Synoptic Circulation Patterns Research Articles

Classification of synoptic circulation patterns with a two-stage clustering algorithm using the modified structural similarity index metric (SSIM)

Abstract. We develop a new classification method for synoptic circulation patterns with the aim to extend the evaluation routine for climate simulations. This classification is applicable to any region of the globe of any size given the reference data. Its unique novelty is the use of the modified structural similarity index metric (SSIM) instead of traditional distance metrics for cluster building. This classification method combines two classical clustering algorithms used iteratively, hierarchical agglomerative clustering (HAC) and k-medoids, with only one pre-set parameter – the threshold on the similarity between two synoptic patterns expressed as the structural similarity index measure (SSIM). This threshold is set by the user to imitate the human perception of the similarity between two images (similar structure, luminance, and contrast), whereby the number of final classes is defined automatically. We apply the SSIM-based classification method to the geopotential height at the pressure level of 500 hPa from the ERA-Interim reanalysis data for 1979–2018 and demonstrate that the built classes are (1) consistent with the changes in the input parameter, (2) well-separated, (3) spatially stable, (4) temporally stable, and (5) physically meaningful. We demonstrate an exemplary application of the synoptic circulation classes obtained with the new classification method for evaluating Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) historical climate simulations and an alternative reanalysis (for comparison purposes): output fields of CMIP6 simulations (and of the alternative reanalysis) are assigned to the classes and the Jensen–Shannon distance is computed for the match in frequency, transition, and duration probabilities of these classes. We propose using this distance metric to supplement a set of commonly used metrics for model evaluation.

Dust Transport from North Africa to the Middle East: Synoptic Patterns and Numerical Forecast

Every year, large quantities of dust are transported from North Africa to the Americas, Europe, and West Asia. The purpose of this study is to analyze four intense and pervasive dust storms that entered the Middle East from Northern Africa. Satellite products, ground-based remote sensing measurements, reanalysis data, and the outputs of the Aire Limitée Adaptation dynamique Développement InterNational-Dust (ALADIN-Dust) and the ICOsahedral Nonhydrostatic weather and climate model with Aerosols and Reactive Trace gases (ICON-ART) forecasting models were synergized. The dust storms originated from different source regions located in the north, northeastern, and central parts of the Sahara Desert. The transport height of the main dust plumes was about 3–5 km, triggered by the westerly zonal winds. The presence of a closed low over the Eastern Mediterranean and the penetration of a deep trough into North Africa at 500 hPa were the main synoptic circulation patterns favoring long-range dust transport during the four dust events. A comparison of aerosol optical depth (AOD) outputs from the two models with satellite data revealed that although both models forecasted dust transport from Africa to the Middle East, they considerably underestimated the AOD values, especially near the dust sources. The ICON-ART model performed slightly better than ALADIN in forecasting these dust storms, and for longer forecasting leading time, although the performance of both models decreased, the superiority of the ICON-ART model became more apparent.

Statistical Characteristics and Synoptic Patterns of Convection Initiation over the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River Basin as Observed Using the Fengyun-4A Satellite

Abstract Convection initiations (CIs) observed using the advanced geosynchronous radiation imager on the Chinese Fengyun-4A satellite were identified over the middle reaches of the Yangtze River basin during warm season (May–September) of 2018–21. A hybrid objective tracking algorithm combining the conventional area overlapping with the Kalman filter method was applied. Subsequently, spatial and temporal variations in the identified CIs and their synoptic circulation patterns were analyzed. The frequency of CIs was highest in August and lowest in May. Nearly 81% of CIs occurred during noon–afternoon (1100–1859 LST), with the highest frequency in the southern mountains of the study region, whereas the CIs with relatively low frequency moved to the plains from afternoon to morning (1700–1059 LST). The diurnal variation of CIs throughout the study region exhibited a unimodal structure, with a peak appearing at noon (1200–1259 LST). CIs during noon–afternoon in July and August had faster cloud-top cooling rates. The synoptic circulations without tropical cyclones during noon–afternoon hours were classified into four patterns by hierarchical clustering; two dominant patterns (i.e., SW-Flows and S-Flows) had broader areas of higher most unstable convective available potential energy (MUCAPE), whereas the 0–3-km shear (SHR3) was the weakest in the S-Flows pattern. It was clear that the high-frequency areas of CIs were most likely to occur in stronger MUCAPE and weaker SHR3 environments, and CIs were more controlled by thermally unstable environments. We further illustrated that CIs tend to concentrate in unstable and moisture flux convergence areas affected by mountains.

