Synonym Sets Research Articles

Simplifying drug package leaflets written in Spanish by using word embedding

BackgroundDrug Package Leaflets (DPLs) provide information for patients on how to safely use medicines. Pharmaceutical companies are responsible for producing these documents. However, several studies have shown that patients usually have problems in understanding sections describing posology (dosage quantity and prescription), contraindications and adverse drug reactions. An ultimate goal of this work is to provide an automatic approach that helps these companies to write drug package leaflets in an easy-to-understand language. Natural language processing has become a powerful tool for improving patient care and advancing medicine because it leads to automatically process the large amount of unstructured information needed for patient care. However, to the best of our knowledge, no research has been done on the automatic simplification of drug package leaflets. In a previous work, we proposed to use domain terminological resources for gathering a set of synonyms for a given target term. A potential drawback of this approach is that it depends heavily on the existence of dictionaries, however these are not always available for any domain and language or if they exist, their coverage is very scarce. To overcome this limitation, we propose the use of word embeddings to identify the simplest synonym for a given term. Word embedding models represent each word in a corpus with a vector in a semantic space. Our approach is based on assumption that synonyms should have close vectors because they occur in similar contexts.ResultsIn our evaluation, we used the corpus EasyDPL (Easy Drug Package Leaflets), a collection of 306 leaflets written in Spanish and manually annotated with 1400 adverse drug effects and their simplest synonyms. We focus on leaflets written in Spanish because it is the second most widely spoken language on the world, but as for the existence of terminological resources, the Spanish language is usually less prolific than the English language. Our experiments show an accuracy of 38.5% using word embeddings.ConclusionsThis work provides a promising approach to simplify DPLs without using terminological resources or parallel corpora. Moreover, it could be easily adapted to different domains and languages. However, more research efforts are needed to improve our approach based on word embedding because it does not overcome our previous work using dictionaries yet.

The Missing Style Problem and the Translation of French Erotica into English

In most synonym sets, there is a neutral item that does not belong to any particular style (poor is neutral whereas impecunious and broke are not). In writings about sex, French has a neutral style but English does not. The English translations of two French autobiographies detailing the authors’ sex lives are presented and some of the translators’ strategies are discussed. These two cases are seen against the general background of style options available to translators. A translator’s approach to style can be theorized by comparison to the source text (use an equivalent style, use a different existing style, create a new style, use a default ‘translating style’) or by considering how the translator ‘voices’ the translation (use the voice of the source writer, the imagined future readers, the translator, or some other voice).

An English Neural Network that Learns Texts, Finds Hidden Knowledge, and Answers Questions

Abstract In this paper, a novel neural network is proposed, which can automatically learn and recall contents from texts, and answer questions about the contents in either a large corpus or a short piece of text. The proposed neural network combines parse trees, semantic networks, and inference models. It contains layers corresponding to sentences, clauses, phrases, words and synonym sets. The neurons in the phrase-layer and the word-layer are labeled with their part-of-speeches and their semantic roles. The proposed neural network is automatically organized to represent the contents in a given text. Its carefully designed structure and algorithms make it able to take advantage of the labels and neurons of synonym sets to build the relationship between the sentences about similar things. The experiments show that the proposed neural network with the labels and the synonym sets has the better performance than the others that do not have the labels or the synonym sets while the other parts and the algorithms are the same. The proposed neural network also shows its ability to tolerate noise, to answer factoid questions, and to solve single-choice questions in an exercise book for non-native English learners in the experiments.

Word-formation strategies and processes in the creation of synsets for the African wordnet

The African wordnet (AWN) provides South African indigenous languages with a platform to access a machine-readable lexical database organised by meaning. The creation of the African wordnet was based on the Princeton wordnet. As in the case of the Princeton wordnet, the African wordnet groups African language words into sets of synonyms along with short definitions and usage examples, as well as records relations between synonyms. This article examines a number of synsets in order to identify the word-formation processes used by various linguists in constructing the AWN. Since the English Princeton wordnet was used as the basis for the lexical database in the creation of the African wordnet, various word-formation strategies had to be used to account for lexical items that are not lexicalised in the African languages. Access to the created synsets was gained via a web browser, which is an automated text analysis application.

