Grammatical Categories Research Articles

Mood in Tinkar lo

This paper presents the grammatical category of mood in Tinkar lo, a lesser known West Himalayish Tibeto-Burman language spoken in the last village Tinkar of the Byans valley of Province no.7, Sudurpashchim Pradesh in Nepal. Tinkar lo is an SOV language and the verb stems are inflected for tense, aspect, mood and agreement. Both mood and modality manifest in Tinkar lo but this paper presents only the types of mood attested in the language. The findings discussed in this paper pertain to the analysis in my Ph.D. research. Keywords : mood, Tinkar lo, West Himalayish, lesser known

Modality from the Cross-cultural Studies Perspective: a Practical Approach to Intersemiotic Translation

Any scientific question should be understood as a process of dynamic semiosis in search of truth. The revelatory web is goal-oriented (teleological), but with no stable outcome, static method, redefinition, or fixed agent. All outcomes, methods, and agents are temporary and are temporary “trends” in translation studies that can be abandoned for new ones. The translation can be categorized as a fragmented record or metaphorically as a mosaic, whose components allow the construction of a figurative, diegetic, dramatic world in intersemiotic translation, to be inscribed in the diagram of the narrative. The translation adopts the repetitive and non-repeating behavior patterns of a particular culture, rejecting trendy or outdated translation tools. The same applies to intersemiotic translation with interpretive and reinterpretive meaning. The ideas of the classics about a global approach to semiolinguistics have turned the whole traditional approach to translation studies upside down. The traditional view of the question of intercultural, intersemiotic translation focused on untested dichotomies labeled as dogmatic forms of double self-reflection. Intersemiotic translation offers experimental and temporal responses of a skeptical and evolutionary nature at the boundaries of the translated and untranslatable, correspondence and non-correspondence, conformity and unconformity, the starring role and purpose of intelligence, the dynamism and emotionality of the Falabilist spirit and the Falabilist heart of the translator. It focuses on the concepts of translation and retranslation, the fate of the intercultural text, the fate of the target text, and other semiotic issues of translation in the broadest sense, in the sense of an encoded phenomenon rather than an intersemiotic code. This paper analyzes cultural and linguistic transsemiosis from the perspective of translation and transduction to reveal the essence of intersemiosis. One considers the extrapolarity and complexity phenomenon of modality in terms of cognitive-discursive and semiotic features of its manifestation during translation. In the contemporary scientific pattern, the linguistic category of modality is considered as a functional-semantic, semantic-pragmatic, semantic- syntactic, syntactic, grammatical or logical category. One defines it as the inner attitude of the narrator to the content. The essence of modality in intersemiotic translatin is related to the inner linguistic thinking. Accordingly, intersemiotic translation is the recoding of the original text by means of another sign (semiotic) system.

Contextual effects on the figurative processing of nouns and verbs in people with Williams syndrome

BackgroundPeople with Williams syndrome (WS) are relatively proficient with lexical semantics; however, their contextual integration ability is impaired. Few studies have examined the cause of this deficiency. AimsThis study aimed to examine how people with WS process the integration of lexical words into contexts and determine whether this processing differs across syntactic categories. Methods and ProceduresCross-modal tasks with pictures and aurally presented sentences were employed. The semantic appropriateness of target word meanings represented by pictures with context were determined. Outcomes and ResultsPeople with WS responded to the figurative and literal nouns as appropriate interpretations significantly less often than the chronological age (CA)-matched controls; however, they responded to the literal verbs significantly more often than the mental age (MA)-matched controls. Furthermore, our findings suggest that people with WS displayed weaker contextual integration and asymmetric processing of nouns and verbs. Conclusions and ImplicationsPeople with WS were not at the same lexical semantic knowledge developmental level as the CA controls and differed from the MA controls. They used less contextual information when processing syntactic categories compared to the typically developing controls. These might lead to the impaired integration of words into contexts. These findings confirm the neuroconstructivism theory.