Model uncertainty in synoptic circulation patterns and precipitation changes in Southern South America using CMIP5 and CMIP6 models

Model uncertainty in synoptic circulation patterns and precipitation changes in Southern South America using CMIP5 and CMIP6 models

Relationship between Summer Synoptic Circulation Patterns and Extreme Precipitation in Northern China

Synoptic circulation patterns over the midlatitudes play a pivotal role in regional precipitation changes; however, the synoptic circulation patterns over eastern Asia (35°–60° N, 105°–145° E) and their effects on extreme precipitation events in the North China Plain (NCP) and northeastern China (NEC) remain unclear. The summer daily 500 hPa geopotential height anomaly fields for 1979–2021 are classified into six synoptic circulation patterns using self-organizing map (SOM) cluster analysis. The SOM1 pattern, characterized by a high-pressure ridge over the north of eastern Asia and a trough near the Korean Peninsula, yields decreased precipitation in NEC. The SOM2 pattern reveals a robust high ridge over eastern Asia, resulting in a higher incidence of regional extreme precipitation events (REPEs) of approximately 24% in the NCP. Under the SOM3 pattern, the anomalous cyclonic circulation over eastern Asia leads to above-average precipitation in the NCP. The SOM4 pattern yields the highest incidence of REPEs in NEC, with the lowest incidence of REPEs in the NCP, as the anomalous cyclonic circulation over eastern Asia moves southeastward compared to the SOM3 pattern. The SOM5 pattern presenting an anticyclone–cyclone dipole reduces precipitation in the NCP and NEC, and the anticyclonic circulation near eastern China associated with the SOM6 pattern causes above-average precipitation in the NCP. On interannual time scales, the SOM2 pattern occurrence with an increasing trend tends to induce an increasing summer precipitation trend in the NCP. The SOM3 pattern occurrence is negatively correlated with the summer precipitation in NEC. Overall, classifying the synoptic circulation patterns helps to improve precipitation forecasting and provides insights into the synoptic circulation patterns dominating the occurrences of REPEs.

Atmospheric Circulation Patterns during the Summertime Precipitation in Southeastern Iran

The accurate recognition of atmospheric circulation patterns is vital for understanding the intricate relationships among various climatic elements. Therefore, the main goal of this study is to comprehensively identify circulation patterns during the occurrence of the summertime Extended Area Precipitation Event (EAPE) in southeastern Iran. The data used in this study encompass precipitation rates from synoptic and rain gauge stations, Geopotential Height (GPH), omega (upward motion speed), u-wind (east-west), and v-wind (north-south) components at different atmospheric levels, along with satellite images from the visible spectrum. In this research, both subjective and objective clustering methods have been utilized to identify synoptic circulation patterns based on 500-hPa GPH data. Summer precipitation was chosen for analysis because its characteristics and relationships with large-scale circulation patterns are less understood compared to those of winter precipitation. Examination of the 500-hPa GPH data for sixty-two identified cases of EAPE over southeast Iran revealed that the causative factors for these events are comprised of five recurring patterns (referred to here for convenience as AP, BP, CP, DP, and EP). Three of these patterns (AP, BP, and DP) significantly contributed to 71% of all EAPE cases. It was evident that the five patterns responsible for creating the EAPE in southeastern Iran had distinct directions.

Synoptic circulation patterns of urban floods for the city of Hyderabad

AbstractSynoptic fingerprinting of flood driving rainfall events over the Hyderabad city, India were assessed through an unsupervised machine learning technique—self‐organizing maps (SOM) for the period 1979–2020. Flood dates were identified using nonscientific data sources, and then large‐scale climate variables, that is, integrated vapour transport (IVT) and geopotential height at 500 hPa (Z500) along with rainfall at daily scale were considered. SOM was applied on IVT and results indicated large spatial scale‐ and season‐specific mechanisms in addition to local circulation systems—this highlights SOM's ability to cluster circulation mechanisms as per the relevance. The rainy seasons, that is, monsoon and postmonsoon showed well‐known moisture pathways. While synoptic systems can be easily linked with monsoon and postmonsoon mechanisms, it is interesting to note that the local systems exist even during the monsoon and postmonsoon season in addition to the summer season. Spatial patterns of Z500 corresponding to SOM nodes of IVT showed the presence of low‐pressure systems (LPSs), tropical cyclones and trough systems. Further analysis was performed, and a total of 35 atmospheric rivers (ARs) were identified. Plots of back trajectories for the selected AR events indicated that Arabian Sea is the main source of moisture in the monsoon season followed by Bay of Bengal for postmonsoon and tropical cyclones in summer season events. Additionally, moisture from land is also observed as another source of moisture. Back‐trajectory analysis further indicated AR‐LPS interaction during the monsoon and ARs feeding moisture to LPSs. Overall, well‐known and season‐specific synoptic systems that brought significant rainfall to the study region were identified by the SOM. The proposed framework is adaptable for different locations, and as floods in cities across the globe are on the rise, these findings will have a prominent role in urban flood forecasting and management.

