Syntactic Model Research Articles

СРАВНЕНИЕ КАК БАЗОВАЯ КАТЕГОРИЯ КОГНИЦИИ (на материале крымско-татарских загадок)

The article contains a complex analysis of the category of comparison in the Crimean Tatar language, which had not been the subject of a special study earlier. The object of consideration consists of various types of linguistic units extracted from riddles, which express the idea of comparison. The subject of the analysis is the category of comparison as one of the basic categories of cognition, which reflects the linguistic worldview of native speakers. Mental contents of riddles are defined using methods of descrip-tion and linguocultural commentary. Lexical-semantic and grammatical means used for expressing the idea of comparison (complex metaphorization, post-position noun structures of different types, special syntactic models, lexemes with semantics of similarity, etc.) are described in the paper. Thematic groups of words defining reference standards and references of comparison are identified and characterized in the work. Combined discourse of riddles as universal forms of expressing comparative content reflects a broad axiologically marked linguistic worldview of Crimean Tatar people: their history, phenomena of material and spiritual culture, traditional activities formed under the influence of specific natural and climatic factors of Crimean Peninsula, and others.

Syntactic Translation Strategies for Retaining Parallelism in the Arabic Translation of Moby Dick

The present study examines strategies for translating parallelism and factors in retaining parallelism in the Arabic translation of the novel of “Moby Dick”. Analysis is conducted on two sets of data taken from the English novel “Moby Dick” written by Melville in 1851 and its Arabic translation ‘Mūbī Dīk’ by ʻAbbās (1980). This qualitative research is guided by Chesterman’s (1997) syntactic strategy model, and contrastive analysis (CA) is also performed. The contrastive analysis is carried out using a coding procedure based on themes and taxonomies in the acquired data constructed by the researchers. The result shows that, based on Chesterman’s (1997) model, the translator of the above-mentioned novel employed three strategies, namely, literal translation, clause structure change and transposition to maintain parallelism in the Arabic translation of the English novel.

Syntactic Translation Strategies for Retaining Parallelism in the Arabic Translation of Moby Dick

The present study examines strategies for translating parallelism and factors in retaining parallelism in the Arabic translation of the novel of “Moby Dick”. Analysis is conducted on two sets of data taken from the English novel “Moby Dick” written by Melville in 1851 and its Arabic translation ‘Mūbī Dīk’ by ʻAbbās (1980). This qualitative research is guided by Chesterman’s (1997) syntactic strategy model, and contrastive analysis (CA) is also performed. The contrastive analysis is carried out using a coding procedure based on themes and taxonomies in the acquired data constructed by the researchers. The result shows that, based on Chesterman’s (1997) model, the translator of the above-mentioned novel employed three strategies, namely, literal translation, clause structure change and transposition to maintain parallelism in the Arabic translation of the English novel.

Інформаційна база лінгвістичного процесора

This article discusses some of the issues during forming natural language information technologies, in particular features which supports the formation of the linguistic processor infobase, focused on the analysis of arbitrary texts. The basis of the proposed research is integrated approach to the structural level of language organization, offered at the Department of TC NTU "KPI" and based on the results of modern research of human voice activities in many related areas. It removes many of the contradictions of classical linguistics. This approach becomes a fruitful platform for the study of the structural level of the organization of language: any text can be represented by the sequence of similar structures that are derived from the structural and functional level of human visual tract neuro organization. The first part outlines the stages of text analysis based on basic semantic and syntactic structure and model of individual language system. The second part defines the features of components communication, situational relations and the role of aids in this process, which is important for knowledge representation in the form of a consistent structure - the knowledge base.

