Syntactic Composition Research Articles

Processing of Low-Density HGM-Filled Epoxy–Syntactic Foam Composites with High Specific Properties for Marine Applications

A solution casting approach is used to create hollow glass microsphere (HGM)-filled epoxy-syntactic foam composites (e-SFCs) by varying the concentrations of HGM in epoxy according to different particle sizes. Density analysis is used to investigate the impact of concentration and particle size regularity on the microstructure of e-SFCs. It was observed that e-SFCs filled with an HGM of uniform particle sizes exhibit a reduction in density with increasing HGM concentration, whereas e-SFCs filled with heterogeneous sizes of HGM exhibit closeness in density values regardless of HGM concentration. The variation in e-SFC density can be related to HGM packing efficiency within e-SFCs in terms of concentration and particle size regularity. The particle size with lowest true density of 0.5529 g/cm3, experimental density of 0.949 g/cm3 and tensile strength of 55.74 MPa resulted in e-SFCs with highest specific properties of 100.81 (MPa·g/cm3), with a 35.1% increase from the lowest value of 74.64 (MPa·g/cm3) at a true density of 0.7286 g/cm3, experimental density of 0.928 g/cm3 and tensile strength of 54.38 MPa. The e-SFCs' theoretical density values were obtained. The variance in theoretical and experimental density values provides a thorough grasp of packing efficiency and inter-particle features.

Kcr-FLAT: A Chinese-Named Entity Recognition Model with Enhanced Semantic Information.

The performance of Chinese-named entity recognition (NER) has improved via word enhancement or new frameworks that incorporate various types of external data. However, for Chinese NER, syntactic composition (in sentence level) and inner regularity (in character-level) have rarely been studied. Chinese characters are highly sensitive to sentential syntactic data. The same Chinese character sequence can be decomposed into different combinations of words according to how they are used and placed in the context. In addition, the same type of entities usually have the same naming rules due to the specificity of the Chinese language structure. This paper presents a Kcr-FLAT to improve the performance of Chinese NER with enhanced semantic information. Specifically, we first extract different types of syntactic data, functionalize the syntactic information by a key-value memory network (KVMN), and fuse them by attention mechanism. Then the syntactic information and lexical information are integrated by a cross-transformer. Finally, we use an inner regularity perception module to capture the internal regularity of each entity for better entity type prediction. The experimental results show that with F1 scores as the evaluation index, the proposed model obtains 96.51%, 96.81%, and 70.12% accuracy rates on MSRA, resume, and Weibo datasets, respectively.

Buckling and free vibrations behaviour through differential quadrature method for foamed composites

The current work focuses on predicting the buckling and free vibration frequencies (fn) of cenosphere reinforced epoxy based syntactic foam beam under varying loads. Critical buckling loads (Ncr) and fn are predicted using the differential quadrature method (DQM). Ncr and fn have been calculated for beams of varying cenosphere volume fractions subjected to axial load under clamped-clamped (CC), clamped-simply (CS), simply-simply (SS), and clamped-free (CF) boundary conditions (BC′s). Upon increasing the cenosphere volume fraction, Ncr and fn of syntactic foam composites increases. These numerical outcomes are compared with the theoretical values evaluated through the Euler-Bernoulli hypothesis and further compared with experimental outcomes. Results are observed to be in precise agreement. The results of the DQM numerical analysis are given out for the different BC′s, aspect ratios, cenosphere volume fractions, and varying loads. It is perceived that depending on the BC′s, the type of axial varying loads and aspect ratios has a substantial effect on the Ncr and fn behaviour of the syntactic foam beams. A comparative study of the obtained results showed that the beam subjected to parabolic load under CC boundary conditions exhibited a higher buckling load.