Diurnal Characteristics of Heavy Precipitation Events under Different Synoptic Circulation Patterns in the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River in Summer

Aiming at the rainstorm days (≥50 mm/d) in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River during 2010–2020, the obliquely rotated principal component in T-mode (PCT) method is used to classify the daily mean 850 hPa geopotential height, including Type 1 (vortex/shear line), Type 2 (frontal surface), Type 3 (warm shear line), Type 4 (warm inverse trough line), Type 5 (typhoon-westerly trough), and Type 6 (easterly wave). We studied the weather system configurations of different synoptic circulation patterns, their long-term trends, and their impacts on diurnal variations of heavy precipitation and drew the following conclusions: Type 1, Type 2, or Type 3 shows balanced double-peak frequencies of the start time of heavy precipitation during 06:00–08:00 BT and around 17:00 BT, respectively. For Type 1, dynamical lifting and thermal lifting play balanced roles, while for Type 2 and Type 3, dynamical lifting plays a key role. The number of rainstorm stations for Type 1 shows a slight increasing trend, while that for Type 2 or Type 3 shows a significant increasing trend. Type 4, Type 5, or Type 6 show a significant single peak frequency of the start time during 15:00–16:00. Type 5 and Type 6 are mainly affected by dynamical lifting along with favorable cape values, which can trigger rainstorms. The number of rainstorm stations for Type 4 or Type 6 shows a decreasing trend (that for Type 4 is more significant), while that for Type 5 shows a slightly increasing trend.

Synoptic Atmospheric Patterns Responsible for Summer Extreme High-Temperature Events over Northern Asia: Evolution, Precursor, and Long-Term Change

Abstract In this study, the synoptic atmospheric patterns responsible for regional extreme high-temperature events (REHEs) over northern Asia (NA) are investigated. First, a hybrid regionalization approach is applied to the daily maximum temperature (Tmax), and three subregions of NA can be identified: western NA, central NA, and southeastern NA. To better understand the mechanism for the NA REHE formation, the REHE-related synoptic circulation patterns over each subregion are further categorized into two types. These six synoptic circulation patterns influence the NA REHE occurrence through different radiation and advection processes. Generally, the radiation process dominates the NA REHE occurrence, while the horizontal temperature advection plays a more important role in the synoptic dipole patterns than in the monopole high patterns. The heatwaves associated with the six synoptic patterns can last more than 3.8 days, with a maximum of 2 weeks. From the forecasting perspective, six wave trains are explored as the precursors of these six synoptic circulation patterns, separately. The wave trains originate from the North Atlantic Ocean and Europe with at least a 3-day lead and then propagate eastward to NA, exerting influences on the pronounced six synoptic circulation patterns and consequently affecting the NA REHEs. In terms of long-term change, the REHEs over the three subregions show significant increasing trends over 1960–2018 and significant interdecadal increases around the mid-1990s, in which the contribution of each synoptic pattern–related REHE is different.

Impact of synoptic circulation patterns on renewable energy-related variables over China

This study investigates the influence of atmospheric circulation patterns on the day-to-day variabilities of renewable energy- and demand-related variables (temperature, wind speed, and sunshine duration) over China in winter. Circulation patterns are classified by self-organizing maps (SOMs), and six categories are obtained, including two opposite northwest-southeast dipole modes, two opposite widespread monopoles, and two modes with cyclonic or anticyclonic circulation over northeastern China.It is found that the position of temperature anomalies has a clear association with the anomalous circulation, the high wind speed is generally situated in the south or west sector of cyclonic circulations, while the long sunshine duration is associated with northerly airflow and small cloud cover on the west of cyclonic circulations. Additionally, the cyclonic flow over northeastern China offers the optimum weather condition for wind and solar resources, whereas the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau under the control of a positive-negative northwest-southeast dipole experiences the worst condition when the temperature anomaly is negative. Finally, the variables are simulated by circulation patterns through a multi-linear regression (MLR) model for 42 winters during 1979–2021. Specifically, the MLR model built by 56 SOM nodes well reproduces the day-to-day variabilities and trends of these variables.