The Role of Syntax and Semantics in the Grammars of English Learners

The extent to which syntactic models, semantic models or combined models incorporating both syntactic and semantic elements explain the language used by learners has been much researched. This study assumes that there is an innate language faculty which plays a fundamental part in a native speaker’s acquisition of their first language. In particular it will focus on the use of reflexives, a highly abstruse area which is not part of formal English teaching. However, posited syntactic models of how reflexives are used and interpreted do not seem to fully explain native speaker intuitions. This discontinuity between the syntactic models and the results from data obtained from informants has also become apparent in the research into Second Language Acquisition (SLA). Thus, this research will look at a model which combines the syntactic theory of movement at Logical Form with the semantic theory that pronouns and reflexives can be described in terms of logophoricity. Testing will then be undertaken of native speakers of English as well as native speakers of Mandarin Chinese to see if this model can account for their intuitions about English reflexive pronoun

Complex human activities recognition using interval temporal syntactic model

A novel method based on interval temporal syntactic model was proposed to recognize human activities in video flow. The method is composed of two parts: feature extract and activities recognition. Trajectory shape descriptor, speeded up robust features (SURF) and histograms of optical flow (HOF) were proposed to represent human activities, which provide more exhaustive information to describe human activities on shape, structure and motion. In the process of recognition, a probabilistic latent semantic analysis model (PLSA) was used to recognize sample activities at the first step. Then, an interval temporal syntactic model, which combines the syntactic model with the interval algebra to model the temporal dependencies of activities explicitly, was introduced to recognize the complex activities with a time relationship. Experiments results show the effectiveness of the proposed method in comparison with other state-of-the-art methods on the public databases for the recognition of complex activities.

Kein Sprichwort ohne Strukturformel? Vorgeprägte syntaktische Schemata in aktuell gebräuchlichen bulgarischen Sprichwörtern

Abstract In general, the majority of native or near-native speakers of a certain language can easily identify a sentence as a proverb. They are able to do this due to different structural features, among others. These specific syntactic structures appear quite frequently in proverbs and serve as a warning sign that the particular text is deviant from the surrounding discourse and is, most probably, a proverb. The so-called proverbial formulae, e.g. Better X, than Y; When you X (you) Y; No X, no Y etc., are considered to be one of the most easily recognizable proverbial characteristics. They often serve as basic syntactic models and lend themselves readily for the insertion of new contents (cf. Taylor 1985: 16). In his study Structural Aspects of Proverbs, Mac Coinnigh has shown that proverbs from different languages, for instance English, Estonian, Finnish, German and Swedish, share the same or a very similar syntactic architecture (Mac Coinnigh 2015: 117–120). The Irish linguist, however, did not consider examples from the Bulgarian language. Therefore, one of the main aims of the present paper is to investigate which of the structural models recorded in previous paremiological works (Kuusi 1987 (1966); Röhrich and Mieder 1977; Permjakov 1979; Mieder 2006a and 2012 etc.) can be identified in traditional Bulgarian proverbs and in what frequency. Moreover, the study intends to test the widespread hypothesis that humorous proverb innovations and variations (anti-proverbs) are often created based on proverbial formulae (Litovkina 2015: 333). For the purposes of the study, two corpora of 649 proverbs and 370 anti-proverbs were analyzed. The corpora have been previously built by Hrisztova-Gotthardt and Gotthardt (Hrisztova-Gotthardt 2006 and 2010b; Hrisztova-Gotthardt and Gotthardt 2011 and 2012). The qualitative analysis has shown that 14 out of the 16 structural formulae listed by Röhrich and Mieder (1977) and Mieder (2006a and 2012) can be found in Bulgarian proverbs. The most common formula was He who Xs, Ys, serving as a syntactic model for 48 different commonly used proverbs. In case of anti-proverbs, the present structural model could be clearly identified in 30 out of 370 texts. The most prominent formulae were He who Xs, Ys, X is Y and Better X than Y.

A framework for relating syntactic and semantic model differences

Model differencing is an important activity in model-based development processes. Differences need to be detected, analyzed, and understood to evolve systems and explore alternatives. Two distinct approaches have been studied in the literature: syntactic differencing, which compares the concrete or abstract syntax of models, and semantic differencing, which compares models in terms of their meaning. Syntactic differencing identifies change operations that transform the syntactical representation of one model to the syntactical representation of the other. However, it does not explain their impact on the meaning of the model. Semantic model differencing is independent of syntactic changes and presents differences as elements in the semantics of one model but not the other. However, it does not reveal the syntactic changes causing these semantic differences. We define Diffuse, a language-independent, abstract framework, which relates syntactic change operations and semantic difference witnesses. We formalize fundamental relations of necessary, exhibiting, and sufficient sets of change operations and analyze their properties. We further demonstrate concrete instances of the Diffuse framework for three different popular modeling languages, namely class diagrams, activity diagrams, and feature models. The Diffuse framework provides a novel foundation for combining syntactic and semantic differencing.