Dominantne odlike sintaksičkog oblikovanja u Crvenoj planeti Gorana Korunovića

The text provides an analysis of the dominant syntactic features in the poetry book Red Planet by Goran Korunović, one of the most notable contemporary Serbian poets. The analysis of the text has revealed that in the prose fragments, sentence simplicity is achieved through the use of specific sentence types based on meaning, realized through coordinating relationships within communicative sentences, employed dependent clauses, and predicate actualization. Furthermore, the prose text lacks extensive syntagms, sentence condensers, and interpolation and inversion of sentence constituents demanding for reception. In the poetic section of the Red Planet, there is a slight change in syntactic composition: more demanding sentence constructions, an interweaving of multiple dependent clauses, and occasional verb condensers, appositives, and more complex syntagms occur. These mentioned aspects of syntactic shaping are closely related to the semantic layer of the text, suggesting the immediacy of the narrator's discourse, a sense of emotional distance, and perceptual limitations in encountering a new and different world. Additionally, subtle deviations from the uniform prevailing syntactic groundwork are derived, conveying the quality of the narrator's consciousness and the procedural nature of the events in which they participate and unfold within them. All of the above demonstrates the skilfull and artistically relevant shaping of the world of the Red Planet, one of the most remarkable works in contemporary Serbian literature.

Effect of Hollow Glass Microsphere (HGM) on Impact and Flexural Properties of High-Density Syntactic Foam Based Epoxy Composites

Syntactic foam composite offers versatile application possibilities in marine, structural, aerospace industries due to their good tensile, flexural, and compressive strength, corrosive resistance, high specific strength and modulus, light weight nature. Their porous structure is by mixing hollow particles called microspheres as fillers into matrix materials such as polymer, metal or ceramic etc. In this study, a high-density hollow glass microsphere is used to fabricate syntactic foam by mixing it with epoxy resin. Five different compositions 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 vol% of hollow glass microspheres were varied in fabricating the syntactic foam. Impact and flexural properties were investigated on the syntactic foam. All the compositions of the volume fraction variations of hollow glass microsphere content in the syntactic foam increased more than the neat epoxy. The highest impact resistance, flexural strength and flexural modulus is at 5 vol%, 113.12 kJ/m2, 86.7 MPa, and 80 GPa respectively with 25.2%, 38.29%, and 33.25% increase respectively more the neat epoxy while the specific impact and flexural strength is at 25 vol% with 53.78% and 57.77% increase respectively more than the neat epoxy.

Read/write factorizable programs

Abstract In the cons-free programming paradigm, we eschew constructors and program using only destructors. Cons-free programs in a simple first-order language with string data capture exactly P, the class of polynomial-time relations. By varying the underlying language and considering other data types, we can capture several other complexity classes. However, no cons-free programming language captures any functional complexity class for fundamental reasons. In this paper, we cleanly extend the cons-free paradigm to encompass functional complexity classes. Namely, we introduce programs with data that can either only be destructed or only be constructed, which we enforce by a type system on the program variables. We call the resulting programs read/write - (or RW -)factorizable, show that RW-factorizable string programs capture exactly the class FP of polynomial-time functions, and that tail-recursive RW-factorizable programs capture exactly the class FL of logarithmic-space functions. Finally, we state and solve the nontrivial problem of syntactic composition of two RW-factorizable programs.

Transformer Grammars: Augmenting Transformer Language Models with Syntactic Inductive Biases at Scale

Abstract We introduce Transformer Grammars (TGs), a novel class of Transformer language models that combine (i) the expressive power, scalability, and strong performance of Transformers and (ii) recursive syntactic compositions, which here are implemented through a special attention mask and deterministic transformation of the linearized tree. We find that TGs outperform various strong baselines on sentence-level language modeling perplexity, as well as on multiple syntax-sensitive language modeling evaluation metrics. Additionally, we find that the recursive syntactic composition bottleneck which represents each sentence as a single vector harms perplexity on document-level language modeling, providing evidence that a different kind of memory mechanism—one that is independent of composed syntactic representations—plays an important role in current successful models of long text.

Analysis of Particle Variation Effect on Flexural Properties of Hollow Glass Microsphere Filled Epoxy Matrix Syntactic Foam Composites.