Semantic Search Engine

Background/Objectives: Traditional keyword-based search engines retrieve web pages by matching the exact tokens or words in the user query with the tokens or words in the web documents. This approach has many drawbacks. Synonyms or terms similar to tokens or words in the user query are not taken into consideration to search web pages. The keyword based search engine gives equal importance to all keywords whereas when user will enter query, he may have different levels of importance for different keywords in his opinion. To get the correct relevant result, users may need to enter several synonyms on his own to get the desired information which may otherwise result into the omission of many valuable web pages. Another problem is of information overloading. The traditional keyword based search engines make it very tedious for end user to locate the really useful information from a huge list of search results. Existing web is dominated by keyword based Search Engines which does not provide an appropriate mechanism to classify and locate the relevant search results. This leads to wastage of precious time of end user if he does not know the key terms which are utilized to index preferred correct pages. To resolve the above mentioned issues that the users face, in this paper we have proposed search techniques to develop Ontology based semantic search engine. Methods/Statistical Analysis: Ontology based Semantic Search Engine for the tourism domain is developed that understands the meaning of the user query and relatively provides the direct, precise and relevant result. Not only the user entered keyword based pages would be returned but also the pages that are appropriate enough with the meaning of the user entered keyword were also be returned by using the Ontological synonym dataset developed by using WordNet. Findings: Firstly, the Ontology Synonym set is constructed using WordNet and then the ontology synonym set parser is used to map the user defined query with the query prototype. By comparing the Query Similarity for every prototype, the service/sub domain with maximum query similarity is identified and the respective service is invoked. Also if the similarity is 100% the extra keywords are also considered to provide the relevant and precise results to the end user. Meta-processor will provide meta information about the URL. Application/ Improvements: The proposed Ontology based semantic search engine in tourism domain is an enhanced model. This model can be used by search engines, tourism industry professional and customers in getting better results of the searches undertaken. After testing in real world, the improvements can be worked out.

Development and empirical user-centered evaluation of semantically-based query recommendation for an electronic health record search engine

ObjectiveThe utility of biomedical information retrieval environments can be severely limited when users lack expertise in constructing effective search queries. To address this issue, we developed a computer-based query recommendation algorithm that suggests semantically interchangeable terms based on an initial user-entered query. In this study, we assessed the value of this approach, which has broad applicability in biomedical information retrieval, by demonstrating its application as part of a search engine that facilitates retrieval of information from electronic health records (EHRs). Materials and MethodsThe query recommendation algorithm utilizes MetaMap to identify medical concepts from search queries and indexed EHR documents. Synonym variants from UMLS are used to expand the concepts along with a synonym set curated from historical EHR search logs. The empirical study involved 33 clinicians and staff who evaluated the system through a set of simulated EHR search tasks. User acceptance was assessed using the widely used technology acceptance model. ResultsThe search engine’s performance was rated consistently higher with the query recommendation feature turned on vs. off. The relevance of computer-recommended search terms was also rated high, and in most cases the participants had not thought of these terms on their own. The questions on perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use received overwhelmingly positive responses. A vast majority of the participants wanted the query recommendation feature to be available to assist in their day-to-day EHR search tasks. Discussion and ConclusionChallenges persist for users to construct effective search queries when retrieving information from biomedical documents including those from EHRs. This study demonstrates that semantically-based query recommendation is a viable solution to addressing this challenge.

Słowa klucze kultury jako nazwy pojęć wyrazistych o wysokim stopniu utrwalenia a zagadnienia synonimii leksykalnej

Key Words of Culture, as Names of Salient and Entrenched Concepts, and the Problems of Lexical SynonymyThe paper discusses a method for discovering important concepts of culture through the process of scrutinizing the most numerous sets of synonyms (which are treated as names of entrenched and salient concepts of the given language’s culture), and subsequently combining them in a set of cultural concept networks. The author focuses on the evolution of cultural concepts and the linguistic material from 19th and 20th c. dictionaries of synonyms, and the Polish version of WordNet which served as the base for the analysis. The paper shows the evolution of some of the concepts of culture established in the 19th c. and still vivid in present day discourse of collective identity.

Номінація рельєфу в діалектних текстах Черкащини

The present paper deals with the analysis of folk geographic terminology. Since the Middle Dniper dialects is the basic component of the Ukrainianliterary language, the purpose of the article is to observe phenomena that are different from the literary standard. The source base is dialectal textsof Cherkasy region. Recently Ukrainian dialect textography has been enriched with new works from different territories of Ukraine. Such form ofinformation recording allows to research all language levels, to determine linguistic phenomena in their natural interactions and to reveal the specificity of dialect speakers’ world perception. This factor is important for the study of ramified and complex semantics of nominative unites that name the geographical objects. The research shows that the range of lexemes denoted separate notions is wider in the dialect speakers’ speech than in the literary language. This contributes to the expansion of the semantics, the formation of synonymic sets within a single dialect and interdialecte quivalents in the studied dialect continuum. Such conclusions indicate that lexemes register of literary language dictionary is significantly limited and our research is relevant and perspective.