A Korean Learner Corpus and Its Features

In this paper, we present a Korean learner corpus and aim to find features to characterize this corpus. The corpus is based on an open writing test of Korean learners (beginners, intermediate and advanced students) with various topics and were manually evaluated and scored. We explore several types of features in the learner corpus by starting with the pre-processing of Korean sentences. Some features are automatically measured using parts of speech tagging which concerns the number of tokens and the correct use of Functional morphemes. Syntax-related features and topic-related features are measured while using the automatic syntactic parsing and statistical language models. These features can be used for language proficiency identification and other learner corpus related applications that make use of machine learning techniques.

Analysis of ISO/IEEE 11073 built-in security and its potential IHE-based extensibility

The ISO/IEEE 11073 standard for Personal Health Devices (X73PHD) aims to ensure interoperability between Personal Health Devices and aggregators—e.g. health appliances, routers—in ambulatory setups. The Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise (IHE) initiative promotes the coordinated use of different standards in healthcare systems (e.g. Personal/Electronic Health Records, alert managers, Clinical Decision Support Systems) by defining profiles intended for medical use cases. X73PHD provides a robust syntactic model and a comprehensive terminology, but it places limited emphasis on security and on interoperability with IHE-compliant systems and frameworks. However, the implementation of eHealth/mHealth applications in environments such as health and fitness monitoring, independent living and disease management (i.e. the X73PHD domains) increasingly requires features such as secure connections to mobile aggregators—e.g. smartphones, tablets—, the sharing of devices among different users with privacy, and interoperability with certain IHE-compliant healthcare systems. This work proposes a comprehensive IHE-based X73PHD extension consisting of additive layers adapted to different eHealth/mHealth applications, after having analyzed the features of X73PHD (especially its built-in security), IHE profiles related with these applications and other research works. Both the new features proposed for each layer and the procedures to support them have been carefully chosen to minimize the impact on X73PHD, on its architecture (in terms of delays and overhead) and on its framework. Such implications are thoroughly analyzed in this paper. As a result, an extended model of X73PHD is proposed, preserving its essential features while extending them with added value.

A general description generator for human activity images based on deep understanding framework

Image description generation is of great application value in online image searching. Inspired by the recent achievements on neocortex study, we design a deep image understanding framework to implement a description generator for general images involving human activities. Different from existing work on image description , which regards it as a retrieval problem instead of trying to understand an image, our framework can recognize the human–object interaction (HOI) activity in the image based on the co-occurrence analysis of 3-D spatial layout and generate natural language description according to what is really happening in the image. We propose a deep hierarchical model to do the image recognition and a syntactic tree-based model to do the natural language generation. With the consideration of supporting online image searching, these two models are designed to uniformly extract features from humans and different object classes and produce well-formed sentences describing the exact things happening in the image. By conducting experiments on the dataset containing images from the phrasal recognition dataset, the six-class sports dataset and the UIUC Pascal sentence dataset, we demonstrate that our framework outperforms the state-of-the-art methods on recognizing HOI activities and generating image descriptions.

Teaching Formal Models of Concurrency Specification and Analysis

There is a widespread and rapidly growing interest to the parallel programming nowadays. This interest is based on availability of supercomputers, computer clusters and powerful graphic processors for computational mathematics and simulation. MPI, OpenMP, CUDA and other technologies provide opportunity to write C and FORTRAN code for parallel speed-up of execution without races for resources. Nevertheless concurrency issues (like races) are still very important for parallel systems in general and distributed systems in particular. Due to this reason, there is a need of research, study and teaching of formal models of concurrency and methods of distributed system verification. The paper presents an individual experience with teaching Formal Models of Concurrency as a graduate elective course for students specializing in high-performance computing. First it sketches course background, objectives, lecture plan and topics. Then the paper presents how to formalize (i.e. specify) a reachability puzzle in semantic, syntactic and logic formal models, namely: in Petri nets, in a dialect of Calculus of Communicating Systems (CCS) and in Computation Tree Logic (CTL). This puzzle is a good educational example to present specifics of different formal notations. The article is published in the author’s wording.