Syntactic foam made from hollow glass microspheres (HGM) in an epoxy matrix has proven to be a good material with a strong structural strength. Understanding filler particle size variation is important in composite material formation, especially in syntactic foam, because of its numerous applications such as aerospace, marine, and structural purposes. In this present work, the effects of particle variation in different sizes (20-24 µm, 25-44 µm, 45-49 µm, and 50-60 µm) on the mechanical properties of the syntactic foam composites with a focus on flexural strength, modulus, and fracture surfaces are investigated. The particle sizes are varied into five volume fractions (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 vol%). The results show that the highest flexural strength is 89 MPa at a 5 vol% fraction of 50-60 µm particle size variation with a 69% increase over the neat epoxy. This implies that the incorporation of HGM filler volume fraction and size variation has a strong effect on the flexural strength and bending modulus of syntactic foam. The highest particle size distribution is 31.02 at 25-44 µm. The storage modulus E' increased at 30 °C, 50 °C, and 60 °C by 3.2%, 47%, and 96%, respectively. The effects of wall thickness and aspect ratio on the size of the microstructure, the fracture surfaces, and the viscoelastic properties are determined and reported accordingly.

Online neurostimulation of Broca's area does not interfere with syntactic predictions: A combined TMS-EEG approach to basic linguistic combination.

Categorical predictions have been proposed as the key mechanism supporting the fast pace of syntactic composition in language. Accordingly, grammar-based expectations are formed-e.g., the determiner "a" triggers the prediction for a noun-and facilitate the analysis of incoming syntactic information, which is then checked against a single or few other word categories. Previous functional neuroimaging studies point towards Broca's area in the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) as one fundamental cortical region involved in categorical prediction during incremental language processing. Causal evidence for this hypothesis is however still missing. In this study, we combined Electroencephalography (EEG) and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) to test whether Broca's area is functionally relevant in predictive mechanisms for language. We transiently perturbed Broca's area during the first word in a two-word construction, while simultaneously measuring the Event-Related Potential (ERP) correlates of syntactic composition. We reasoned that if Broca's area is involved in predictive mechanisms for syntax, disruptive TMS during the first word would mitigate the difference in the ERP responses for predicted and unpredicted categories in basic two-word constructions. Contrary to this hypothesis, perturbation of Broca's area at the predictive stage did not affect the ERP correlates of basic composition. The correlation strength between the electrical field induced by TMS and the ERP responses further confirmed this pattern. We discuss the present results considering an alternative account of the role of Broca's area in syntactic composition, namely the bottom-up integration of words into constituents, and of compensatory mechanisms within the language predictive network.

Исследование влияния свойств и состава микросфер на характе- ристики сферопластика при действии гидростатического давления (моделирование и эксперимент)

Object and purpose of research. The object of research is a polymer composite material of syntactic type, which is a heterogeneous medium consisting of a polymer matrix filled with spherical inclusions – micro spheres. The purpose of work is to increase the strength/weight ratio of syntactic under hydrostatic pressure based on the analysis of processes at the material micro structure level, which let us identify the influence of initial components (micro spheres) and polymer matrix on the material density and ultimate state. Subject matter and methods. The Initial data are syntactic composition and structure as well as characteristics of its components. Numerical studies were performed using the earlier developed structural model of syntactic deformation and failure implemented into С++ software. Main results. The elastic and strength characteristics of the matrix and mico sphere glass are shown to have influence on the syntactic density and strength. Based on the size distribution of micro spheres and its influence on these characteristics, recommendations are formulated regarding development of the bi-dispersed mixture of MS-BP micro spheres. Application of such mixture made it possible to develop a new syntactic foam with required density and strength characteristics. Conclusion. The newly developed numerical method for prediction of syntactic characteristics takes into consideration the size distribution in micro sphere structures and allows optimized development of novel materials. The characteristics of new material obtained on the basis of developed guidelines have been verified by experiments.