Extending Various Thesauri by Finding Synonym Sets from a Formal Concept Lattice

Extending Various Thesauri by Finding Synonym Sets from a Formal Concept Lattice

Extending Various Thesauri by Finding Synonym Sets from a Formal Concept Lattice

Extending Various Thesauri by Finding Synonym Sets from a Formal Concept Lattice

Semi-Automatic Indonesian WordNet Establishment: From Synset Extraction to Visual Editor

In this study, we have developed an Indonesian WordNet through four main phases: synonym set extraction (synset) as the smallest entity of lexical database from a natural language, semantic relation establishment between synsets (hypernym-hyponym and holonym-meronym), gloss extraction for synset collection, and the visual editor creation. The Semi-automatic term refers to the three initial phases which are automatically done using a number of machine learning approaches, while using visual editor to collaboratively complement the results collected from the previous phases. A number of raw data used on synset acquisition, semantic relations and glosses come from Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (Great Dictionary of the Indonesian Language, abbreviated as KBBI) and Tesaurus Bahasa Indonesia (Indonesian Language Thesaurus), large collection of web pages from search engines, Wikipedia, and even Princeton WordNet for mapping purpose. This study shows that the proposed system successfully achieve 37,485 synsets, 24,256 hypernym-hyponym relations, 11,044 holonym-meronym relations and 6,520 gloss synsets. Similar approach is believed to accelerate lexical database development like WordNet for other languages.

Word sense disambiguation based sentiment lexicons for sentiment classification

Sentiment analysis has attracted much attention from both researchers and practitioners as word-of-mouth (WOM) has a significant influence on consumer behavior. One core task of sentiment analysis is the discovery of sentimental words. This can be done efficiently when an accurate and large-scale sentiment lexicon is used. SentiWordNet is one such lexicon which defines each synonym set within WordNet with sentiment scores and orientation. As human language is ambiguous, an exact sense for a word in SentiWordNet needs to be justified according to the context in which the word occurs. However, most sentiment-based classification tasks extract sentimental words from SentiWordNet without dealing with word sense disambiguation (WSD), but directly adopt the sentiment score of the first sense or average sense. This paper proposes three WSD techniques based on the context of WOM documents to build WSD-based SentiWordNet lexicons. The experiments demonstrate that an improvement is achieved when the proposed WSD-based SentiWordNet is used.

Intrinsic and Extrinsic Evaluations of Word Embeddings

In this paper, we first analyze the semantic composition of word embeddings by cross-referencing their clusters with the manual lexical database, WordNet. We then evaluate a variety of word embedding approaches by comparing their contributions to two NLP tasks. Our experiments show that the word embedding clusters give high correlations to the synonym and hyponym sets in WordNet, and give 0.88% and 0.17% absolute improvements in accuracy to named entity recognition and part-of-speech tagging, respectively.

The use and limits of scientific names in biological informatics.

Scientific names serve to label biodiversity information: information related to species. Names, and their underlying taxonomic definitions, however, are unstable and ambiguous. This negatively impacts the utility of names as identifiers and as effective indexing tools in biological informatics where names are commonly utilized for searching, retrieving and integrating information about species. Semiotics provides a general model for describing the relationship between taxon names and taxon concepts. It distinguishes syntactics, which governs relationships among names, from semantics, which represents the relations between those labels and the taxa to which they refer. In the semiotic context, changes in semantics (i.e., taxonomic circumscription) do not consistently result in a corresponding and reflective change in syntax. Further, when syntactic changes do occur, they may be in response to semantic changes or in response to syntactic rules. This lack of consistency in the cardinal relationship between names and taxa places limits on how scientific names may be used in biological informatics in initially anchoring, and in the subsequent retrieval and integration, of relevant biodiversity information. Precision and recall are two measures of relevance. In biological taxonomy, recall is negatively impacted by changes or ambiguity in syntax while precision is negatively impacted when there are changes or ambiguity in semantics. Because changes in syntax are not correlated with changes in semantics, scientific names may be used, singly or conflated into synonymous sets, to improve recall in pattern recognition or search and retrieval. Names cannot be used, however, to improve precision. This is because changes in syntax do not uniquely identify changes in circumscription.These observations place limits on the utility of scientific names within biological informatics applications that rely on names as identifiers for taxa. Taxonomic systems and services used to organize and integrate information about taxa must accommodate the inherent semantic ambiguity of scientific names. The capture and articulation of circumscription differences (i.e., multiple taxon concepts) within such systems must be accompanied with distinct concept identifiers that can be employed in association with, or in replacement of, traditional scientific names.