ЛИНГВИСТИЧЕСКОЕ ОПИСАНИЕ ПОЛИТИЧЕСКОГО МЕДИАТЕКСТА СОВРЕМЕННОГО КИТАЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА

This study presents the linguistic analysis of modern Chinese political media texts. The linguistic analysis focuses on the most common features of the lexical and grammatical characteristics of Chinese media texts. The analysis is based on the sampling of the news texts that were covering the events in Ukraine for years 2013–2014. The objective of the research was to identify characteristics that form a political image of the participants of these events. First of all, based on the evidence of immense practical material, the paper classifies and describes lexical characteristics of political media texts. The author distinguishes and describes such peculiarities as wide use of journalistic clichés and stock phrases, terminology, and proper names. All characteristics are shown in the examples from the newspaper articles. A specific function is performed by the expressions of implicit and explicit evaluativity, i.e. use of expressive means and the context to express the author’s attitude towards the subject of the media text. The same function is performed by the use of the vocabulary and phraseology in figurative meaning and stylistic contamination or mix of different styles in one text. The other important peculiarity is a wide use of linguistic opportunities of “wényán”, a written form of Putonghua, based on the linguistic principles of Old Chinese. It is worth mentioning that wényánizms – used both in vocabulary and grammar – have become an inherent part of a correct written text in modern Chinese. The paper also classifies the data regarding syntactic characteristics of Chinese media texts, describes the most frequent syntactic models. The result of the analysis is not only identification and generalization of the distinctive features of news reports in Chinese, but also the understanding of the fact that contents do not largely influence the essential lexical and grammatical characteristics.

Modelling and Optimizing on Syntactic N-Grams for Statistical Machine Translation

The role of language models in SMT is to promote fluent translation output, but traditional n-gram language models are unable to capture fluency phenomena between distant words, such as some morphological agreement phenomena, subcategorisation, and syntactic collocations with string-level gaps. Syntactic language models have the potential to fill this modelling gap. We propose a language model for dependency structures that is relational rather than configurational and thus particularly suited for languages with a (relatively) free word order. It is trainable with Neural Networks, and not only improves over standard n-gram language models, but also outperforms related syntactic language models. We empirically demonstrate its effectiveness in terms of perplexity and as a feature function in string-to-tree SMT from English to German and Russian. We also show that using a syntactic evaluation metric to tune the log-linear parameters of an SMT system further increases translation quality when coupled with a syntactic language model.

LINGUISTIC MEANS OF VERBALIZATION OF THE CONCEPT “SPAIN” IN THE PROGRAMME OF THE SPANISH POLITICAL PARTY “PODEMOS”

The article highlights the linguistic means used to present the concept “España” (“Spain”) in official documents of the Spanish political party “Podemos”, analyzes the syntaсtic and semantic means used to verbalize the contemporary image of Spain, identifies positive and negative features of the concept “España”. The work is based on the analysis of the contemporary political discourse in Spain, topical material for research, it helps to follow the dynamic changing of the semantic component of the variative part of the concept “Spain”, which is a component of the more general concept of “Homeland”, that is an integral part of every culture due to its universal character and is ethnically and culturally marked. The article presents the syntactic models used in official documents of the “Podemos” party to reflect the features of the contemporary image of Spain, analyzes the nouns that are referents of the toponym “España”, explores the semantics of verbs and lexemes creating the country’s image depending on their positive or negative connotations. This research, being a linguistic analysis of political discourse, helps to understand better the Party’s attitude to contemporary conditions of life in Spain and the specific features of its policy.