Transition from equatorial to whole-shell buckling in embedded spherical shells under axisymmetric far-field loading

Motivated by the need to understand the compression of syntactic foam composites, we solve the canonical problem of buckling of a thin spherical shell embedded in a medium that is much softer than the shell. Syntactic foams comprise shells that usually have diameters in the micron range and are distributed inside a matrix medium that is typically polymeric. Such foams are commonly employed in a range of applications where high stiffness to density ratios are of interest. This can be tailored via choice of shell thickness and type, and filler volume fraction.Embedded glass microspheres fracture under sufficiently high loading, leading to a permanent softening of the syntactic foam. Embedded polymeric Expancel microspheres however are thought to buckle because the associated softening of the foam is recoverable. We determine critical buckling pressures in the practical scenarios of hydrostatic and uniaxial compressive loading states by solving a more general uniaxial loading problem. Critically, we investigate the thin-stiff shell limit, which yields very different results from a standard thin-shell limit under the assumption that the shell and matrix have stiffnesses of the same order. We employ nonlinear shell theory, linear stability analysis and rigorous asymptotics. We present numerical results for the critical buckling pressure over a wide range of shell thickness and contrasts in shell/matrix stiffnesses. Results for hydrostatic loading are compared against existing analytical and semi-analytical models for embedded shells. Under uniaxial loading we note that there are two distinct regions of parameter space, corresponding to equatorial and non-equatorial buckling regimes. The two non-dimensional parameters of critical importance are the shell thickness to radius ratio h/R and the shell to matrix shear modulus ratio μm/μs. By fixing one whilst varying the other we observe and describe the transition between these two regimes.

Probing the effect of post-curing and halloysite nanotube reinforcement on thermo-mechanical properties of lightweight epoxy syntactic foam composites

This paper deals with an investigation of the post-curing effect of halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) reinforced syntactic foam (HRSF) containing cenosphere as hollow inclusion at 0, 20, and 40 vol% in an epoxy matrix. Compression, flexural, and thermal properties of HRSF (1 vol% HNTs) and cenosphere/epoxy syntactic foam (CESF) composites without HNTs are studied under the influence of post-curing. Further, the post-cured HRSF containing 40 vol% cenosphere (NSF40_H) exhibited a compressive modulus of 33.2% higher than room temperature cured neat epoxy due to improved crosslinking. Addition of HNTs in NSF40_H augments the flexural modulus up to 26.9% compared to post-cured neat epoxy. Additionally, the glass transition temperature ( Tg) of CESF composites with 40 vol% cenosphere was increased by 24.3 °C compared to the room temperature cured sample. This positive shift in Tg can be attributed to the beneficial impact of post-curing, as indicated by differential scanning calorimetry study. Thermogravimetric results demonstrated better thermal stability of HRSF relative to CESF and neat epoxy composites. Transmission electron microscopy illustrated the structure-property correlations of nanotube reinforcement. The improved properties of syntactic foams could be viewed as a potential material for lightweight constructions, especially in the marine and automobile industries.

Epidemics and Language Rejuvenation: The Emergence and Use of New English Forms in the Covid-19 Pandemic Nigeria

Abstract The novel coronavirus (SAR-COV-2) and its attendant respiratory disease, COVID-19, said to have originated in Wuhan, China in December, 2019 has become a global concern with far-reaching impact on all facets of human life. Its impact on the English language can be seen in the emergence of new forms of expressions, extension of the meaning of existing words and the resuscitation of hitherto not commonly used expressions. A number of these innovations and usages affect the English language generally, yet language use is context-bound revealing the cultural realities of its users and their environment so that language at all times exhaustively catalogues the things, events and processes in its environment of use (Carrol, 1966:102). This study adopts the Functionalist Approach to investigate the linguistic impact of COVID-19 discourse on the Nigerian variety of the English language using data from Nairaland, an online Nigerian forum. It establishes that COVID-19 pandemic has informed new Englishes in Nigerian English by way of morphemic coinages, phrasal restructuring, syntactic composition, semantic broadening, lexical resuscitation and acronymic coinages.