"Intellectual developmental disorders": reflections on the international consensus document for redefining "mental retardation-intellectual disability" in ICD-11.

The debate as to whether intellectual disability (ID) should be conceptualized as a health condition or as a disability has intensified as the revision of World Health Organization's (WHO's) International Classification of Diseases (ICD) is being finalized. Defining ID as a health condition is central to retaining it in ICD, with significant implications for health policy and access to health services. The purpose of this paper is to include some reflections on the consensus document produced by the first WHO Working Group on the Classification of MR (WHO WG-MR) and on the process that was followed to realize it. The consensus report was the basis for the development of official recommendations sent to the WHO Advisory Group for ICD-11. A mixed qualitative approach was followed in a series of meetings leading to the final consensus report submitted to the WHO Advisory group. These recommendations combined prior expert knowledge with available evidence; a nominal approach was followed throughout with face-to-face conferences. The WG recommended a synonym set ("synset") ontological approach to the conceptualisation of this health condition underlying a clinical rationale for its diagnosis. It proposed replacing MR with Intellectual Developmental Disorders (IDD) in ICD-11, defined as "a group of developmental conditions characterized by a significant impairment of cognitive functions, which are associated with limitations of learning, adaptive behaviour and skills". The WG further advised that IDD be included under the parent category of neurodevelopmental disorders, that current distinctions (mild, moderate, severe and profound) be continued as severity qualifiers, and that problem behaviours removed from its core classification structure and instead described as associated features. Within the ID/IDD synset two different names combine distinct aspects under a single construct that describes its clinical as well as social, educational and policy utilities. The single construct incorporates IDD as a clinical meta-syndrome, and ID as its functioning and disability counterpart. IDD and ID are not synonymous or mirror concepts as they have different scientific, social and policy applications. New diagnostic criteria for IDD should be based on a developmental approach, which accounts for the complex causal factors known to impact the acquisition of specific cognitive abilities and adaptive behaviours. The paper focuses on a new clinical framework for the diagnosis of IDD that also includes and complements the existing social, educational and policy components inherent in ID.

Semitic Poetic Techniques in the Magnificat: Luke 1:46–47, 55

(ProQuest: ... denotes non-US-ASCII text omitted.)The Magnificat (Luke 1:46b-55) imitates the form and content of various biblical psalms and odes, including the Song of Hannah (1 Sam 2:1-10). But to what extent does it show flashes of its own poetic sophistication? How convincing is the pastiche? In this article, I will address these questions through the lens of two grammatical peculiarities in the hymn that are generally dismissed as nonstandard Greek usage. The first aligns two verbs in a synonymous parallelism but sets them in diffferent tenses (vv. 46b-47). The second references the same object through two different object constructions (v. 55).An earlier study has already argued that the first alternation finds a background in Hebrew poetry.1 In this article I will elaborate on this thesis and discuss the literary merits of this technique in the broader hymn. In turn, I will apply a poetic analysis to the second construction as well. I believe the two anomalies are comparable and can be classed together as stylistic or nonsemantic grammatical alternations. This category of poetic devices is amply attested in the Hebrew Bible and evidently plays a vital role in the marked language of this hymn as well. When one adds these techniques to the inventories of the hymn's poetic features, the skill of its poet stands out in stronger relief.2I. Tense Alternation (Luke 1:46b-47)A. Analysis of the GreekIn the opening couplet of the Magnificat, a present-tense verb (µeγαλ?νeι, magnifies, v. 46b) stands opposite an (?γαλλ?ασeν, rejoiced, v. 47) in a synonymous parallelism:Luke 1:46b-47...My soul magnifies the Lord,and my spirit rejoiced in God my savior.The juxtaposition of these tenses has attracted considerable attention in secondary literature. Since for most interpreters, the immediate occasion of Mary's song justifies the present tense of µeγαλ?νeι, those treatments focus almost exclusively on the choice of an form in verse 47.Interpretations of the Aorist in Verse 47One set of approaches identifies ?γαλλiασeν with one of several non-past uses of the aorist. BDF, for instance, identifies ?γαλλiασeν as a gnomic aorist.4 This type, rare in Hellenistic Greek, is associated with aphorisms and statements of general fact. Since the motive clauses following this couplet identify Mary's rejoicing as a reaction to particular events of her recent experience (vv. 48-49), however, a gnomic sense is unlikely in this instance. It is still less likely when one compares ?γαλλ?ασeν to the true gnomics in verses 51-53.5 The in verse 47 differs considerably from these verbs, which include features of proverbial statement, such as nouns with generic articles, indefinite noun or pronoun reference, and an eye toward universal occurrences of the event.6An alternative explanation would identify ?γαλλ?ασeν as one of the few New Testament examples of a dramatic aorist, or an aorist of present state.7 A dramatic here would represent a Hebraism, capturing qualities of the stative perfect (a type emphasizing a present condition resulting from a past, completed action).8 The LXX translates some 47 percent of Hebrew perfects with a present or future value as aorists.9 Four such verbs appear in the first line of the Song of Hannah, an obvious template for the phrasing of Luke 1:46b-47:101 Sam [LXX 1 Kgdms] 2:1...My heart has been made to exult in the Lord.My horn has been exalted in my God.My mouth has been enlarged against my enemies,Because I have been gladdened in your salvation.Although this comparison provides a compelling explanation for the form in verse 47, it ignores the fundamental difficulty of verses 46b-47, namely, the shiftin tense. Why does the poet11 of the Magnificat use a different tense in each line? Why not render both verbs as dramatic aorists, especially with 1 Sam 2:1 as a model? …