Grammatical Gender Features in English and Arabic

Gender in language is like sex in the outside world . Sex is considered as the most important basis for gender distinction . Sex stands for either male or female creatures.The main purpose behind this paper is to provide a comparative study between English and Arabic gender . It deals with gender as a grammatical category . The paper is divided into three sections: Section one gives an account of the term gender ; Section two deals with gender in Arabic while section three displays gender in English then the conclusion of the study is displayed . It reflects the main points of contrast between the two languages under study as far as gender is concerned .The distinction of gender into feminine and masculine is an important feature in Arabic , Unlike English where the majority of words do not make this distinction clear .In addition, Languages differ in the number of gender they recognize . English has three genders masculine , feminine and neuter which stand respectively for male , female and neither sex . On the other hand , Arabic has two gender categories : masculine and feminine. Both languages under study use the natural gender in classifying the nouns into masculine and feminine. i.e. every noun that belongs to the class of masculine nouns refers to male animate and vise versa.In Arabic ,masculine nouns are considered as the basis from which feminine nouns can be derived through the addition of certain markers . These markers can be added to both nouns and adjectives , whereas , a few nouns in English are marked for gender . In Arabic , there are certain irregularities inconsidering and forming the feminine nouns whereas in English some pronouns are gender sensitive.On the syntactic level , In Arabic , there should be an agreement between the noun that is marked for gender and the other elements of the sentence while in English such agreement can be manifested between the nouns and their pronouns in the singular case only.

The impact of syntactic category on L2 ambiguous word acquisition: evidence from English pseudowords

The impact of syntactic category on L2 ambiguous word acquisition: evidence from English pseudowords

Algorithmic technology of mastering the lexical-semantic and grammatical norms of pronominal usage. Part 2. Enhancing school students’ speech culture while studying lexical-semantic and grammatical norms of pronominal usage

The second part of the paper considers the norms of using various lexical and grammatical categories of pronouns. Additionally, the research reveals their significance in promoting school students’ speech culture. Sixth-form students learn to differentiate between lexical-semantic and grammatical norms, use pronouns correctly in sentences as well as in texts, and examine them with the help of linguistic analysis and generalisation. This approach to learning pronouns encourages schoolchildren to evaluate speech in terms of correctness, to detect speech errors and correct them. The presented methodology for studying pronouns helps to engage schoolchildren in unsupervised research activity when proofreading texts with the aid of algorithms. It also increases the cognitive activity level in the classroom and forms speech culture.

The Polish Language Is Not a Male-Chauvinistic Language (A Computer-Aided Research on the Polish Gender Category Presented in a Nutshell)

I took up the topic of grammatical gender in Polish due to the fact that the theories of 5, 7 and even 9 genders (including the so-called personal-masculine gender in plural) accepted in Poland since the second half of the 20th century give rise to unnecessary difficulties for foreigners attempting at correctly building Polish sentences such as Matka i dziecko nie mogli się sobą nacieszyć. (‘Mother and child could not stop enjoying each other’). The research I conducted as part of interactive linguistics (using the Prolog artificial intelligence language and the SEMANA platform) showed that the theory distinguishing the category of gender from the category of animacy (as in comparative Slavic linguistics) is more economical and gives better results (than the theory of 9 genders) both in the analysis and production of utterances. Additionally, due to the “personal-masculine” gender introduced into Polish grammar, there arose a debate on the possible “male-chauvinistic” character of the Polish language, and consequently of the entire Polish culture. In response to this, I argue that one should not too hastily identify grammatical categories with cognitive categories, especially since in all European languages I know, it is the masculine gender which is the unmarked gender (-feminine). It follows from this that the masculine gender has two meanings, one broad and more abstract (e.g., man as a human being in general) and one narrow indicating only men (e.g., man as a male person). Recently, however, the non-marked meaning of the masculine gender has been undermined by the so-called inclusive speech. In Polish, in the plural, the so-called masculine-personal form indicates either a group of men or a group of entities among which is at least one human being regardless of gender (in the utterance quoted above, in which the verb nie mogli (‘could not’) exhibits the so-called personal-masculine form, the feminine noun matka (‘mother’) and the neuter noun dziecko (‘child’) constitute a collective subject that occurs in grammatical agreement with the verb form in the masculine gender, acting as an exponent of the category of humanity (not “masculinity”). Thus, the so-called personal-masculine form is used with the unmarked gender meaning of a personal (or human) form (+human, feminine). The research I conducted shows that in contemporary Polish the category of gender has the following meanings: masculine, feminine, and neuter, and the category of animacy: inanimate (-animate), human animate (+animate, +human), and non-human or animal animate (+animate, -human).