Importance in Shifting Circulation Patterns for Dry Season Moisture Sources in the Brazilian Amazon

AbstractWater is redistributed from evaporation sources to precipitation sinks through atmospheric moisture transport. In the Brazilian Amazon, the spatial and temporal variability of dry season moisture sources for key agricultural regions has not been investigated. This study investigates moisture sources for dry season rainfall in the state of Rondônia in Brazil, especially during drought years. Using a precipitationshed framework, we quantified the variability of moisture contributions to rainfall in the state of Rondônia (Brazilian Amazon) and the influence of synoptic circulation patterns. Ocean evaporation accounts for 58% of mean dry season precipitation while continental recycling contributed 42%. During drought years, although forests maintain or increase evapotranspiration, the moisture contribution of both ocean and forests to dry season rainfall decreases due to the synoptic circulation changes, reducing the moisture transport into Rondônia.

Regionalisation of heat waves in southern South America

This study describes the climatological characteristics of regional heat waves (HWs) over southern South America (SSA) for the warm seasons (October–March) of 1979–2018 based on daily maximum temperature series from 131 weather stations. Clustering of stations with high co-occurrence of simultaneous HW days is employed to identify regional HW events over five homogeneous regions: northern, central-eastern and southern SSA regions, central Argentina, and central Chile. When all regions are considered, we find a mean frequency of ∼4 HWs per year. Transitional regions (northern SSA, central-eastern SSA and central Argentina) are characterised by longer, albeit less intense, HWs than the southernmost region (southern SSA), whereas central Chile events display the lowest duration, intensity and extension. By aggregating these single HW attributes into a combined severity index, a ranking of historical HWs has been obtained, with the March 1980 event standing as the most severe one of SSA. The assessment of long-term changes reveals significant increases in the frequency of regional HW days over central Argentina and central Chile only. Trends in HW characteristics are also region dependent, and the southernmost region is the only one where HW severity has increased significantly.We report similarities and differences in the synoptic circulation patterns associated with regional HW events. Southern SSA HWs have the most distinctive signatures, related to extratropical high-pressure systems blocking the westerly flow. In the remaining regions, HWs are associated with anomalies in the South Atlantic (northern SSA, central-eastern SSA and central Argentina) or South Pacific (central Chile) High, and the intensification of the northerly low-level flow by regional thermal lows and South American Low Level Jet events. Regional HWs often migrate from northern to central-eastern SSA and central Argentina, following the displacement/intensification of the South Atlantic High, which partially explains the similarity of their associated patterns.

Identifying and accounting for the Coriolis effect in satellite NO2 observations and emission estimates

Abstract. Recent developments in atmospheric remote sensing from satellites have made it possible to resolve daily emission plumes from industrial point sources around the globe. Wind rotation aggregation coupled with statistical fitting is commonly used to extract emission estimates from these observations. These methods are used here to investigate how the Coriolis effect influences the trajectory of observed emission plumes as well as to assess the impact of this influence on satellite-derived emission estimates. Of the 16 industrial sites investigated, 9 showed the expected curvature for the hemisphere that they reside in, 5 showed no or negligible curvature, and 2 showed opposing or unusual curvature. The sites that showed conflicting curvature reside in topographically diverse regions, where strong meso-γ-scale (2–20 km) turbulence dominates over larger synoptic circulation patterns. For high-curvature cases, the assumption that the wind-rotated plume aggregate is symmetrically distributed across the downwind axis breaks down, which impairs the quality of statistical fitting procedures. Using annual NOx emissions from Matimba power station as a test case, not compensating for Coriolis curvature resulted in an underestimation of ∼ 9 % on average for the years 2018 to 2021. This study is the first formal observation of the Coriolis effect and its influence on satellite-derived emission estimates, and it highlights both the variability in the emission calculation methods and the need for a standardised scheme for these data to act as evidence for regulators.