Sociolinguistic Innovations in Nigerian English Usage in the Covid-19 Era

The novel coronavirus (SAR-COV-2) and its attendant respiratory disease, COVID-19, said to have originated in Wuhan, China in December, 2019 has become a global concern with far-reaching impact on all facets of human life. Its impact on the English language can be seen in the emergence of new forms of expressions, extension of the meaning of existing words and the resuscitation of hitherto not commonly used expressions. A number of these innovations and usages affect the English language generally, yet language use is contextbound revealing the cultural realities of its users and their environment so that language at all times exhaustively catalogues the things, events and processes in its environment of use (Carrol, 1966:102). This study adopts the Functionalist Approach to investigate the linguistic impact of COVID-19 discourse on the Nigerian variety of the English language using data from Nairaland, an online Nigerian forum. It establishes that COVID-19 pandemic has influenced the character of Nigerian English by way of morphemic coinages, phrasal restructuring, syntactic composition, semantic broadening, lexical resuscitation and acronymic coinages.

From words to phrases: neural basis of social event semantic composition

Events are typically composed of at least actions and entities. Both actions and entities have been shown to be represented by neural structures respecting domain organizations in the brain, including those of social/animate (face and body; person-directed action) versus inanimate (man-made object or tool; object-directed action) concepts. It is unclear whether the brain combines actions and entities into events in a (relative) domain-specific fashion or via domain-general mechanisms in regions that have been shown to support semantic and syntactic composition. We tested these hypotheses in a functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment where two domains of verb-noun event phrases (social-person versus manipulation-artifact, e.g., “hug mother” versus “fold napkin”) and their component words were contrasted. We found a series of brain region supporting social-composition effects more strongly than the manipulation phrase composition—the bilateral inferior occipital gyrus (IOG), inferior temporal gyrus (ITG) and anterior temporal lobe (ATL)—which either showed stronger activation strength tested by univariate contrast, stronger content representation tested by representation similarity analysis, or stronger relationship between the neural activation patterns of phrases and synthesis (additive and multiplication) of the neural activity patterns of the word constituents. No regions were observed showing evidence of phrase composition for both domains or stronger effects of manipulation phrases. These findings highlight the roles of the visual cortex and ATL in social event compositions, suggesting a domain-preferring, rather than domain-general, mechanisms of verbal event composition.

Conceptual Combination in the LATL With and Without Syntactic Composition.

The relationship among syntactic, semantic, and conceptual processes in language comprehension is a central question to the neurobiology of language. Several studies have suggested that conceptual combination in particular can be localized to the left anterior temporal lobe (LATL), while syntactic processes are more often associated with the posterior temporal lobe or inferior frontal gyrus. However, LATL activity can also correlate with syntactic computations, particularly in narrative comprehension. Here we investigated the degree to which LATL conceptual combination is dependent on syntax, specifically asking whether rapid (∼200 ms) magnetoencephalography effects of conceptual combination in the LATL can occur in the absence of licit syntactic phrase closure and in the absence of a semantically plausible output for the composition. We find that such effects do occur: LATL effects of conceptual combination were observed even when there was no syntactic phrase closure or plausible meaning. But syntactic closure did have an additive effect such that LATL signals were the highest for expressions that composed both conceptually and syntactically. Our findings conform to an account in which LATL conceptual composition is influenced by local syntactic composition but is also able to operate without it.

Loading Effect of Hollow Glass Microsphere (HGM) and Foam Microstructure on the Specific Mechanical Properties and Water Absorption of Syntactic Foam Composite

AbstractEpoxy syntactic foams (SF) filled with hollow glass microspheres (HGM) were prepared by simple resin casting method and characterization in this study. The effect of varying the amount of HGM on the specific mechanical and water absorption properties of SF composites were investigated. Five different composition of SF (SFT60-0.5 to SFT60-2.5) were compared with the neat epoxy matrix. The wall thickness of the microballoons differ because of its different percentile size distribution (10th, 50th and 90th), which reflects in its density variation. The results show that the specific tensile and flexural strength increases with an increasing filler (HGM) content. The density of SF filled with HGM reduces with increasing volume fraction of filler content. Scanning electron microscopy was done on the failed samples to examine the fractured surfaces. The water absorption capacity of the SF was also investigated as it relates to the HGM volume fraction variation. All the syntactic foam composition shows a better diffusion coefficient capacity than the neat epoxy resin. This makes it applicable in structural purposes and several marine application products such as Autonomous Ultimately Vehicle (AUV).