Aboutwhat about: the semantics and syntax of irregularwh-questions in English

AbstractAlthough often used as diagnostic tools in discourse studies, irregularwh-questions in English, which take the form ofwhat/how about … ?andwhat/how if … ?, have not received sufficient attention in terms of their semantic and syntactic properties. This article investigates irregularwh-questions from semantic and syntactic perspectives. Semantically, there is a topic-comment relationship between thewh-word and the rest of the sentence. Syntactically, an irregularwh-question neither displays an explicit matrix subject-predicate structure nor involves a fronted auxiliary. This article pursues three objectives. First, a descriptive overview of irregularwh-questions is provided, which shows that the complement ofaboutin irregularwh-questions can belong to various syntactic categories. Second, the topic-comment structure of irregularwh-questions is compared with that of the topic-comment structure in declarative sentences, which reveals some semantic properties of irregularwh-questions. Third, a formal account of irregularwh-questions is formulated in the framework of Dynamic Syntax, which captures the interaction of the semantic and syntactic properties of the components of an irregularwh-question. Additionally, the present dynamic account of irregularwh-questions is contrasted with an existing dynamic account of the hanging topic construction in English, which highlights some merits of the current account.

ԱՆԳԼԵՐԵՆԻ ՍԵՌԻ ՔԵՐԱԿԱՆԱԿԱՆ ԿԱՐԳԸ ՏԱՐԱԺԱՄԱՆԱԿՅԱ ՏԵՍԱՆԿՅՈՒՆԻՑ / THE CATEGORY OF GENDER IN ENGLISH FROM DIACHRONIC PERSPECTIVE

The paper aims at studying the diachronic development of both the natural and grammatical gender categories of English. To define the historical development of the given phenomenon it is essential to study different approaches towards the gender category. Moreover, the article deals with the evolution stages of grammatical gender in pre-historic period, in particular, in Pre-Indo-European and Proto-Germanic languages. It is noteworthy that the grammatical gender has not been considered as a grammatical category in many languages, and in some of them it is viewed as a semantic category. Thus, the language that possesses natural gender implies that the gender of a noun or a pronoun referring to an animate objects should correspond to their natural gender, whereas their grammatical gender is “artificial or formal”. All the nouns of a language with a grammatical gender, possess the category of gender, still their being of masculine, feminine or neutral gender is almost impossible to identify merely taking into account the meaning of the noun itself.

Лексико-грамматическая характеристика и особенности функционирования редуплицированных существительных в современном русском языке

Reduplicated nouns such as krasota-krasota, mama-mama, and others, have been widely used in modern colloquial speech and attracted the interest of Russian and foreign linguists. This paper identifies how the functioning of these words depends on their relation to the lexico- grammatical classes and thematic groups. The characteristics underlying the peculiar seman- tics of all reduplicated nouns are specified: the comparison of several objects, with one of them fully expressing an individual / general image of a phenomenon; the substantive nature involving more than one feature in the word meaning. The classification is based on several criteria, the main one being the attributability to personal nouns (muzh-muzh, podruga- podruga) or impersonal nouns (veter-veter, derevnya-derevnya). For impersonal reduplicated nouns, the essential characteristics are their correlation with adjectives or their belonging to material, abstract, or concrete nouns or thematic groups (celebrations, seasons, clothes). These characteristics determine the following functions: the intensification of one characteristic, the combination of a greater intensification and a subject’s image of the best model, a complete correspondence to an individual / common image of a phenomenon, a high emotional evalua- tion, and others. The range of functions of personal reduplicated nouns is highly varied, de- pending not only on their belonging to a particular group (nominations based on gender and age, family and interpersonal relations, kind of activity) but also on extralinguistic factors, semantic peculiarities of a basic noun, and others. Reduplication can change a hierarchy of semes in the structure of a lexical meaning, actualizing the role of peripheral and implicit semes.