An Efficient Semantic Ranked Keyword Search of Big Data Using Map Reduce

Information retrieval is fast becoming the prevailing form of information access, surpassing traditional database style searching. Ontologies have become the tool of choice employed in many information retrieval systems and more prominently in semantic information retrieval. In order to overcome the disadvantages in key word based information retrieval systems, which transfer irrelevant information, ontology has been designed. A system with ontology mimics the real world, where every task is laced with certain meaning as this is basic idea behind knowledge processing. Hadoop, which is an open source frame work for storing and processing large datasets, is used for preprocessing the text documents. First, a set of text documents are considered. Preprocessing is performed on a large domain of data using Hadoop MapReduce. This includes the removal of the stop words along with stemming and excluding less frequency words. Despite this pre-processing, owing to the colossal number of index terms still floating in the considered domain data, the problem of high dimensionality is encountered. Therefore the dimensionality of such a group of terms is reduced by identifying it as a concept and those concepts can be viewed as a single dimension in a ontology based information retrieval system. Now ontology is constructed by assigning synonym set to each concept in this structure using tools like word net. Thus constructed ontology can be mapped on to the processed query which gives us the relevant information from the data pool considered.

Comparison of Non-stimuli, WordNet and Related Search Terms in Creative Concept Generation

This paper examines the effect of related search term stimuli during concept generation in the game graphic design process by comparing the creativity of three conditions: non-stimuli, WordNet, and related search terms. The results indicated Google-related search terms are most effective, producing creative results among the three conditions. Thus, intelligent results that are based on collective knowledge are more effective than no stimuli and WordNet, which is organized into synonym sets, each representing one underlying lexical concept.

Bulgarian sense-annotated corpus – between the tradition and novelty

Bulgarian sense-annotated corpus – between the tradition and noveltyThe Bulgarian Sense-annotated Corpus (BulSemCor) is compiled according to the general methodology established by the SemCor project. It is a subset of the Brown Corpus of Bulgarian semantically annotated with a corresponding synonym set (synset) in the Bulgarian wordnet. Unlike the bulk of sense-annotated corpora where only (sets of) content words are annotated, in BulSemCor each lexical unit has been assigned a sense. The main contributions achieved in the work on BulSemCor are briefly decides in the presented paper: definition of an annotation schema, compilation of an input corpus, development of a sense-annotated corpus, Bulgarian wordnet enlargement.

THE CATEGORIES OF EMOTIVENESS AND EXPRESSIVENESS IN THE SYSTEM OF THE ENGLISH VERB

The article focuses on the study of the correlation between the categories of emotiveness and expressiveness in the lexico-semantic system of the English verb. The mutual interdependence of the categorial emotive and expressive meanings has been determined on the basis of the analysis of synonymic sets of verbs in the reverse thesaurus. The presence of the expressive meaning in the denotation of a lexeme entails emotiveness. Keywords: emotiveness, expressiveness, emotive-expressive meaning, synonymic set, dominant of the set, reverse thesaurus.