Interannual, sub-seasonal and spatial variations in growing season surface heat fluxes for the U.S. Corn Belt

Spatiotemporal variations in surface latent (LE) and sensible (H) heat fluxes from croplands and patches of remnant deciduous forest in the Midwest U.S. Corn Belt have been proposed to trigger “nonclassical mesoscale circulations” (NCMCs) in the atmosphere's boundary layer and moist convection, under suitable synoptic conditions. However, prior to evaluating the link between land use and land cover (LULC), NCMCs, and precipitation for the Corn Belt, it is necessary to better understand the interannual, sub-seasonal, and spatial variations in surface heat fluxes. Here, a nine-year warm season “climatology” (1999–2007) of daily afternoon and early evening averages of LE and H from two flux towers, representative of cropland (Bondville, IL) and deciduous forest (Morgan Monroe State Forest, IN), is analyzed for sub-seasonal and interannual variations in the convective fluxes. Wilcoxon signed rank tests show significant growing season and sub-seasonal anomalies in LE and H at both flux tower sites. Structural equation modeling relates these inter-growing season anomalies in LE and H to variations in net radiation, vapor pressure deficit, and temperature, while MODIS Normalized Difference Vegetation Index data link some of the sub-seasonal variations in the surface energy balance to phenology at the start of the growing season. Additional composite analysis of LE and H from the North American Regional Reanalysis shows characteristic spatial heterogeneities and significant differences in LE and H for different synoptic circulation patterns related to the variations in net radiation and LULC. These results highlight the importance of considering the sub-seasonal and spatial variations in surface heat fluxes of the Corn Belt for the range of synoptic conditions, within the context of this region's recent interannual climate variations and will help inform the search for LULC-influenced moist convection.

Objective circulation classification of rainstorm days associated with Northeast China cold vortexes in the warm seasons of 2000–19

This study conducts objective circulation classifications of rainstorm days associated with Northeast China Cold Vortexes (NECVs) in the northeast of China (NEC) during the warm seasons (May–September). To determine the optimal method and number of types, the performances of ten objective circulation classification methods are first evaluated by several evaluation indexes. Self-Organizing Maps method is then used as the optimal method to classify rainstorms into five types. The results show that the different synoptic circulation patterns are accompanied by distinctive large-scale circulation backgrounds, precipitation characteristics, thermodynamic and moisture conditions. In type 1, the strong western Pacific subtropical high extends north to connect with the mid-latitude ridge in the east of the NEC, and a shallow trough lies in the west of the NEC. This configuration brings the most daily and hourly mean precipitation of all types. A low-pressure anomaly with an obvious trough controls the NEC in type 2, which has a higher frequency. In type 3, the low-pressure anomaly shrinks to the south of the NEC, and the NEC is controlled by the cut-off low vortex. Type 4 has the strongest hourly precipitation and features a meridional high-low-high pressure anomaly, and the narrow zonal low-pressure anomaly is in the NEC. Two low-pressure anomalies and a westerly trough can be found in type 5 and are distributed in a southwest-northeast orientation. These synoptic circulation patterns and the corresponding spatial distribution of rainstorm-day precipitation indicate that the objective circulation classification is effective in helping understand the large-scale circulation and precipitation characteristics associated with NECVs.

Deciphering China's Complex Pattern of Summer Precipitation Trends

AbstractObservations show that summer precipitation in China has undergone pronounced changes, resulting in an enigmatic “north‐south drying‐wetting” pattern in eastern China that is of great concern for socio‐economic development. Scientific consensus on the mechanisms that are responsible for this pattern of change has not yet been achieved. We show that this complex pattern of summer total precipitation trends observed in China since the 1960s is overwhelmingly the result of changes in daily precipitation frequency, rather than being the result of changes in precipitation intensity or the frequency of synoptic circulation patterns favorable to precipitation. Changes in precipitation intensity, which are very likely due to anthropogenic greenhouse gas forcing, contribute a relatively homogeneous wetting tendency across the country while changes due to synoptic circulation change are weak. The changes in daily precipitation frequency that drive the observed patterns of change may be due to aerosols, but improved process understanding will be required to resolve that question and enable reliable projections of regional scale precipitation change in China and elsewhere.

Present and future synoptic circulation patterns associated with cold and snowy spells over Italy

Abstract. Cold and snowy spells are compound extreme events with the potential to cause high socioeconomic impacts. Gaining insight into their dynamics in climate change scenarios could help anticipating the need for adaptation efforts. We focus on winter cold and snowy spells over Italy, reconstructing 32 major events in the past 60 years from documentary sources. Despite warmer winter temperatures, very recent cold spells have been associated with abundant and sometimes exceptional snowfall. Our goal is to analyse the dynamical weather patterns associated with these events and understand whether those patterns would be more or less recurrent in different emission scenarios using an intermediate-complexity model (the Planet Simulator, PlaSim). Our results, obtained by considering RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 end-of-century equivalent CO2 concentrations, suggest that the likelihood of synoptic configurations analogous to those leading to extreme cold spells would grow substantially under increased emissions.