THE CONCEPT OF «LANGUAGE AWARENESS» IN THE MODERN LINGUISTIC TERMINOLOGY

The article analyzes the historiography and historiosophy of the concept of linguistic consciousness in the projection onto the term system of modern linguistics. The definition of the term is proposed, its integrative connections, generic-species correlations in synchrony and diachrony are clarified. In the historical aspect, the formation of national and social linguistic consciousness and their textual implementation is established. Linguistic, sociocultural, cognitive, communicative factors are taken into account for the comprehensive disclosure of the content of the concept of linguistic consciousness and the differentiation of linguistic concepts related to it. A comprehensive analysis of the concept of language consciousness justifies its status as a psycholinguistic category that covers the results of mental activity, perception and assimilation of information verbalized by means of the national language. Its units are concepts (ethnocentrisms), which are realized in language with the help of an associative-verbal thesaurus: words, phrases, expressions, grammatical and logical categories, grammatical and textual forms, functioning of the intentional-motivational mechanism. In the language, two types of verbal manifestations of linguistic consciousness constantly interact: 1) associated with the formation of a stable mechanism of functional structures of associative-verbal thesauri, the developed core of networks, words, grammatical and logical categories, which is a manifestation of the durability of national memory; 2) connected with dynamic, primarily evaluative, processes in verbal networks, verbal structures, intentional images. Linguistic consciousness in all its varieties (folk, social and ethnocentric, communicative) is a dynamic, culturally and socially conditioned and integral element of the history of the literary language. It changes along with the development of the nation, acquires new forms and manifestations, improves synchronously with the formation of a conscious, intellectual society.

Blogery Takie Blogery (Bloggers Are Such Bloggers), Or about a New Phraseoscheme in Russian

The article is devoted to a comparatively new structure in the language ‘N1 takie N1’ (N1 such N1), actively used in Internet communication. The study is based on the material from the General Internet Corpus of the Russian language. The structure is used mainly in blogs, in hashtags, in community names, that is, in Internet communication, which has a tendency to be excessively expressive and to save language resources. The article discusses structural properties of the phrase, the meaning of its permanent component ‘such’, the synonymy with other tautological constructions, semantics and frequency of nouns in position N1 and semantic and pragmatic features of the construction. The structure is defined as a new psvedvotautological phraseoscheme characterized by reproducibility, idiomaticity and evaluativeness. The phraseoscheme attributes typical, expected features to the subject. The connotative potential of the lexeme (of the noun) is the basis of the evaluative meaning of the structure. It is the connotative meaning of the noun, and not its lexical and grammatical category, that affects the possibility of its using in this phraseoscheme. The specificity of the pragmatic meaning of the phraseoscheme is associated with the subject of evaluation, which forms the tone of the expression (affectionateness, jokiness, irony and mixed shades, for example, tenderness) and the communicative structure of the expression, appropriating the ‘right’ to be evaluated and taking a position of a more significant communicant.