Experimental and multiscale numerical investigations on low-velocity impact responses of syntactic foam composites reinforced with modified MWCNTs

Abstract This study focused on experimental and numerical investigations into the low-velocity impact behavior of epoxy resin matrix syntactic composites with embedded hollow glass microspheres (HGMs) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The synergistic effects of HGMs and MWCNTs on the mechanical properties of epoxy resin composites were improved by applying amine and acid treatments to HGMs and MWCNTs, respectively. The influence of the MWCNT content and the applied impact energy on the impact responses and compression strength after the impact of these syntactic foam panel samples were discussed. The results indicated that modifying HGMs and MWCNTs contributed to improving the energy absorption and the strength retention factor (SRF) of these panels and the SRF increased with increased MWCNT content. Moreover, multiscale finite-element (FE) models were developed to simulate panel impact behavior, and modeling results were compared with experimental data. Then, the verified FE model was used to analyze the influence of CNT types (helical CNTs vs MWCNTs) and the diameter-to-thickness ratios of HGMs. This study provided a theoretical basis and design reference for a novel lightweight composite material subjected to low-velocity impact, which could be applied as a core material for sandwich structures in aerospace, marine engineering, transportation, and civil infrastructures.

LINGUISTIC FEATURES OF A RHETORICAL QESTION (BASED ON GERMAN-LANGUAGE MATERIAL)

This article presents an overview of linguistic research of rhetorical question and describes its linguistic features. Different situations of use of rhetorical questions and their connection with syntactic structures and lexical composition of the statements are identified in this article. They are supported by examples from written and spoken German-language communication. It was found out in the research that linguistic structure of rhetorical questions is very diverse and not always is an indicator of the question being rhetorical.

일본 고등학교 역사교육 변혁과 주제학습 강화

This paper compared the 2009 edition and the 2018 edition of Japanese high school course of study, and analyzed the reinforcement of theme-based learning in Geography and History and the change in history education thereof. The results of analysis are as follows; First, instead of abolishing the four history subjects (World History A·B, Japanese History A·B) of the 2009 edition of the high school Geography and History, the required subject, Modern and Contemporary History, and optional subjects, Advanced Japanese History and Advanced World History, were newly established. These three subjects introduce the content composition and learning method with theme-based learning as the key element. Second, while the 2009 edition described the purpose of theme-based learning as cultivating historical thinking skills as before, the 2018 edition reflects the nature of the competence-based curriculum and presents the qualities and abilities (knowledge and skills, thinking skills, judgment, expressive power, etc.) to be fostered in history subjects. Third, from the perspective of content composition, the 2009 edition relates to theme-based learning on the premise of syntactic composition as before, but the 2018 version shows a switch to a new composition that relates the entire content centering on theme-based learning, instead of syntactic composition. Fourth, in the 2009 edition, the learning method was systematized to improve learning ability and learner''s subjectivity step by step, while considering the characteristics of each subject, which was passed on to the 2018 edition too. The biggest change in the 2018 edition was to develop a new type of learning activity, connecting content composition and learning methods focusing on theme-based learning. The major items of each subject were organized in the form of unit learning with theme-based learning as an important element. In addition, the 2018 edition connected major items so that students can develop independent learning activities step by step. Fifth, the prerequisites and tasks to settle theme-based learning in the schools are; ①improvement of history textbook composition system and description method, ②changeover from teacher’s fact-delivery class to course that promotes students'' independent learning and exploratory activities, ③providing various and abundant teaching materials, ④ implementation of teachers’ training to develop skills necessary for new types of class, etc.