The cost of quality: Implementing generalization and suppression for anonymizing biomedical data with minimal information loss

ObjectiveWith the ARX data anonymization tool structured biomedical data can be de-identified using syntactic privacy models, such as k-anonymity. Data is transformed with two methods: (a) generalization of attribute values, followed by (b) suppression of data records. The former method results in data that is well suited for analyses by epidemiologists, while the latter method significantly reduces loss of information. Our tool uses an optimal anonymization algorithm that maximizes output utility according to a given measure. To achieve scalability, existing optimal anonymization algorithms exclude parts of the search space by predicting the outcome of data transformations regarding privacy and utility without explicitly applying them to the input dataset. These optimizations cannot be used if data is transformed with generalization and suppression. As optimal data utility and scalability are important for anonymizing biomedical data, we had to develop a novel method. MethodsIn this article, we first confirm experimentally that combining generalization with suppression significantly increases data utility. Next, we proof that, within this coding model, the outcome of data transformations regarding privacy and utility cannot be predicted. As a consequence, existing algorithms fail to deliver optimal data utility. We confirm this finding experimentally. The limitation of previous work can be overcome at the cost of increased computational complexity. However, scalability is important for anonymizing data with user feedback. Consequently, we identify properties of datasets that may be predicted in our context and propose a novel and efficient algorithm. Finally, we evaluate our solution with multiple datasets and privacy models. ResultsThis work presents the first thorough investigation of which properties of datasets can be predicted when data is anonymized with generalization and suppression. Our novel approach adopts existing optimization strategies to our context and combines different search methods. The experiments show that our method is able to efficiently solve a broad spectrum of anonymization problems. ConclusionOur work shows that implementing syntactic privacy models is challenging and that existing algorithms are not well suited for anonymizing data with transformation models which are more complex than generalization alone. As such models have been recommended for use in the biomedical domain, our results are of general relevance for de-identifying structured biomedical data.

Hiding outliers into crowd: Privacy-preserving data publishing with outliers

In recent years, many organizations publish their data in non-aggregated format for research purpose. However, publishing non-aggregated data raises serious concerns in data privacy. One of the concerns is that when outliers exist in the dataset, they are easier to be distinguished from the crowd and their privacy is prone to be compromised. In this paper, we study the problem of privacy-preserving publishing datasets that contain outliers. We define the distinguishability-based attack by which the adversary can identify outliers and reveal their private information from an anonymized dataset. We show that the existing syntactic privacy models (e.g., k-anonymity and ℓ-diversity) cannot defend against the distinguishability-based attack. We define the plain ℓ-diversity to provide privacy guarantee to outliers against the distinguishability-based attack, and design efficient algorithms to anonymize the dataset to achieve plain ℓ-diversity with low information loss. We extend our anonymization approach to deal with continuous release of a series of datasets that contain outliers. Our experiments demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of our approaches.

K-jump: A strategy to design publicly-known algorithms for privacy preserving micro-data disclosure

Data owners are expected to disclose micro-data for research, analysis, and various other purposes. In disclosing micro-data with sensitive attributes, the goal is usually two fold. First, the data utility of disclosed data should be maximized for analysis purposes. Second, the private information contained in such data must be to an acceptable level. Typically, a disclosure algorithm evaluates potential generalization functions in a predetermined order, and then discloses the first generalization that satisfies the desired privacy property. Recent studies show that adversarial inferences using knowledge about such disclosure algorithms can usually render the algorithm unsafe. In this paper, we show that an existing unsafe algorithm can be transformed into a large family of safe algorithms, namely, k-jump algorithms. We then prove that the data utility of different k-jump algorithms is generally incomparable. The comparison of data utility is independent of utility measures and syntactic privacy models. Finally, we analyze the computational complexity of k-jump algorithms, and confirm the necessity of safe algorithms even when a secret choice is made among algorithms.

The study of the possession and qualitative identification in Russian existential sentences - on the syntactical models of у Х (есть) Y

The study of the possession and qualitative identification in Russian existential sentences - on the syntactical models of у Х (есть) Y

Errata Corrige to “Pragmatic and dialogic interpretation of bi-intuitionism. Part I”

The goal of [3] is to sketch the construction of a syntactic categorical model of the bi-intuitionistic logic of assertions and hypotheses AH , axiomatized in a sequent calculus AH-G1 , and to show that such a model has a chirality-like structure inspired by the notion of dialogue chirality by P-A. Mellies [8]. A chirality consists of a pair of adjoint functors L ⊣ R , with L : A → B, R : B → A, and of a functor (.)* : A → B op (0 , 1) satisfying certain conditions. The definition of the logic AH in [3] needs to be modified so that our categories A and B are actually dual. With this modification, a more complex structure emerges.