The native-borrowed paradigm in the linguistic terminology of Yury Shevelyov

The article is devoted to analysing the terminology of the linguistic works of the famous Ukrainian linguist Yury Shevelyov (Sherekh). The author clarifies the ratio of native and borrowed elements in linguistic terms representing different language levels. The article takes into account the authorʼs manner of introducing terms and their borrowed equivalents into scientific texts. The frequency of use of Ukrainian terms and their borrowed counterparts has been determined. The article characterizes and classifies specifically Ukrainian and borrowed terms, considering their belonging to different language levels. The author outlines a number of linguistic terms that differ from their modern equivalents established in linguistics. Within the terms atypical for a contemporary, the author highlights terms to denote concepts of phonetics and characteristics of sounds, graphic and punctuation marks, concepts of syntax and types of sentences, in particular, word structure, groups of words, grammatical categories, ways of word formation, etc. According to the results of the research carried out on the material of Yury Shevelevʼs linguistic papers within terms with borrowed components, the author singles out terms with a component expressed by a noun (дублет, формант, еквівалент, etc.) and an adjective (атрибутивний, дублетний, релевантний / ірелевантний, контамінований, експіраторний, номінативний, пейоративний, препозитивний постпозитивний, релятивний, секундарний, фіктивний, etc.). In general, the terminology of Yury Shevelevʼs linguistic papers testifies to the famous linguistʼs desire to give preference to specifically Ukrainian terminological word forms. The terms of Ukrainian origin in his scientific idiostyle dominate in the designation of phonetic phenomena and sounds, word components, ways of word formation, parts of speech, their groups, cases and meanings, and types of simple and complex sentences. Instead, borrowed models of word formation represent nominations of groups of words according to various features and terms to denote language processes. Yuriy Shevelyov prefers the borrowed terms, denoting artistic tropes, stylistic figures and techniques. The author concludes that the largest number of terms atypical for modern linguistics are terms used to denote the concepts of phonetics, grammar, graphic and punctuation marks. Keywords: linguistic term, scientific idiostyle, specific / borrowed word, synonymous term, foreign equivalent of the term.

Modus concessivus, species concessiva and species affirmativa in the Works of Roman Grammarians

The article aims to analyze the use of the term concessivus/concessiva ‘concessive’ in Latin grammatical texts which make up Corpus Grammaticorum Latinorum and Digital Library of late antique Latin texts, and to consider the concessive meaning as a grammatical category. A number of grammatical sources (Probus, Ars of Diomedes, Victorini sive Palaemoni Ars, Ars of Cledonius, Explanationes) place the category of concessivity among the verbal categories, namely modus ‘mood’, while in others this term is not mentioned. The text of Diomedes is also notable for the fact that concessivity is included in the concept of species, a term that includes heterogeneous grammatical phenomena among Roman grammarians. At the same time, the grammarian identifies not one meaning of concession, but two, which are defined by the terms — species concessiva (describes situations that are undesirable for the speaker in the present and future) and species affirmativa (describes situations that did not actually happen). All the three terms in the title of this paper correspond to coniunctivus concessivus and indicate the same grammatical form — perfect subjunctive, e. g. feceris ‘even if you did’. In modern linguistics, the meaning of concession is expressed not only by the perfect subjunctive, but also by the present subjunctive, and, thus, does not have a unique formal expression, as in ancient linguistics. I suppose that concession in the Latin language falls under the scope of covert grammatical category, whereas concession, as it was presented in Roman grammars, can be treated as an overt one.

Reconstruction of a Speech Portrait of a Political Leader based on the Letter Exchange of Ivan the Terrible (Experience of Pragmalinguistic Analysis)

The author considers the possibility of studying a specific historical personality by the methods of pragmalinguistics based on the correspondence of I. V. Grozny in the aspect of the author's speech dominance. The research material is the personal letters of the tsar, the methods were the diagnosis of the speaker's speech personality by his speech behavior. This article proposes the use of pragmalinguistics methods that allow describing the speech portrait of Ivan the Terrible based on his use of grammatical and textual categories in correspondence with other monarchs and important historical figures. Thus, the subject of the study is the speech behavior of a historical figure in diachrony by the methods of pragmalinguistics. To date, the reconstruction of the linguistic appearance of the tsar has mainly been carried out on the basis of traditional methods of analyzing lexico-semantic and stylistic components and comparing them with a social portrait. The connection between language and thinking, which is considered by the example of correspondence, allows us to believe that the basic pragmalinguistic principles remain unchanged in the language for a long time and the functional abilities of grammatical categories to be associated with personal preferences remain despite linguistic variability. The conducted experiment of speech diagnostics allows the authors to study the aspect of the speech dominance of the personality of Ivan the Terrible at the level of linguistic pragmatics.