Seasonal changes in the recent decline of combined high PM2.5 and O3 pollution and associated chemical and meteorological drivers in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region, China

China suffers from combined air pollution (CAP) comprising dual high O3 and PM2.5, particularly in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region, which is an urban agglomeration in the North China Plain. To characterize the seasonal changes in regional CAP, 82 CAP days were identified during the study period from 2015 to 2019 with the co-occurring pollution of O3 and PM2.5 in the BTH. It is found that CAP seasonality has undergone distinct changes with a declining trend in the interannual variations in CAP over recent years. It is also revealed that the monthly CAP peaks have recently shifted from summer to early spring (March and April), indicating seasonal changes in CAP in the BTH. Furthermore, the of chemical and meteorological roles in CAP changes was investigated using environmental and meteorological observation data. The recent reduction in PM2.5 and O3 concentrations had enhanced O3 production and atmospheric oxidizability, thereby causing increments in secondary PM2.5 proportion. The interaction between O3 and PM2.5 was responsible for changing the CAP of dual high O3 and PM2.5 to the transition/spring season in the context of mitigation of air pollutant emissions. Furthermore, principal component analysis in the T-mode (T-PCA) was applied to identify four synoptic circulation patterns that regulate CAP occurrence. The results show that the CAP occurrence was regulated by the dominant patterns of synoptic circulation in the BTH. Warm temperature and strong downward ultraviolet radiation anomalies were observed in the BTH, indicating the importance of meteorological drivers in O3 photochemical production on the CAP. The frequency of key synoptic circulation patterns during the spring season increased annually, thereby inducing seasonal changes in the atmospheric environment with CAP in the BTH in recent years.

Cold Air Outbreaks in Fram Strait: Climatology, Trends, and Observations During an Extreme Season in 2020

AbstractFram Strait in the northern North Atlantic is a key region for marine cold air outbreaks (MCAOs), southward discharges of polar air under northerly air flow, which have a strong impact on air‐sea heat fluxes, boundary layer processes and severe weather. This study investigates climatologies and decadal trends of Fram Strait MCAOs of different intensity classes based on the ERA5 reanalysis product for 1979–2020. Among striking interannual variability, it is shown that the main MCAO season is December through March, when MCAOs occur around 2/3 of the time. We report on significant decadal MCAO decreases in December and January, and a significant increase in March. While the mid‐winter decrease is mainly related to the different paces of warming between the surface and the lower atmosphere, the increase in March can be related to changes in synoptic circulation patterns. As an explanation for the latter, a possible feedback between retreating Barents Sea sea ice, enhanced cyclonic activity and Fram Strait MCAOs is postulated. Exemplifying the trend toward stronger MCAOs during March, the study details the recordbreaking MCAO season in early 2020, and an observational case study of an extreme MCAO event in March 2020 is conducted. Thereby, radiosonde observations are combined with kinematic air back‐trajectories to provide rare observational evidence for the diabatic cooling and drying during the MCAO preconditioning phase.

Multi-scale analysis of the impacts of meteorology and emissions on PM2.5 and O3 trends at various regions in China from 2013 to 2020 1: Synoptic circulation patterns and pollution

A multiscale analysis of meteorological trends was carried out to investigate the impacts of the large-scale circulation types as well as the local-scale key weather elements on the complex air pollutants, i.e. PM2.5 and O3 in China. As the first paper in the series, the relationship between synoptic circulation patterns and pollution was investigated. Six types of circulation patterns are defined and clustered to correlate with the observed pollutant levels, resulting in the identification of the impact similarity and difference of circulations on PM2.5 and O3 for three regions in China, i.e., the BTH (Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei), YRD (Yangtze River Delta) and PRD (Peral River Delta), from 2013 to 2020. It is found that the six clustered circulation patterns were able to classify the circulation patterns that influence the pollutants and yield significant correlations with O3 and PM2.5 in three regions. The major circulation patterns governing the heavy PM2.5 and O3 were identified separately for each region and found to show inter-annual variabilities. Composite analysis indicated that there were some circulation patterns that caused the dual-highs of PM2.5 and O3 with about 13%, 8% and 3% occurrences during the period of 2013 to 2020 in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou, respectively. The key weather elements for each type of circulation pattern were also identified. A detailed study of the impacts of key weather elements and emissions on the PM2.5 and O3 trends will accompany this paper (Gong et al., 2022).