is fully adequate for biomedical usage (b) the frame elements in the general English FrameNet do not fully characterize the semantic and syntactic properties of the lexical items in biomedical English, so an existing frame needs to be customized (c) the frame(s) evoked in general English are different, so either the customization of an existing frame or the addition of a new frame is necessary.

Identifying Overly Restrictive Matching Patterns in SMT-based Program Verifiers (Extended Version)

Universal quantifiers occur frequently in proof obligations produced by program verifiers, for instance, to axiomatize uninterpreted functions and to statically express properties of arrays. SMT-based verifiers typically reason about them via E-matching, an SMT algorithm that requires syntactic matching patterns to guide the quantifier instantiations. Devising good matching patterns is challenging. In particular, overly restrictive patterns may lead to spurious verification errors if the quantifiers needed for proof are not instantiated; they may also conceal unsoundness caused by inconsistent axiomatizations. In this article, we present the first technique that identifies and helps the users and the developers of program verifiers remedy the effects of overly restrictive matching patterns. We designed a novel algorithm to synthesize missing triggering terms required to complete unsatisfiability proofs via E-matching. Tool developers can use this information to refine their matching patterns and prevent similar verification errors, or to fix a detected unsoundness.

Comparing compliments in Face-to-Face vs. online interactions among Iranian speakers of Persian

Abstract There has been ongoing research contrasting online vs. Face-To-Face (FTF) interactions for more than a decade. This study fills the gap in the literature considering FTF vs. online contexts by comparing the norms and patterns of complimenting in Persian and explores the complimenting strategies, syntactic patterns, and internal and external modifiers used in each setting. The corpus included 366 FTF compliments related to the topic of appearance. Findings demonstrated that in both settings explicit and formulaic compliments are used more frequently than implicit and non-formulaic ones. However, implicit compliments in FTF interactions were less prevalent than those in online settings. FTF compliments did not show the same level of creativity as the online ones did and a more diverse set of adjectives were used in online vs FTF compliments. Finally, the paper provides implications for further research.