The Pragmatic Principles in the Grammar Descriptions

The text of the article is dedicated to the development of means of describing grammatical categories. In the first place, attention is paid to categories that are capable of conveying nominative, or lexical, meaning, such as the category of number which conveys the opposition of meanings "one" and "many". In Russian grammar, the rules for the use of the grammatical category of verb aspect are considered the most complex case. The semantic component of this category is contradictory and requires a large conceptual apparatus. However, even in this case, not all cases of real use of aspectual forms receive a consistent interpretation. Many "difficult cases" can be reinterpreted with the help of new concepts related to modeling speech activity. The article demonstrates the possibility of using pragmatic tools, in particular Grice's postulates and the principle of relevance, to describe the most complex fragments of the language system. An attempt is made to analyze the most complex cases of the use of Russian verb aspect, which is not always reduced to the opposition of completed and incomplete action. Cases of competition - context in which the choice of aspect is not related to the main aspectual meanings, causing difficulties in learning Russian - are meant. Examples are described where the choice of aspect can be explained by the speaker's desire for clarity and comprehensibility in accordance with pragmatic principles. This approach - interactive, i.e. considering the interaction between speaker and listener - allows not only to formulate rules for choosing aspect in cases noted in practical textbooks, but also to explain why the rules from textbooks may not work, not predict the real correct use of aspectual forms.

ADJECTIVE HALFPREDICATIVE CONSTRUCTION IN THE FOCUS OF LEXICAL AND SYNTACTIC SEMANTICS

The article clarifies the terminological meaning of the concepts “predicativeness”, “half-predicativeness”, “halfpredicative construction”, “halfpredicative syntactic connection”, “halfpredicative semantic-syntactic relations”, “secondary predication”. The definition of these syntactic terms remains an actual problem of theoretical grammar today. The author states that all grammatical categories are in a simple complex sentence. Its main feature is asymmetry, because in terms of structure simple complex sentences belong to the class of monopredicative units, and in terms of semantics ‒ to non-elementary ones. The article also summarizes different types of complicating components. The central place among them is occupied by separated secondary members of the sentence (according to the traditional classification) or semi-predicative constructions (according to the latest classification). The main component of semipredicative constructions are adjectives, adverbs, and nouns. It has been investigated that the concept of “halfpredicativeness” and “halfpredicative construction” is closely related to the morphological nature of individual words, their semantics and the possibilities of establishing syntactic connections in a sentence. In particular, the meaning of an adjective is formed not by the concept of objects of reality, but by the concept of qualities, relations, belonging. In addition, the adjective most often enters the syntactic structure of the sentence not independently, but as part of a substantive group of different semantics. In lexical-grammatical unity, the adjective not only clarifies the semantics of the main noun, but also specifies its meaning in the attributive and predicative positions. It is proved that abstract nouns in the basic structure of the sentence, although devoid of denotation, can simultaneously form the semantics of the statement. Under this condition, they become the signifier for the adjectival halfpredicative construction.

The Meaning of Nominalisation

Nominalisation is a morphological process producing a noun on the basis of an input that may belong to various categories. As noun is a syntactic category, whether something is a noun can only be decided on the basis of syntactic evidence, not on the basis of its meaning or morphological behaviour.
 As a theoretical framework, I use Jackendoff’s Parallel Architecture (PA) as a basis, but I argue for a separate word formation component. The central difference between word formation rules and regular lexical entries is that the latter contribute to the production of the representation of interpreted performance, whereas the former produce new lexical entries, thus changing competence. As a consequence, an expression in interpreted performance needs the identification of a reference in the communicative context, whereas word formation needs the identification of a concept in a speaker’s knowledge, which involves onomasiological coercion.
 A distinction can be made between two types of nominalisation, which I illustrate with Dutch examples. In one type, the meaning is changed, e.g. jager ‘hunter’ from jagen ‘huntv’, in the other it is not, e.g. telling ‘countn’ from tellen ‘countv’. Nominalisations of the latter type are transpositions. This distinction can be made both for deverbal and for deadjectival nouns.
 Rules changing representations in PA can be classified in seven classes according to which of the structures they modify. Only those that change conceptual structure qualify for being part of the word formation component. This excludes transpositions. Many nouns can be interpreted as either a transposition or a result of word formation. An example is vertaling ‘translation’, which can refer to the process or the result of translation. I argue that there is a word formation rule that produces the second reading on the basis of the first, and show that this rule belongs to a type that is predicted by the typology of rules for modifying representations in PA.

Синтаксистік синтагманың грамматикалық статусы

The article deals with the problem of studying syntagma in relation to phonetics, vocabulary, semantics, intonation, also highlights the issue of classification of syntagma by scientists in the form of a phonetic unit, semantic-intonation unit, multicomponent syntagma, one-component syntagma, lexical syntagmatics, syntactic syntagmatics, it is shown that it is not part of a a single system, and the connection of syntagma with the specified areas is recognized as a linguistic unit of the sentence. The sentence is formed from the words that have fallen into the flow of speech, and the syntagma is a syntactic category that serves to convey thought, determining the role and meaning 134Н.А. Ильясова, Г.А. Еркегалиева Turkic Studies Journal 3 (2023) 123-135of the words that come into contact within a sentence. As a result, the term syntactic syntagma is proposed. Syntactic syntagma refers to a category that has a grammatical status closely related to the structural, semantic, intonation, and communicative system of the language. During the analysis of the activity of interrelated words and linguistic units linking them within a sentence, it is proved that there is a connection between syntactic syntagma and the structural system of the language. The semantic compatibility of words as part of a syntactic syntagma is considered through the relationship of the semantic field with the lexical meaning. Intonation pause and consecutive intonation serve to link syntactic syntagma and intonation. The connection between communication and syntagma is reflected in the definition of information meanings. A comprehensive analysis of each syntagma is carried out, which serves to convey certain information, as well as the function of words and affixes as part of a syntactic syntagma, the features of the interaction of syntactic syntagmas and syntagmatic connections. Syntactic syntagma is considered as a grammatical category arising from the connection of words in the flow of speech.

VERSIFICATION OF LANGUAGE UNITS FROM THE LENS OF MORPHOLOGICAL STATISTICS (MODERN BRITISH AND GERMAN POETRY)

The article presents a statistical linguistic analysis of the morphological structure represented in British poetry. The part-of-speech belonging of words as a subject of stylometry is analyzed. The use of statistical text analysis to determine the set of keywords in British poetry helps to quantify the parameters of its linguistic style, and this complements the qualitative analysis of linguistic phenomena. The statistics of the researched language of British and German poetry includes the analysis of various linguistic aspects that are characteristic of poetic speech in the contemporary literature of Great Britain. The article focuses on the scientific interest in the morphological statistics of the language of British poetry for the analysis of the structural features of the poetic text. Nouns in poetry are used to name objects, ideas, abstract concepts, as well as to create images and symbols. They can play a significant role in creating images and concepts in a poetic text. Verbs define actions, events, and the state of objects in poetry; other grammatical classes of words help create rhythm, pace, movement, and expressiveness in a poetic text. Service words are used to build syntactic structures and provide coherence between words and sentences in poetry. Determining the number of linguistic units of a certain grammatical class in poetry serves as a reliable tool for studying the reflection of the most essential features and statistical parameters of poetic discourse. The material presented in the article for the study and further analysis of their morphological potential was selected from contemporary original texts written by British poets contained in literary anthologies, libraries and web resources specializing in poetry. The examples for linguistic morphological analysis are the works of Carol Ann Duffy, Seamus Justin Heaney, Simon Armitage, T. C. Eliot Doris Kareckendey, Ulrike Almut Sandig, Jan Wagner, Durs Grünbein and Kai Wieland. It has been observed that there are no strict rules as to which parts of speech should prevail in poetry in general, and this always remains in the sphere of the author's creativity. The analyzed aspects of morphological analysis can be applied to the poetry of different historical periods and literary trends in British and German poetry in order to study their features and the evolution of linguistic expression, which determines the prospects for further research in this area.